Schoenus (plant)

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Schoenus
S nigricans habit-1.jpg
Schoenus nigricans (Black bogrush) in South Africa. This is the most widespread of all Schoenus species.
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Cyperaceae
Genus: Schoenus
L.
Schoenus diversity map.pdf
Species richness of Schoenus mapped according to botanical regions
Synonyms [1]
  • MelanoschoenosSég.
  • ChaetosporaR.Br.
  • StreblidiaLink
  • HelothrixNees
  • IsoschoenusNees
  • CyclocampeSteud.
  • GymnochaetaSteud.
  • PtilantheliumSteud.
  • Lepidospora(F.Muell.) F.Muell.
  • LophocarpusBoeckeler
  • NeolophocarpusE.G.Camus in H.Lecomte

Schoenus is a predominately austral genus of sedges, [2] commonly known as bogrushes, [3] or veldrushes in South Africa. Species of this genus occur mainly in South Africa (some 44 species), Australia (some 70 species) and Southeast Asia. [4] Others are found in scattered locations worldwide, from Europe (2 species) to Asia, North Africa (1 species) and the Americas. [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Three species occur in the peatlands of southern South America, including S. antarcticus which is found in Tierra del Fuego, where it forms a component of hyperhumid Magellanic moorland. [11]

Contents

Taxonomic attention to the South African taxa, starting 2017, revealed a wealth of species. 24 species were transferred from Tetraria and Epischoenus into Schoenus, and several new species were described. S. inconspicuus , discovered on the outskirts of Cape Town, consists of only a few specimens. [2]

Etymology

The Greek word schoinos means 'rush', 'reed' or 'coord'. [12] Schoenus has also been used to represent ancient Egyptian, Greek and Roman units of length and area based on knotted cords. In addition, it was the name of several ancient Greek towns, which were located in Arcadia, Boeotia and Corinthia, as well as several individuals in Greek mythology.

Description

Similar to other sedges (plants in family Cyperaceae), Schoenus are graminoid (grass-like) monocotyledonous flowering plants. Most species of Schoenus usually grow in clumps, but a few species are more spreading in growth form. [13] The flowering stems (culms) of Schoenus are usually round (terete), but there are some species with angular (e.g. Schoenus quadrangularis ) or flat (e.g. Schoenus complanatus ) culms. [13] [14] Leaves of Schoenus are serrate, basal and usually well-developed, but there are some species with leaves reduced to a sheath (e.g. Schoenus gracillimus ). [13] [14] Several species are hairy (e.g. Schoenus neovillosus ), but in this genus it is not common to have hairs. [14] [15] [16] [17]

Schoenus species

Schoenus imberbis Schoenus imberbis (3492964981).jpg
Schoenus imberbis
Schoenus nanus Schoenus nanus - Flickr - Kevin Thiele.jpg
Schoenus nanus
Schoenus calcatus Schoenus calcatus (7225588170).jpg
Schoenus calcatus
Illustration of S. antarcticus, native to Tierra del Fuego Flora Antarctica Plate CXLVII.jpg
Illustration of S. antarcticus , native to Tierra del Fuego

As of November 2022, the Plants of the World Online indicates there are 157 species of Schoenus; however, this does not take into account several taxonomic changes made since 2020 (see sections below). [18]

Bogrushes

Several of the species that are currently on the list provided by Plants of the World Online database as of November 2022 have recently been transferred to other genera based on molecular and morphological evidence:

Southern African Schoenus [14]

The genus Schoenus includes 44 species from the southern Africa Schoenus clade, which are divided into three main groups. [14]

Veldrushes

Schoenus cuspidatus group [14]

Schoenus graminifolius S graminifolius plant-NH.jpg
Schoenus graminifolius

Epischoenus group [14]

Schoenus selinae Sselinae habit-NH-1.jpg
Schoenus selinae

Schoenus compar - Schoenus pictus group [14]

Flowering head of Schoenus megacarpus S megacarpus-inflorescence-Heiderland.jpg
Flowering head of Schoenus megacarpus

Unplaced species

Synonyms (yet to be incorporated in Plants of the World Online database)

Related Research Articles

<i>Lepidosperma</i> Genus of grass-like plants

Lepidosperma is a genus of flowering plant of the family Cyperaceae. Most of the species are endemic to Australia, with others native to southern China, southeast Asia, New Guinea, New Caledonia and New Zealand.

<i>Tetraria</i> Genus of grass-like plants

Tetraria is a genus of flowering plants in the sedge family, Cyperaceae, native to Tanzania, South Africa, Borneo, Australia and New Zealand.

<i>Schoenus quartziticus</i> Species of grass-like plant

Schoenus quartziticus is a species of sedge endemic to the Agulhas Plain region of the Western Cape Province in southern South Africa.

<i>Schoenus compar</i> Species of grass-like plant

Schoenus compar is a species of sedge endemic to southern South Africa.

<i>Schoenus arenicola</i> Species of grass-like plant

Schoenus arenicola is a species of sedge endemic to the south-west coast of South Africa.

<i>Schoenus pictus</i> Species of grass-like plant

Schoenus pictus is a species of sedge endemic to the Western Cape Province of South Africa. It is a species usually found on mountain slopes.

<i>Schoenus megacarpus</i> Species of grass-like plant

Schoenus megacarpus is a species of sedge endemic to the south-central region of South Africa.

<i>Schoenus ligulatus</i> Species of grass-like plant

Schoenus ligulatus is a species of sedge endemic to the western regions of the Western Cape Province of South Africa.

<i>Schoenus bolusii</i> Species of grass-like plant

Schoenus bolusii is a species of sedge endemic to the mountains of the Western Cape Province of South Africa. However, S. bolusii is not found on the Cape Peninsula.

<i>Schoenus bracteosus</i> Species of grass-like plant

Schoenus bracteosus is a species of sedge endemic to the mountains of southern South Africa.

<i>Schoenus galpinii</i> Species of grass-like plant

Schoenus galpinii is a species of sedge endemic to eastern southern Africa.

<i>Schoenus aureus</i> Species of grass-like plant

Schoenus aureus is a species of sedge endemic to the western mountains of the Western Cape Provinces of South Africa.

<i>Schoenus adnatus</i> Species of grass-like plant

Schoenus adnatus is a species of sedge endemic to mountainous locations in southern regions of South Africa.

<i>Schoenus complanatus</i> Species of grass-like plant

Schoenus complanatus is a species of sedge endemic to the western mountains of the Western Cape Province of South Africa.

<i>Schoenus quadrangularis</i> Species of grass-like plant

Schoenus quadrangularis is a species of sedge endemic to mountainous of southern South Africa.

<i>Schoenus gracillimus</i> Species of grass-like plant

Schoenus gracillimus is a species of sedge endemic to the Western Cape Province of South Africa.

<i>Schoenus neovillosus</i> Species of grass-like plant

Schoenus neovillosus is a species of sedge endemic to the south-western mountains of the Western Cape Province of South Africa.

<i>Schoenus crinitus</i> Species of grass-like plant

Schoenus crinitus is a species of sedge endemic to the Worcester region of the Western Cape Province of South Africa.

References

  1. ↑ "Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families" . Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  2. 1 2 Elliott, Tammy Lynn; Euston-Brown, Doug I. W.; Muasya, A. Muthama (28 April 2020). "Schoenus inconspicuus (Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae): a new species from Southern Africa". Phytotaxa. 440 (3): 239–244. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.440.3.6. S2CID   219006040 . Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  3. ↑ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Schoenus". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  4. ↑ "Schoenus L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  5. ↑ "Atlas of Living Australia" . Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  6. ↑ New South Wales Flora On-line
  7. ↑ Govaerts, R. & Simpson, D.A. (2007). World Checklist of Cyperaceae. Sedges: 1-765. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  8. ↑ Flora of China, Vol. 23 Page 256, 赤箭莎属 chi jian suo shu, Schoenus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 42. 1753.
  9. ↑ "Schoenus of Western Australia". FloraBase . Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  10. ↑ "USDA Plants Profile: North American Species" . Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  11. ↑ Rydin, Håkan; Jeglum, John K. (2013-07-18). The Biology of Peatlands (Biology of Habitats Series) (2 ed.). OUP Oxford. p. 238. ISBN   9780191508288.
  12. ↑ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2023). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms. Synonyms, and Etymology – Volume IV R–Z. CRC Press.
  13. 1 2 3 Larridon, Isabel; Zuntini, Alexandre R.; Léveillé-Bourret, Étienne; Barrett, Russell L.; Starr, Julian R.; Muasya, A. Muthama; Villaverde, Tamara; Bauters, Kenneth; Brewer, Grace E.; Bruhl, Jeremy J.; Costa, Suzana M.; Elliott, Tammy L.; Epitawalage, Niroshini; Escudero, Marcial; Fairlie, Isabel; Goetghebeur, Paul; Hipp, Andrew L.; Jiménez-Mejías, Pedro; Sabino Kikuchi, Izai A.B.; Luceño, Modesto; Márquez-Corro, José Ignacio; Martín-Bravo, Santiago; Maurin, Olivier; Pokorny, Lisa; Roalson, Eric H.; Semmouri, Ilias; Simpson, David A.; Spalink, Daniel; Thomas, W. Wayt; Wilson, Karen L.; Xanthos, Martin; Forest, Félix; Baker, William J. (1 July 2021). "A new classification of Cyperaceae (Poales) supported by phylogenomic data". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 59 (4): 852–895. doi: 10.1111/jse.12757 .
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Elliott, T.L.; Muasya, A.M. (2020). "A taxonomic revision of the Epischoenus group of Schoenus (Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae)". South African Journal of Botany. 135: 296–316. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2020.08.029 .
  15. ↑ Elliott, T.L.; Muasya, A.M. (2017). "Taxonomic realignment in the southern African Tetraria (Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae; Schoenus clade)". South African Journal of Botany. 112: 354–360. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2017.06.011 .
  16. ↑ Elliott, T.L.; Muasya, A.M. (2018). "A taxonomic revision of Schoenus compar - Schoenus pictus and allies (Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae) with three new species described from South Africa". South African Journal of Botany. 114: 303–315. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2017.11.020 .
  17. ↑ Elliott, T.L.; Barrett, R.L.; Muasya, A.M. (2019). "A taxonomic revision of Schoenus cuspidatus and allies (Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae)—Part 1". South African Journal of Botany. 121: 519–535. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.11.021 .
  18. ↑ "Schoenus L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
  19. ↑ Barrett, R.L.; Bruhl, J.J.; Wilson, K.L. (2021). "Revision of generic concepts in Schoeneae subtribe Tricostulariinae (Cyperaceae) with a new Australian genus Ammothryon and new species of Tricostularia". Telopea. 24: 61–169. doi: 10.7751/telopea14844 . S2CID   236544913.
  20. 1 2 3 Barrett, R.L.; Wilson, K.L.; Bruhl, J.J. (2020). "'Reinstatement and revision of the genus Chaetospora (Cyperaceae: Schoeneae)". Telopea. 23: 95–112. doi: 10.7751/telopea14345 . S2CID   225535818.
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