Sandwich generation

Last updated
Adults sometimes need to care for both older and younger generations. Albert Edelfelt - Going to the Christening (1880) (detail).jpg
Adults sometimes need to care for both older and younger generations.

The sandwich generation is a group of middle-aged adults who care for both their aging parents and their own children. It is not a specific generation or cohort in the sense of the Greatest Generation or the Baby boomer generation, but a phenomenon that can affect anyone whose parents and children need support at the same time.

Contents

The phenomenon was recognized in the late 20th century, as changes in lifespan and a later age for childbearing meant that mothers often had small children and frail parents at the same time. For example, in the early 20th century, a woman might have her first child around age 20, when her own parents were around age 40 and not typically in need of any special care. More recently, in developed countries, women often have children closer to the age of 30, when their own parents are around age 60 and therefore at much higher risk of needing support before the grandchildren have become adults.

These "sandwiched" people become responsible for caring for their parents and their children at the same time. They may help their loved ones with daily functioning, medical services and supervision, giving medications, and aiding in financial, legal, and emotional difficulties of their loved ones as well as themselves. [1] [2]

Development of the concept and definition

The combination of four generations - such as this baby, mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother - has been called a club sandwich after the multi-layered sandwich style. Baby Mother Grandmother and Great Grandmother.jpg
The combination of four generations – such as this baby, mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother – has been called a club sandwich after the multi-layered sandwich style.

The term sandwich generation was introduced to the social work and the gerontology communities, respectively, by Dorothy Miller and Elaine Brody in 1981. [3] [4] The construct refers originally to younger women in their thirties and forties who were taking care of their children, but also having to meet the needs of their parents, employers, friends, and others.

As people are living longer and children are growing up and needing continued care, the "sandwiching" effect is felt by both men and women who are in their fifties and sixties. The demographic could continue to change, but the idea remains the same, [5] with recent research focusing on the concept of the senior sandwich generation. [6]

The name comes from the idea that middle-aged adults are "sandwiched" between their dependent children and their dependent parents. Schnitzelwich Profile, cut in half.JPG
The name comes from the idea that middle-aged adults are "sandwiched" between their dependent children and their dependent parents.

Carol Abaya, nationally recognized as an expert on aging and elder/parent care issues in the US, categorized the different scenarios involved in being a part of the sandwich generation in the following way:

Merriam-Webster officially added the term to its dictionary in July 2006. [8] [9]

Multi-generational households

Due to a poor economy, research shows that modern American society has had a substantial increase of young post-college kids who return home to live with their parents or continue living with their parents throughout college. In a study done by the Pew Research Center in 2012, published in an article called "The Boomerang Generation," about 29% of young adults ranging from the ages of 25–34 live with their parents. It is also becoming more acceptable; therefore, those in this situation are generally satisfied with their situation, which is likely to make it more common and less temporary. Now the parents of these young adults are being held responsible to care for their children longer than they expected, as well as now also being expected to assume the role of caretaker for their elderly parents. [10]

Financial problems and statistics

On average, adults in the Sandwich Generation are spending approximately $10,000 and 1,350 hours on their parents and children combined per year. Typically, children require more money and "capital-intensive" care, while aging adults require more time and labor-intensive care. [11]

Becoming part of the Sandwich Generation can put a huge financial burden on families. On average, 48% of adults are providing some sort of financial support to their grown children, while 27% are their primary support. Additionally, 25% are financially supporting their parents as well. [12]

Some of the adults living in this sandwiched generation face financial problems regularly, having to support three generations at one time: their parents, their immediate family (theirself and their spouse) and children. [12]

Some businesses have begun to recognize the issues faced by the sandwich generation as a financial planning problem. With the entrance of millennials, a younger demographic is now entering the sandwich generation, facing a new set of challenges as they have fewer assets but older parents. [13]

Other challenges

Becoming a part of the Sandwich Generation can affect a person's financial status, their personal time, health, and career development. Although this can affect both men and women, women are typically seen by the society as the primary supporter. In other words, women are the ones who are primarily affected; men support financially while women support emotionally and physically (they bathe, dress, toilet, clean the home, etc. while the men provide the money). [14]

Taking care of an elderly parent while caring for one's own children is a very time-consuming task. It can significantly affect a person's personal time; they are less able participate in leisure activities. When all of these tasks start consuming their life, they become at risk for mental health problems. Depression and anxiety are a huge risk factor for the Sandwich Generation, especially for women who are involved. On the contrary, men, and some women, are typically at risk for loss of career development. They might be at the peak of their career and have to take a step down and lose their opportunity to be able to help care for their aging parent or growing children. [14]

Due to these struggles, caregivers may develop strong feelings of stress, burnout, and depression. [1] Locational aspects aside, most caregivers experience some common difficulties, including how to manage their time efficiently between children, older parent, family, work, and personal well-being. Another challenge may be how to find the time to ensure a healthy marriage and a healthy self for the caregivers themselves. Caregivers may also deal with feelings of isolation and guilt that come along with being in this overworked role, often making the caregiver feel as if they are still not doing enough to help. [1] These caregivers often feel like they are "being pulled in two directions" causing symptoms of depression, marriage difficulties, and other emotional and psychological issues. [15] Many caregivers deal with older parents who are experiencing Alzheimer's and dementia, which makes daily functioning and memory very difficult for them. [7] Caregivers also struggle to help protect the assets of those they are caring for who are no longer competent enough to do it themselves. [7]

Prevalence

Australia

In Australia, the term 'sandwich carer' is relevant to the 2.6 million unpaid caregivers. [16]

China

In China, it is estimated that the proportion of married couples aged 30–59, who are residing with or frequently providing transfer to both parents and children, was about 35.18%. [17] Another study based on national survey data found that among adults aged 45–64, about one-third have at least one parent/parent-in-law and a younger grandchild. And in the sandwich generation, 58% only provide care to young grandchildren, 23% only provide care to parents or parents-in-law, 15% provide care to both generations. [18]

Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, the grouping comprises families with an income of USD $20,000–40,000 per year. Per capita income is typically around US$10,000 per year in Hong Kong, so this places these families far above the average family in the territory. However, given very high real estate prices, it is nowhere near enough for one to afford a private residence. Hence, they are "sandwiched" between the large population who truly need public assistance, and the smaller number of people who can afford private residences and other luxury goods. [19]

India

In rural areas of India, it is more common to see traditional family styles or 'joint families', as they are commonly referred to in India. These families are multi-generational and patriarchal households. Every family member, ranging from young to old, is responsible for caring for one another in all aspects of life. Nuclear families have become more common in suburban areas. The sandwich generation most likely has their parents living independently or having hired care. [20]

Korea

In 1950 the Korean War resulted both in many war injuries, and in widespread poverty. There was thus little or no way for survivors to prepare for old age, as they had to work for economic renewal, not for private finance. As a result, Korea has the highest number of Sandwich Generation members than any other Asian country, thus, Korea still has a large family system. Especially in rural areas, large, extended families live together. As with the Sandwich Generation in other countries, the main concern in Korea is the additional cost of caring for elderly parents. [21]

Singapore

In Singapore, the sandwich class typically refers to the middle class who are "sandwiched" between having luxuries and basic necessities. They generally have to support aging parents and growing children. Their household income are usually around SGD $10,000. Typical issues range from unable to upgrade to private property, inability to enjoy a lifestyle or the means to support such a lifestyle, taking care of parents and children and inability to retire early. [22]

United Kingdom

A Carers UK report in 2012 said that approximately 2.4 million people are combining childcare with caring for older or disabled relatives. [23] Research published in 2022 by pollster Opinium and employee benefits provider Unum estimated that around 6 million workers in the UK consider themselves to be in the 'sandwich generation'. [24]

United States

According to the Pew Research Center, just over one of every eight Americans aged 40 to 70 is both raising a child and caring for a parent, in addition to between seven and ten million adults caring for their aging parents from a long distance. [25] US Census Bureau statistics indicate that the number of older Americans aged 65 or older will double by the year 2030, to over 70 million. [26]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Generation</span> All of the people born and living at about the same time period, regarded collectively

A generation is all of the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively. It also is "the average period, generally considered to be about 20–⁠30 years, during which children are born and grow up, become adults, and begin to have children." In kinship, generation is a structural term, designating the parent–child relationship. In biology, generation also means biogenesis, reproduction, and procreation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Millennials</span> Generational cohort born 1981 to 1996

Millennials, also known as Generation Y, are the demographic cohort following Generation X and preceding Generation Z. Researchers and popular media use the early 1980s as starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years, with the generation typically being defined as people born from 1981 to 1996. Most Millennials are the children of Baby Boomers and older Generation X. In turn Millennials are often the parents of Generation Alpha.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuclear family</span> Group of two parents and their children

A nuclear family is a family group consisting of parents and their children, typically living in one home residence. It is in contrast to a single-parent family, a larger extended family, or a family with more than two parents. Nuclear families typically center on a married couple which may have any number of children, with the head of the family typically being a patriarchal position. There are differences in definition among observers. Some definitions allow only biological children who are full-blood siblings and consider adopted or half- and step-siblings a part of the immediate family, but others allow for a step-parent and any mix of dependent children, including stepchildren and adopted children. Some sociologists and anthropologists consider the extended family structure to be the most common family structure in most cultures and at most times, rather than the nuclear family.

An extended family is a family that extends beyond the nuclear family of parents and their children to include aunts, uncles, grandparents, cousins or other relatives, all living nearby or in the same household. Particular forms include the stem and joint families.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Child care</span> Care and supervision of children

Childcare, otherwise known as day care, is the care and supervision of a child or multiple children at a time, whose ages range from two weeks of age to 18 years. Although most parents spend a significant amount of time caring for their child(ren), childcare typically refers to the care provided by caregivers that are not the child's parents. Childcare is a broad topic that covers a wide spectrum of professionals, institutions, contexts, activities, and social and cultural conventions. Early childcare is an important and often overlooked component of child development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Birth rate</span> Total number of live births per 1,000 divided by time period

Birth rate, also known as natality, is the total number of live human births per 1,000 population for a given period divided by the length of the period in years. The number of live births is normally taken from a universal registration system for births; population counts from a census, and estimation through specialized demographic techniques. The birth rate is used to calculate population growth. The estimated average population may be taken as the mid-year population.

Elder abuse is "a single, or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust, which causes harm or distress to an older person." This definition has been adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) from a definition put forward by Hourglass in the UK. Laws protecting the elderly from abuse are similar to and related to laws protecting dependent adults from abuse.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grandparent</span> Parent of ones parents

Grandparents, individually known as grandmother and grandfather, are the parents of a person's father or mother – paternal or maternal. Every sexually-reproducing living organism who is not a genetic chimera has a maximum of four genetic grandparents, eight genetic great-grandparents, sixteen genetic great-great-grandparents, thirty-two genetic great-great-great-grandparents, sixty-four genetic great-great-great-great grandparents, etc. In the history of modern humanity, around 30,000 years ago, the number of modern humans who lived to be a grandparent increased. It is not known for certain what spurred this increase in longevity, but it is generally believed that a key consequence of three generations being alive together was the preservation of information which could otherwise have been lost; an example of this important information might have been where to find water in times of drought.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elderly care</span> Care serving the needs and requirements of senior citizens

Elderly care, or simply eldercare, serves the needs of old adults. It encompasses assisted living, adult daycare, long-term care, nursing homes, hospice care, and home care.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stay-at-home dad</span> Father who is the main caregiver of his children

A stay-at-home dad is a father who is the main caregiver of the children and is generally the homemaker of the household. The female equivalent is the stay-at-home mom or housewife. As families have evolved, the practice of being a stay-at-home dad has become more common and socially acceptable. Pre-industrialization, the family worked together as a unit and was self-sufficient. When affection-based marriages emerged in the 1830s, parents began devoting more attention to children and family relationships became more open. Beginning with the Industrial Revolution, mass production replaced the manufacturing of home goods; this shift, coupled with prevailing norms governing sex or gender roles, dictated that the man become the breadwinner and the mother the caregiver of their children.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Generation Z</span> Cohort born from the mid-to-late 1990s to early 2010s

Generation Z, colloquially known as Zoomers, is the demographic cohort succeeding Millennials and preceding Generation Alpha. Researchers and popular media use the mid-to-late 1990s as starting birth years and the early 2010s as ending birth years. Most members of Generation Z are the children of Generation X or older Millennials.

Kinship care is a term used in the United States and Great Britain for the raising of children by grandparents, other extended family members, and unrelated adults with whom they have a close family-like relationship such as godparents and close family friends because biological parents are unable to do so for whatever reason. Legal custody of a child may or may not be involved, and the child may be related by blood, marriage, or adoption. This arrangement is also known as "kincare" or "relative care." Kinship placement may reduce the number of home placements children experience; allow children to maintain connections to communities, schools, and family members; and increase the likelihood of eventual reunification with birth parents. It is less costly to taxpayers than formal foster care and keeps many children out of the foster care system. "Grandfamily" is a recently coined term in the United States that refers to families engaged in kinship care.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caregiver</span> Person helping another with activities of daily living

A caregiver, carer or support worker is a paid or unpaid person who helps an individual with activities of daily living. Caregivers who are members of a care recipient's family or social network, and who may have no specific professional training, are often described as informal caregivers. Caregivers most commonly assist with impairments related to old age, disability, a disease, or a mental disorder.

Financial gerontology is a multidisciplinary field of study encompassing both academic and professional education, that integrates research on aging and human development with the concerns of finance and business. Following from its roots in social gerontology, Financial gerontology is not simply the study of old people but emphasizes the multiple processes of aging. In particular, research and teaching in financial gerontology draws upon four kinds of aging or "'four lenses" through which aging and finance can be viewed: population aging, individual aging, family aging, and generational aging. While it is problematic that "demography is destiny," demographic concepts, issues, and data play a substantial role in understanding the dynamics of financial gerontology. For example, through the lens of population aging, demography identifies the number of persons of different ages in cities and countries—and at multiple points in time. Through the lens of individual aging, demography also notes changes in the length of time—number of years lived in older age, typically measured by increases in life expectancy. From in its founding years in the beginning of the 21st century, one primary interest of Financial Gerontology has been on baby boomers and their relationships with their parents. The impact of these two kinds of aging on finance are reasonably apparent. The large and increasing number of older persons [population aging] in a society, no matter how "old age" is defined, and the longer each of these persons lives [individual aging], the greater the impact on a society's pattern of retirement, public and private pension systems, health, health care, and the personal and societal financing of health care. The focus on boomers illustrates also the other two lenses or "kinds" of aging. How boomers deal with the social, emotional, and financial aspects of their parents' aging is a central aspect of family aging. And how boomers may differ from their parents born and raised twenty to forty years earlier, and differ from their Generation X and Millennial children and grandchildren, are substantial aspects of generational aging.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aging of Japan</span> Demographic transition of Japan that commenced in 1888

Japan has the highest proportion of elderly citizens of any country in the world. 2014 estimates showed that about 38% of the Japanese population was above the age of 60, and 25.9% was above the age of 65, a figure that increased to 29.1% by 2022. By 2050, an estimated one-third of the population in Japan is expected to be 65 and older.

Family caregivers are "relatives, friends, or neighbors who provide assistance related to an underlying physical or mental disability for at-home care delivery and assist in the activities of daily living (ADLs) who are unpaid and have no formal training to provide those services."

The breadwinner model is a paradigm of family centered on a breadwinner, "the member of a family who earns the money to support the others." Traditionally, the earner works outside the home to provide the family with income and benefits such as health insurance, while the non-earner stays at home and takes care of children and the elderly. The breadwinner model largely arose in western cultures after industrialization occurred. Before industrialization, all members of the household—including men, women, and children—contributed to the productivity of the household. Gender roles underwent a re-definition as a result of industrialization, with a split between public and private roles for men and women, which did not exist before industrialization.

Caregiving by country is the regional variation of caregiving practices as distinguished among countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Generation Z in the United States</span> American generation born between the mid-to-late 1990s and early 2010s

Generation Z, colloquially known as Zoomers, is the demographic cohort succeeding Millennials and preceding Generation Alpha.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aging of South Korea</span> Overview of aging in South Korea

In South Korea, aging refers to an increase in the proportion of senior citizens to the total population. The term "senior citizens" include those aged 65 or older. According to Article 3 no.1 of the Framework Act on Low Birthrate of an Aging Society, the term "aging population" refers to the increasing proportion of elderly people in the entire population.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Bogolea, K. (1995). The Sandwich Generation
  2. "Caring for more than one person". Carer Gateway. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  3. Miller, D. (1981). "The 'Sandwich' Generation: Adult Children of the Aging." Social Work 26:419–423.
  4. Brody, E.M. (1981). "Women in the Middle and Family Help to Older People". Gerontologist. 21 (5): 471–480. doi:10.1093/geront/21.5.471. PMID   7338304.
  5. Diller, Vivian Ph.D. (2012). Face It. The 'Over-Stuffed' Sandwich Generation
  6. Wassel, J.I. and Cutler, N.E. (2016). "Yet Another Boomer Challenge for Financial Professionals: The 'Senior' Sandwich Generation". Journal of Financial Service Professionals. 70: 61–73.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. 1 2 3 Abaya, Carol. The Sandwich Generation. The Sandwich Generation.
  8. Steel, Michelle (May 14, 2008). "Sandwiched Between Young and Old". bayweekly.com. Retrieved 2023-07-21.
  9. Short, Sharon (May 4, 2012). "Sandwich Generation member has sweet revelation". Dayton Daily News . Retrieved 2023-07-21.
  10. Parker, Kim. (2012). Pew Research Social & Demographic Trends. The Boomerang Generation
  11. Pierret, C. R. (2006, September). Monthly Labor Review. The sandwich generation: women caring for parents and children
  12. 1 2 Parker, K., & Patten, E. (2013). Pew Research Center. The Sandwich Generation rising financial burdens for middle-aged Americans
  13. "Can Millennials Win the Sandwich Generation?".
  14. 1 2 Bowen, C., & Riley, L. (2005). The sandwich generation: challenges and coping strategies of multigenerational families. The Family Journal, 13 (1), 52–58. Retrieved from DOI: 10.1177/1066480704270099
  15. Adcox, S. (2014). Sandwich Generation
  16. "Carers caught in the 'sandwich generation'". Carers Australia. 2012-09-28. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  17. Tan, P. L. (2018). "Dual Burdens of Care:"Sandwiched Couples" in East Asia". Journal of Aging and Health. 30 (10): 1574–1594. doi:10.1177/0898264318796061. PMID   30182782. S2CID   52155580.
  18. Falkingham, J. (2020). "Informal care provision across multiple generations in China". Ageing & Society. 40 (9): 1978–2005. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X19000369 . S2CID   150385095.
  19. Lee, James (1994). "Affordability, Home Ownership and the Middle Class Housing Crisis in Hong Kong". Policy & Politics. 22 (3): 179–190. doi:10.1332/030557394782453690.
  20. "International Longevity Centre Global Alliance | Global Perspectives on Multigenerational Households and Intergenerational Relations" . Retrieved 2023-06-11.
  21. Lim, C. (7 May 2014). "Sandwich Generation, Korean War". www.inews365.com.
  22. Tan, Ooi Boon (2021-03-21). "Why the sandwich class feels the money squeeze" . The Straits Times. ISSN   0585-3923 . Retrieved 2021-09-30.
  23. "Sandwich Caring". Carers UK. 2012-11-29. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  24. "UK's estimated 6 million 'sandwich generation' workers need better employer support". HR News. 2022-04-12. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
  25. Parker, Kim (2013-01-30). "The Sandwich Generation". Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  26. Bureau, US Census. "The U.S. Joins Other Countries With Large Aging Populations". Census.gov. Retrieved 2023-07-08.

Further reading