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Kulintang is a modern term for an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small,horizontally laid gongs that function melodically,accompanied by larger,suspended gongs and drums. As part of the larger gong-chime culture of Southeast Asia,kulintang music ensembles have been playing for many centuries in regions of the Southern Philippines,Eastern Malaysia,Eastern Indonesia,Brunei and Timor,Kulintang evolved from a simple native signaling tradition,and developed into its present form with the incorporation of knobbed gongs from Sundanese people in Java Island,Indonesia. Its importance stems from its association with the indigenous cultures that inhabited these islands prior to the influences of Hinduism,Buddhism,Islam,Christianity or the West,making kulintang the most developed tradition of Southeast Asian archaic gong-chime ensembles.
Korea has produced music from thousands of years,until the modern day. After the division of Korea in 1945,both North and South Korea have produced their own styles of music.
The music of South Korea has evolved over the course of the decades since the end of the Korean War,and has its roots in the music of the Korean people,who have inhabited the Korean peninsula for over a millennium. Contemporary South Korean music can be divided into three different main categories:Traditional Korean folk music,popular music,or K-pop,and Western-influenced non-popular music.
The music of North Korea includes a wide array of folk,pop,light instrumental,political,and classical performers. Beyond patriotic and political music,popular groups like Pochonbo Electronic Ensemble and Moranbong Band perform songs about everyday life in the DPRK and modern light pop reinterpretations of classic Korean folk music. Music education is widely taught in schools,with President Kim Il Sung first implementing a program of study of musical instruments in 1949 at an orphanage in Mangyongdae. Musical diplomacy also continues to be relevant to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea,with musical and cultural delegations completing concerts in China and France in recent years,and musicians from Western countries and South Korea collaborating on projects in the DPRK.
The gayageum or kayagum is a traditional Korean plucked zither with 12 strings,though some more recent variants have 18,21 or 25 strings. It is probably the best known traditional Korean musical instrument. It is based on the Chinese guzheng and is similar to the Japanese koto,Mongolian yatga,Vietnamese đàn tranh,Sundanese kacapi and Kazakh jetigen.
Korean court music comprises three main musical genres:aak,an imported form of Chinese ritual music;a pure Korean form called hyangak;and a combination of Chinese and Korean styles called dangak.
The geomungo or hyeongeum is a traditional Korean plucked zither with both bridges and frets. Geomungo is a representative stringed instrument made in Goguryeo before the 5th century. Scholars believe that the name refers to Goguryeo and translates to "Goguryeo zither" or that it refers to the colour and translates to "black crane zither".
Sinawi,sometimes spelled shinawi,is a traditional Korean music. It is performed improvisationally by a musical ensemble,and traditionally accompanies the rites of Korean shamanism. The style first emerged in the Chungcheong and Jeolla provinces,but is now widespread. The traditional sinawi ensemble followed the principle of sam-hyeon-yuk-gak (三絃六角),with two flutes,a haegeum,a daegeum,a janggu hourglass-drum,and a large buk drum. However,today other traditional Korean instruments such as the gayageum and geomungo are also often included.
The taepyeongso is a Korean double reed wind instrument in the shawm or oboe family,probably descended from the Persian sorna and closely related to the Chinese suona. It has a conical wooden body made from yuja (citron),daechu (jujube),or yellow mulberry wood,with a metal mouthpiece and cup-shaped metal bell. It originated during the Goryeo period (918–1392).
Pungmul is a Korean folk music tradition that includes drumming,dancing,and singing. Most performances are outside,with dozens of players all in constant motion. Pungmul is rooted in the dure farming culture. It was originally played as part of farm work,on rural holidays,at other village community-building events,and to accompany shamanistic rituals,mask dance dramas,and other types of performance. During the late 1960s and 1970s it expanded in meaning and was actively used in political protest during the pro-democracy movement,although today it is most often seen as a performing art.
The janggu or sometimes called seyogo is the most representative drum in traditional Korean music. It consists of an hourglass-shaped body with two heads made from animal skin. The two heads produce sounds of different pitch and timbre,which when played together are believed to represent the harmonious joining of Um and Yang. The janggu is one of the four components of samul nori (사물놀이),alongside the buk (북),jing (징) and kkwaenggwari (꽹과리).
The buk (Korean: 북) is a traditional Korean drum. While the term buk is a native Korean word used as a generic term meaning "drum",it is most often used to refer to a shallow barrel-shaped drum,with a round wooden body that is covered on both ends with animal skin. Buk are categorized as hyeokbu which are instruments made with leather,and has been used for jeongak and folk music.
Traditional Korean musical instruments comprise a wide range of string,wind,and percussion instruments. Many traditional Korean musical instruments derive from Chinese musical instruments.
The daegeum is a large bamboo flute,a transverse flute used in traditional Korean music. It has a buzzing membrane that gives it a special timbre. It is used in court,aristocratic,and folk music,as well as in contemporary classical music,popular music,and film scores. And daegeum has a wide range and has a fixed pitch,so other instruments tune in to the daegeum when playing together. It is critical to understand that there are two types of deageum:Jeongak and Sanjo. Jeongak Daegeum is a bit longer than Sanjo Daegeum and is the formal daegeum used historically at court. Sanjo Daegum is a bit shorter and historically more associated with the commoners. They both have the unique and aforementioned buzzing membrane.
Geommu is a traditional sword dance practiced in Korea. Geommu is performed with special costume,dance moves,and music. The dance is known for its grace in performance. Extra emphasis is placed on the movement of the costuming,notably the sleeves,in harmony with the movements of the dancer. The symbolic use of ssang dan geom,i.e. a replica of dual short swords,keeps to the militaristic origins of this dance. Geom-mu has become a dance of great beauty and is treasured as the South Korea's 12th Important Intangible Cultural Property.
The bipa is a pear-shaped lute that is a traditional Korean musical instrument. It is derived from Chinese pipa and was introduced through the Silk Road to Goguryeo and Silla. There are two major types of bipa:the four stringed dang-bipa and the five stringed hyang-bipa. While dang-bipa was a Tang-style pipa first introduced from the Chinese Tang dynasty and localized over time to have Korean characteristics,hyang-bipa was created in the Korean Kingdom of Silla. The instrument is also related to other derivatives such as Vietnamese đàn tỳbà and the Japanese biwa.
The Korean barrel drum is a shallow,barrel-shaped drum used in several types of Korean music,one of the many traditional Korean drums. This variety of drum has a round wooden body that is covered on both ends with animal skin. They are categorized as hyekbu which are instruments made with leather,and have been used for jeongak and folk music.
Yeongsan hoesang is a Korean court music repertoire originated from Buddhist music. Originally sung with 7 words chanting "Yeongsan hoesang bulbosal",the piece told the Buddha’s sermon in Mount Yeongsan,India,according to Lotus Sutra. After a long period,the piece is now performed instrumentally. There are 3 versions (Sam-yeongsanhoesang) including the play for wind instruments,strings and combination of string and wind instruments.
Seoul Namsan Traditional Theater is located in central Seoul. There audiences can experience traditional Korean culture in contrast to contemporary Seoul.
Korean traditional rhythm also called Jangdan (장단) is a rhythm which the rhythmic form is repeated with percussion instrument such as Janggu or hourglass drum. There is a basic format but there are many variations while playing the songs. Korean traditional music is usually singing within the Jangdan played by Janggu or eastern drum. This accompaniment is called 'hitting the Jangdan'. But in music mainly composed by percussion instrument like Korean traditional folk music,it is called 'hitting the steel' or 'hitting the Pungmul(풍물)' which is a Korean traditional folk music. Jangdan can be categorized into two groups:Jeong-Ak Jangdan and Min-Sok-Ak Jangdan.
References
- ↑ The story of Korean traditional music,Sungjae Lee
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