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Summerhill School is an independent boarding school in Leiston, Suffolk, England. It was founded in 1921 by Alexander Sutherland Neill with the belief that the school should be made to fit the child, rather than the other way around. It is run as a democratic community; the running of the school is conducted in the school meetings, which anyone, staff or pupil, may attend, and at which everyone has an equal vote. These meetings serve as both a legislative and judicial body. Members of the community are free to do as they please, so long as their actions do not cause any harm to others, according to Neill's principle "Freedom, not Licence." This extends to the freedom for pupils to choose which lessons, if any, they attend. It is an example of both democratic education and alternative education.
Alexander Sutherland Neill was a Scottish educator and author known for his school, Summerhill, and its philosophy of freedom from adult coercion and community self-governance. Raised in Scotland, Neill taught at several schools before attending the University of Edinburgh in 1908–1912. He took two jobs in journalism before World War I, and taught at Gretna Green Village School in the second year of the war, writing his first book, A Dominie's Log (1915), as a diary of his life there as head teacher. He joined a Dresden school in 1921 and founded Summerhill on returning to England in 1924. Summerhill gained renown in the 1930s and then in the 1960s–1970s, due to progressive and counter-culture interest. Neill wrote 20 books. His top seller was the 1960 Summerhill, read widely in the free school movement from the 1960s.
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Fenham is an area of the west-end of Newcastle upon Tyne, in the county of Tyne and Wear, England. It lies to the west of the city centre, and is bounded on the north and east by a large area of open land known as the Town Moor. To the south lies Benwell, West Denton lies to the west, Blakelaw and Cowgate to the north, and Arthur's Hill and Spital Tongues to the east. Until 1974 it was in Northumberland.
Democratic education is a type of formal education that is organized democratically, so that students can manage their own learning and participate in the governance of their school. Democratic education is often specifically emancipatory, with the students' voices being equal to the teacher's.
Leila Berg was an English children's author, editor and play specialist. She was well known as a journalist and a writer on education and children's rights. Berg was a recipient of the Eleanor Farjeon Award.
Joan Margaret Walmsley, Baroness Walmsley is a British Liberal Democrat politician. She is currently the deputy leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords.
Gwersyllt is an urban village and community in Wrexham County Borough, Wales.
Kirkdale School was a small, independent free school located at 186 Kirkdale, Sydenham, London, England. During the entirety of the school's existence it was run as a parent/teacher co-operative.
Notre Dame Catholic College is a Catholic secondary school and sixth form in Everton, Liverpool, England. Founded by the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur, it was a girls' school for most of its history but became coeducational from September 2012.
Vauxhall is an inner city district of Liverpool, England, north of the city centre, bounded by Kirkdale to the north and Everton to the east, with the docks and River Mersey running along the west side.
Quarff is a small village on Mainland in the Shetland Islands in Scotland. It is located on the main A970 road, 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Shetland's only town, Lerwick. The village is spread along a classic glacial valley that runs east–west across the island between high hills to north and south, with centres of population at Easter Quarff which is near the main road and the east coast, and Wester Quarff which is 11⁄2 miles (2.4 km) west and faces the Atlantic Ocean. A narrow road runs along the valley between the two.
William Ballantyne Hodgson was a Scottish educational reformer and political economist.
Sir Joshua Walmsley (1794–1871) was an English businessman and Liberal Party politician.
The free school movement, also known as the new schools or alternative schools movement, was an American education reform movement during the 1960s and early 1970s that sought to change the aims of formal schooling through alternative, independent community schools.
The Free School is the oldest independent, inner-city alternative school in the United States. Founded by Mary Leue in 1969 based on the English Summerhill School philosophy, the free school lets students learn at their own pace. It has no grades, tests, or firm schedule: students design their own daily plans for learning. The school is self-governed through a weekly, democratic all-school meeting run by students in Robert's Rules. Students and staff alike receive one equal vote apiece. Unlike Summerhill-style schools, the Free School is a day school that serves predominantly working-class children. Nearly 80 percent of the school is eligible for reduced-price meals in the public schools. About 60 students between the ages of three and fourteen attend, and are staffed by six full-time teachers and a number of volunteers.
Bryan Blundell was an English merchant who served as Mayor of Liverpool. Blundell founded the Liverpool Blue Coat School in 1708 in conjunction with the Rector of Liverpool, the Reverend Robert Styth, to provide an education for the city's destitute children and orphans.
A.S. Neill's A Dominie's Log is a diary of his first year as headteacher at Gretna Green Village School, during 1914–15. It is an autobiographical novel. He changed a hard working, academic school controlled by corporal punishment and the fear of the authority of the teacher into one of happiness, play and children controlling their learning. He was a reflective teacher, sitting on his desk thinking out why he and the children were at the school. He also, most importantly, thought the children were human beings, and engaged with them as such, joining in their games, sliding with them on an ice slide in the street, sharing their sweets, laughing with them, and appreciating and respecting their individuality, and creativity.
Penguin Education was an imprint of the British publisher Penguin Books, running from 1965 to 1974.
John Walmsley is a freelance British documentary photographer and educationalist. His work is featured in the National Portrait Gallery in London, the Tate Britain Library, the National Art Library at the V&A, the V&A Museum of Childhood, Museum of Liverpool and la Bibliothèque nationale in Paris. He is a member of The Society of Authors, the National Union of Journalists and The Royal Photographic Society. His work has been published in over a thousand books worldwide. He is the author of the Penguin Education Special, Neill & Summerhill: A Man and His Work (1969) with a text by Leila Berg.
References
- ↑ Note: John Ord died in November 2021, aged 76.
- ↑ "A-Infos (en) Britain, *Organise! #63* - We don't need to be schooled to learn". www.afed.org.uk. Archived from the original on 12 September 2007.
- ↑ "Liverpool Free School 1971 - Images | Education Photos".
- ↑ Neill & Summerhill, A Man and His Work – A pictorial study by John Walmsley, Penguin Education, 1969, ISBN 0140801340 & ISBN 978-0140801347
- ↑ Bluecoat Gallery
- ↑ Abacus
