Sac spider

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Sac spiders
Temporal range: Palaeogene–present
Clubiona trivialis2.jpg
Clubiona trivialis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Clubionidae
Simon, 1878
Diversity
18 genera, 659 species
Distribution.clubionidae.1.png

The sac spiders of the family Clubionidae [1] have a very confusing taxonomic history. Once, this family was a large catch-all taxon for a disparate collection of spiders, similar only in that they had eight eyes arranged in two rows [2] and conical anterior spinnerets that touched, and were wandering predators that built silken retreats, or sacs, usually on plant terminals, between leaves, under bark, or under rocks. These are now recognized to include several families, some of which are more closely related to the three-clawed spiders, like lynx and wolf spiders, than to Clubionidae and related families. [3]

Contents

Genera

The remnant Clubionidae now consist of a few over 500 species in 18 genera worldwide. However, "sac spider" used on its own should imply a member of the family Clubionidae, but other common names may use the phrase "sac spider" including:

As of January 2023, the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera: [4]

Additionally, the World Spider Catalog considers Carteroniella Strand, 1907 to be a nomen dubium .

In North America, the family as it is now recognised consists of only two genera, Clubiona and Elaver (formerly Clubionoides). Clubiona is nearly worldwide in distribution.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corinnidae</span> Family of spiders

Corinnidae is a family of araneomorph spiders, sometimes called corinnid sac spiders. The family, like other "clubionoid" families, has a confusing taxonomic history. Once it was a part of the large catch-all taxon Clubionidae, now very much smaller. The original members of the family are apparently similar only in that they have eight eyes arranged in two rows, conical anterior spinnerets that touch and are generally wandering predators that build silken retreats, or sacs, usually on plant terminals, between leaves, under bark or under rocks.

<i>Clubiona</i> Genus of spiders

Clubiona is a genus of sac spiders that was first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1804.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cheiracanthiidae</span> Family of spiders

Cheiracanthiidae is a family of araneomorph spiders first described by Vladimir Wagner in 1887. The synonym Eutichuridae was used for a long time, but Cheiracanthiidae has priority. The largest genus currently recognized as belonging to this family is Cheiracanthium, which has previously been placed in both the Clubionidae and the Miturgidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trachelidae</span> Family of spiders

Trachelidae is a family of araneomorph spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1897 as a subfamily called "Tracheleae". The Trachelidae family, also known as "ground sac spiders", is within the group of spiders known as the RTA clade, which includes mostly wandering spiders that do not use webs. Spiders in the Trachelidae family are characterized as being 3-10mm long and having a red cephalothorax and a yellow/tan abdomen. They are commonly found indoors. It was placed in the family Clubionidae, then later in Corinnidae when the Clubionidae were split up. The first study that suggested Trachelidae should be considered its own family was done by Deeleman-reinhold in 2001 as part of an analysis of RTA Clade spiders. An analysis by Martín J. Ramírez in 2014 suggested that it was not closely related to other members of the Corinnidae, and was better treated as a separate family. It was then placed in the CTC clade of spiders, or the Claw Tuft Clasper clade, which is a group of spiders that have two tarsal claws with tufts of hair.

Utivarachna is a genus of Asian araneomorph spiders in the family Trachelidae first described by Kyukichi Kishida in 1940. It was largely ignored until Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold revised the sac and ground spiders in 2001, transferring some species from Trachelas and adding several new ones. The genus was further expanded in 2014 and 2015.

Calamoneta is a genus of southeastern Asian spiders within the family Cheiracanthiidae. It was originally placed in the Miturgidae, but it was moved by Ramírez in 2014. It was named and first described by Christa Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001. The name is derived from the Greek "kalamos", meaning "something woven". There are two species in this genus, C. djojosudharmoi – the type species – and C. urata.

Matidia is a genus of southeast Asian sac spiders first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1878.

<i>Nusatidia</i> Genus of spiders

Nusatidia is a genus of Asian sac spiders first described by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001.

Koppe is a genus of liocranid sac spiders first described by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001.

Oedignatha is a genus of Asian spiders first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1881 as a genus of corinnid sac spiders, and moved to Liocranidae in 2014.

Invexillata is a genus of South Pacific sac spiders first described by V. Versteirt, L. Baert & Rudy Jocqué in 2010. As of April 2019 it contains only three species, all found in Papua New Guinea.

Malamatidia is a genus of Southeast Asian sac spiders first described by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001.

Pristidia is a genus of Asian sac spiders first described by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001.

Pteroneta is a genus of sac spiders first described by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001.

Scopalio is a monotypic genus of Indonesian sac spiders containing the single species, Scopalio verrens. It was first described by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001, and has only been found in Indonesia.

Castoponera is a genus of Southeast Asian corinnid sac spiders first described by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001.

Echinax is a genus of Asian and African corinnid sac spiders first described by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001.

Medmassa is a genus of corinnid sac spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1887 under the name "Megaera", later renamed because "Megaera" was already in use as a synonym of the reptile genus Trimeresurus.

Clubiona silvestris is a species of spiders in the family Clubionidae, found in Borneo. It was first described by Christa Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001.

References

  1. "Sac Spiders, HYG-2060A-04". Archived from the original on 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
  2. "Clubionidae". www.bio.brandeis.edu. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  3. Tree of Life Web Project. 2006. Clubionidae. Version 25 March 2006 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Clubionidae/2675/2006.03.25 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/
  4. "Family: Clubionidae Wagner, 1887". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 18 January 2023.