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The nearly thirty Palaungic or Palaung–Wa languages form a branch of the Austroasiatic languages.
Jingpho or Kachin, is a Tibeto-Burman language of the Sal branch mainly spoken in Kachin State, Burma and Yunnan, China. There are many meanings for Jingpho. In the Jingpho language, Jingpho means people or Jinghpho tribe. The term "Kachin language" can refer either to the Jingpho language or to a group of languages spoken by various ethnic groups in the same region as Jingpo: Lisu, Lashi, Rawang, Zaiwa, Lhao Vo, Achang and Jingpho. These languages are from distinct branches of the highest level of the Tibeto-Burman family. The Jingpho alphabet is based on the Latin script.
Zo or Zokam, is a Northern Kuki-Chin-Mizo language originating in northwestern Burma and spoken also in Mizoram and Manipur in northeastern India, where the name is spelled Zou.
Hakha Chin, or Laiholh, is a Kuki-Chin language spoken by 446,264 people, mostly in Myanmar. The total figure includes 2,000 Zokhua and 60,100 Hakha speakers. The speakers are largely concentrated in Chin State in western Burma and Mizoram in eastern India, with a small number of speakers in southeastern Bangladesh.
Southern Anung[ɑ31 nuŋ35], is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Nung people in Fugong County, China and Kachin State, Myanmar. The Anong language is closely related to the Derung and Rawang languages. Most of the Anung speakers in China have shifted to Lisu although the speakers are being classified as Nu nationality. The northern Anung people speak a dialect of Derung which is also called Anung actively, but is not the same Anung discussed in this article.
Lashi is a Burmish language. Although the endonym Lashi is often used by Western researchers, the people refer to themselves and their language as Lacid. It is according to Nishi in the Maruic branch, which preserves the preglottalized initials of Proto-Burmish in the most phonotactic environments.
Wa (Va) is an Austroasiatic language spoken by the Wa people of Myanmar and China. There are three distinct varieties, sometimes considered separate languages; their names in Ethnologue are Parauk, the majority and standard form; Vo and Awa, though all may be called Wa, Awa, Va, Vo. David Bradley (1994) estimates there are total of 820,000 Wa speakers.
Karenni or Red Karen, known in Burmese as Kayah, is a Karen dialect continuum spoken by over half a million Kayah people in Burma.
Padaung or Padaung Karen, also known as Kayan, is a Karen language of Burma, spoken by the Kayan people.
Palaung, also known as De'ang, is a Austroasiatic dialect cluster spoken by over half a million people in Burma and neighboring countries. The Palaung people are divided into Palé, Rumai, and Shwe, and each of whom have their own language. The Riang languages are reported to be unintelligible or only understood with great difficulty by native speakers of the other Palaung languages.
Blang (Pulang) is the language of the Blang people of Burma and China.
The Waic languages are spoken in Shan State, Burma, in Northern Thailand, and in Yunnan province, China.
Lahta, or Zayein, is a Karenic language of Burma.
Shö is a Kuki-Chin language dialect cluster of Burma and Bangladesh. There are perhaps three distinct dialects, Asho (Khyang), Chinbon, and Shendu.
Mok, also known as Amok, Hsen-Hsum, and Muak, is a possibly extinct Angkuic language spoken in Shan State, Myanmar and in Lampang Province, Thailand. In Lampang, 7 speakers were reported by Wurm & Hattori (1981).
Tai Loi, also known as Mong Lue, refers to various Palaungic languages spoken mainly in Burma, with a few hundred in Laos and some also in China. Hall (2017) reports that Tai Loi is a cover term meaning 'mountain Tai' in Shan, and refers to various Angkuic, Waic, and Western Palaungic languages rather than a single language or branch. The Shan exonym Tai Loi can refer to:
Makyam Naga is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Burma. It is closely related to other Konyak languages.
Meung Yum is a Waic language spoken by about 8,000 people in Kunlong Township, Shan State, Myanmar.
Muak Sa-aak is an Angkuic language spoken in the Burma-China border region by over 4,000 people.
The Bisoid (Phunoi) languages belong to the Southern Loloish (Hanoish) branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Most Bisoid languages are spoken in Phongsaly Province, northern Laos, with smaller numbers of speakers living in China (Yunnan), Vietnam, Myanmar, and northern Thailand.
References
- 1 2 Phyu (2013) , p. 6
- ↑ Phyu (2013) , p. 3
- ↑ Phyu (2013)