Murtaza Khan Shaikh Farid Bukhari | |
---|---|
Murtaza Khan | |
Mir Bakhshi of the Mughal Empire | |
In office 1600–1616 | |
Monarch | Akbar |
Monarch | Jahangir |
Personal details | |
Born | Sheikh Farid Bukhari |
Died | 1616 |
Resting place | Serai Shahji,Delhi |
Military service | |
Allegiance | Mughal Empire |
Shaikh Farid Bukhari (died 1616), [1] also known by the title Murtaza Khan,was a leading Mughal noble during the reign of the Mughal emperors Akbar and Jahangir. He served as governor of Gujarat and later of Punjab. He was also well known as an architectural patron in Mughal India,and founded the city of Faridabad in modern-day Haryana,India.
Shaikh Farid Murtaza Khan was an Indian Muslim. [2] His ancestors were likely learned men who had been given rent-free lands for their subsistence. One of them,Sayyid Abdul Ghaffar of Dehli,enjoined his descendants to adopt military profession instead of living on charity. Sheikh Farid's family had a long history of imperial service,such as his uncle Sheikh Muhammad Bukhari,who was one of Akbar's trusted men,and his brother Jafar Khan,who died fighting in Gujarat in 1573. [3]
Shaikh Farid was promoted to the command of 1500 horses by Akbar,for his achievements fighting against Afghans in Orissa. Akbar also bestowed upon him the title sahib-us-saif-w-al-qalam ('master of the sword and the pen'). [4] In 1600, [5] he rose to the post of mir bakhshi under Akbar. [6]
In the Mughal court there was a movement of Naqshbandis who had been trying to garner power in the hopes of supplanting the religiously erratic Akbar with a more stable and orthodoxly Muslim emperor. Du Jarric among the Jesuits at court described that Shaykh Farid had been sent as a representative of the orthodox faction to promise support of Prince Salim (future Mughal Emperor Jahangir),"provided that he would swear to defend the law of Mahomet". Shaykh Farid had been receiving letters from Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi, [7] and was his devoted disciple. [8]
After Jahangir's coronation,prince Khusrau rebelled in 1606 and fled Agra,where he had been confined,towards the Punjab. Shaikh Farid pursued and defeated him at a battle near Bharowal. After Khusrau was later captured,Jahangir awarded Shaikh Farid the title 'Murtaza Khan' for his actions,and his rank was increased to 6000 horses. [4] Jahangir also awarded him the site of the battle,Bharowal,as a land grant. [9]
From 1606 to 1609,Shaikh Farid served as the governor (subahdar) of Gujarat under Jahangir. [10] He built the tomb of Wajihuddin in Ahmedabad,Kadi fort,and Madresah Masjid of Bharuch. His relatives and officers oppressed Ahmedabad,which led to his replacement by Mirza Aziz Koka. [11]
He later became the governor of Punjab. [1] During this time,Jahangir gave him the infamous order of executing Sikh leader Guru Arjan. [4]
Shaikh Farid was noted for his building activities in Mughal texts. [12] A major undertaking was the establishment of Faridabad in 1607,to which he provided a caravanserai and mosque. [13] [14] As governor of Gujarat,he constructed extensively in the city of Ahmedabad;however none of these structures remain,with the exception of Wajihuddin's Tomb,the dargah of Sufi saint Wajihuddin Alvi. [10] He also contributed several religious structures to the city of Bihar Sharif,and made additions to the Nizamuddin Dargah in Delhi. [15] [13]
Shaikh Farid's tomb is located in Malviya Nagar,Delhi,near a caravanserai constructed by him named Serai Shahji. [16]
Ajmer is a city in the north-western indian state of Rajasthan. It serves as the administrative headquarters of the Ajmer district and Ajmer division. It lies at the centre of Rajasthan,earning it the nickname 'the Heart of Rajasthan'.
Nur-ud-Din Muhammad Salim,known by his imperial name Jahangir,was the fourth Mughal Emperor,who ruled from 1605 till his death in 1627.
Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram,also known as Shah Jahan I,was the fifth Mughal emperor,reigning from 1628 until 1658. During his reign,the Mughals reached the peak of their architectural and cultural achievements.
Fatehpur Sikri is a town in the Agra District of Uttar Pradesh,India. Situated 35.7 kilometres (22.2 mi) from the district headquarters of Agra,Fatehpur Sikri itself was founded as the capital of the Mughal Empire in 1571 by Emperor Akbar,serving this role from 1571 to 1585,when Akbar abandoned it due to a campaign in Punjab and was later completely abandoned in 1610.
Mughal architecture is the type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed by the Mughals in the 16th,17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the Indian subcontinent. It developed from the architectural styles of earlier Muslim dynasties in India and from Iranian and Central Asian architectural traditions,particularly Timurid architecture. It also further incorporated and syncretized influences from wider Indian architecture,especially during the reign of Akbar. Mughal buildings have a uniform pattern of structure and character,including large bulbous domes,slender minarets at the corners,massive halls,large vaulted gateways,and delicate ornamentation;examples of the style can be found in modern-day Afghanistan,Bangladesh,India and Pakistan.
Ahmad Sirhindi was an Islamic scholar,Hanafi jurist,and member of the NaqshbandīSufi order who lived during the era of Mughal Empire.
Dai Anga Mosque is a mosque situated to southeast of the Lahore Railway Station,in the city of Lahore in Pakistan's Punjab province. The mosque is said to have been built in 1635 in honour of the wetnurse of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan,Dai Anga.
Allahabad Fort was built by the Mughal emperor Akbar at Prayagraj in 1583. The fort stands on the banks of the Yamuna,near its confluence with the Ganges. It is classified by the Archaeological Survey of India as a monument of national importance.
Shaikh Salim Chishti was a Sufi saint of the Chishti Order during the Mughal Empire in India.
Hari Parbat,also called Koh-i-Maran,is a hill overlooking Srinagar,the largest city and the capital of Jammu and Kashmir,India. It is the site of the Hari Parbat fort,built by the Durrani Empire,and of a Hindu temple,mosques,and gurdwara.
Akbar's tomb is the mausoleum of the third and greatest Mughal emperor Akbar. The tomb was built in 1605–1613 by his son,Jahangir and is situated on 119 acres of grounds in Sikandra,a suburb of Agra,Uttar Pradesh,India. The buildings are constructed mainly from a deep red sandstone,enriched with features in white marble.
The Moti Masjid is a 17th-century congregational mosque located within the Agra Fort UNESCO World Heritage Site. Built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan,the mosque is made entirely of white marble.
The Jama Masjid is a 16th-century congregational mosque in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Fatehpur Sikri,located in Uttar Pradesh,India. It was built by Mughal emperor Akbar,and was the largest mosque in the empire at the time of construction. The Jama Masjid's design drew from earlier mosques built by various pre-Mughal sultanates,and served as an important precedent in subsequent Mughal architecture.
Chausath Khamba,also spelled Chaunsath Khamba,is a tomb built during 1623–24. It is located in Nizamuddin precincts of Sufi Muslim shrines and tombs in New Delhi,India. The name means "64 pillars" in Urdu and Hindi. It was built by Mirza Aziz Koka,son of Ataga Khan,as a mausoleum for himself,at the time when Mughal Emperor Jahangir ruled from Delhi. Mirza Aziz Koka had served several times as Jahangir’s Governor of Gujarat before he died in Gujarat.
Guru Arjan was the fifth of the ten total Sikh Gurus. He compiled the first official edition of the Sikh scripture called the Adi Granth,which later expanded into the Guru Granth Sahib. He is regarded as the first of the two Gurus martyred in the Sikh faith.
Mirza Aziz Koka,also known as Kokaltash and by his sobriquet Khan-i-Azam,was the foster brother of Akbar,who remained one of the leading nobles at the courts of the Mughal emperors Akbar and Jahangir. He was also the Subahdar,governor of the Subah (province) of Gujarat.
The Gujarat Subah was a province (subah) of the Mughal Empire,encompassing the Gujarat region. The region first fell under Mughal control in 1573,when the Mughal emperor Akbar defeated the Gujarat Sultanate under Muzaffar Shah III. Muzaffar tried to regain the Sultanate in 1584 but failed. Gujarat remained the Mughal province governed by the viceroys and officers appointed by the Mughal emperors from Delhi. Akbar's foster brother Mirza Aziz Kokaltash was appointed as the subahdar (viceroy) who strengthened Mughal hold over the region. The nobles of former Sultanate continued to resist and rebel during the reign of the next emperor Jahangir (1605–1627) but Kokaltash and his successor subahdars subdued them. Jehangir also permitted the British East India Company to establish factories in Surat and elsewhere in Gujarat. The next emperor Shah Jahan (1627–1658) expanded his territories in south and his subahdars made hold over Kathiawar peninsula including Nawanagar. Shah Jahan had also appointed his prince Aurangzeb,who was involved in religious disputes,prince Dara Shikoh and later prince Murad Bakhsh as subahdars. Following battle of succession,Aurangzeb (1658–1707) came to the Mughal throne and his policies resulted in revolts and discontent. During his reign,the Marathas under Shivaji raided Surat (1666) and their incursions in Gujarat started. Till then Gujarat prospered due to political stability,peace and growing international trade.
Hari Parbat Fort is a historical fortification atop the Hari Parbat hill in Srinagar,Jammu and Kashmir,India. The fort was built during the late 18th/early 19th century by Atta Mohammad Khan,governor of Kashmir under Durrani rule. The fort's rampart dates earlier to the late 16th century,from a non-extant fortification built by Mughal emperor Akbar.
The Mughal Empire,which was established following the defeat of Ibrahim Lodi in 1526 at the First Battle of Panipat and consolidated over the time with expansionist policy of its rulers,derived its strength from its nobility which was hypergamous and included the Indian muslims,Turks,Afghans,and even Hindu Rajputs and Khatris. The Mughal rulers were successful in reigning over a long period of time over the vast area of the subcontinent because of their administrative and religious policy,which provided for the cohesion among various sects and creeds. Both Babur and Humayun were busy throughout their regnal years in wars and conquest apart from suppression of revolt and couldn't devote enough time for the administration and policies formulation. It was Akbar during whose reign the religious policy of the Mughals were formulated. The later Mughals followed Akbar but violation of his policy went unabated many a times leading to the complete downfall of the theory of "divine religion" propounded by Akbar during the regnal years of Aurangzeb.
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