| Siphonarioidea | |
|---|---|
 | |
| A shell of Siphonaria zelandica | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Heterobranchia |
| Order: | Siphonariida |
| Superfamily: | Siphonarioidea J. E. Gray, 1827 |
| Family | |
Family Siphonariidae | |
Siphonarioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Panpulmonata.
The Siphonarioidea are broadly distributed across the globe, however they are known to be the most abundant and species diverse in the warmer temperate to subtropical regions. More specifically, they are found within the southern hemisphere of the Indo-Pacific region. [1] They generally inhabit marine benthic regions, [2] specifically the subtidal zones.
Siphonarioidea are almost entirely marine organisms, [3] as they have been found to have evolved into despite the terrestrial ecosystems inhabited by their ancestors. [4] They inhabit the subtidal zones of marine ecosystems, and resemble true limpets with their non coiled, [1] conical shells. Siphonarioidea are frequently referred to as "false limpets" due to some distinct differences despite their resemblance to these Patellogastropoda. For example, Siphonariid adults' dorso-ventral muscles have a C-shape pattern and surround the central mantle cavity, which contrasts to the U-shaped muscles of patellogastropods. Siphonarioidea have a singular lung on the right side of their bodies that has two openings for inhaling and exhaling water, which cause their asymmetrical shell shape. When they are submerged in water, the Siphonarioidea breathe by inhaling water through the current created by the cilia on their gills and in their lung cavity. They absorb the oxygen from the water, then release the water back into the current, along with exhlalant carbon dioxide. The Siphonarioidea are highly adapted to being able to breathe by accessing oxygen from both the atmosphere and from water. When they are exposed to air, their lung opening remains open, and no longer requires active ventilation. [3] Siphonarioidea move by gliding around with the mucus that they produce, but they are facultatively mobile, and therefore do not move around very often. [2]
The Siphonarioidea tend to outcompete the true limpets in lower latitudes, which can be attributed to various physiological adaptations. The first is as before mentioned, where they are highly efficient in their respiration in both air and water. In addition, if the Siphonarioidea are exposed to air for extended periods of time, they will undergo a facultative depression [1] of their metabolic rate, lowering their average heart rate from 50 bpm to around 20, and closing their lung opening. The Siphonarioidea can continue in this state of metabolic depression for up to 72 hours, or until they are once again submerged in water. [3] Another notable adaptation of the Siphonarioidea is their production of a white, sticky, and acidic mucus, secreted by many subepidermal glands on the mantle. This mucus can be toxic to fish, [5] and is generally unpalatable to predators. [1] The Siphonarioidea also have a certain behavioral adaptation that goes to explain why they live in the more calm areas of the rocky intertidal. When the high tide or low tide comes around, the Siphonarioidea prepare for periods of inactivity, so as to prevent desiccation or uprooting by heavy wave-break. During these periods, they attach to their "home scar," or a small pit in a rock that their shells closely adhere to, to reduce the threat of these dangers. [3]
A key difference between the Siphonarioidea and the Patellogastropoda is the fact that Siphonarioidea are simultaneous hermaphrodites [4] that practice internal fertilization. [3] During copulation, a Siphonaria will insert their penis into the other's gential opening; this can be mutual or one-sided. The sperm is then deposited in the female gentials, which produces egg masses. The masses are known to have a high surface area to volume ratio. [6] This provides protection against desiccation and other environmental factors, although development is still affected, sometimes to a fatal extent. [4] In each egg, the juveniles develop and then eventually hatch. Some adaptations to these threats are spawning in intertidal pools, or coiling to trap water. [6] Once hatched, they must at one point settle and undergo metamorphosis before they can become an adult. [3]
The blastula and gastrula phase in Siphonarioidea occurs for only a 1-2 day period, after which a yolk-like trochophore forms within 2–3 days. By the 3-4 day, the larva will grow its foot and its shell. Upon larval development, the emerged larvae can be either free-swimming or planktonic. The free-swimming larvae will emerge around 7 days upon the laying of the eggs, but the planktonic larvae will usually emerge around 3–4 weeks after. [1]
Siphonarioidea have characteristically weak radula, which limits them to only being able to consume softer, delicate algae, [3] usually only grazing on the top layers instead of fully uprooting it. [1] This selective physical trait causes them to usually be inferior in terms of competition with true limpets, [3] although they are never completely outcompeted. [1]
Siphonarioidea was previously a superfamily in the informal group Basommatophora within the Pulmonata. [7]
Jörger et al. (2010) [8] determined that the Basommatophora (Siphonarioidea, Amphiboloidea, and Hygrophila) was a polyphyletic group, and they moved the Siphonarioidea to the Panpulmonata.
A snail is a shelled gastropod. The name is most often applied to land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name snail is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class Gastropoda that have a coiled shell that is large enough for the animal to retract completely into. When the word "snail" is used in this most general sense, it includes not just land snails but also numerous species of sea snails and freshwater snails. Gastropods that naturally lack a shell, or have only an internal shell, are mostly called slugs, and land snails that have only a very small shell are often called semi-slugs.
Gastropods, commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda.
Opisthobranchs is a now informal name for a large and diverse group of specialized complex gastropods which used to be united in the subclass Opisthobranchia. That taxon is no longer considered to represent a monophyletic grouping.
Orthogastropoda was a major taxonomic grouping of snails and slugs, an extremely large subclass within the huge class Gastropoda according to the older taxonomy of the Gastropoda.
Heterobranchia, the heterobranchs, is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs, which includes marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks.
Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includes many land and freshwater families, and several marine families.
The Patellogastropoda, common name true limpets and historically called the Docoglossa, are members of a major phylogenetic group of marine gastropods, treated by experts either as a clade or as a taxonomic order.
Terrestrial animals are animals that live predominantly or entirely on land, as compared with aquatic animals, which live predominantly or entirely in the water, and amphibians, which rely on aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Some groups of insects are terrestrial, such as ants, butterflies, earwigs, cockroaches, grasshoppers and many others, while other groups are partially aquatic, such as mosquitoes and dragonflies, which pass their larval stages in water.
Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the absence of a visible shell.
Basommatophora was a term that was previously used as a taxonomic informal group, a group of snails within the informal group Pulmonata, the air-breathing slugs and snails. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda, whenever monophyly has not been tested, or where a traditional taxon of gastropods has now been discovered to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic, the term "group" or "informal group" was used.
Ancylini is a tribe of small, freshwater, air-breathing limpets, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails and their allies. This tribe used to be treated as a family; the current taxonomic placement within Planorbidae is according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda.
Siphonaria compressa is a species of small, air-breathing sea snail. It is a pulmonate limpet, a gastropod in the Siphonariidae family.
Amphiboloidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails.
Vetigastropoda is a major taxonomic group of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that form a very ancient lineage. Taxonomically the Vetigastropoda are sometimes treated as an order, although they are treated as an unranked clade in Bouchet and Rocroi, 2005.
Lower Heterobranchia, also known as the Allogastropoda, is a group of rather specialized, highly evolved sea slugs and sea snails, within the subclass Heterobranchia.
Siphonaria pectinata, common name the striped false limpet, is a species of air-breathing sea snail or false limpet, a marine heterobranch gastropod mollusc in the family Siphonariidae.
Hygrophila is a taxonomic superorder of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks within the clade Panpulmonata.
Freshwater snails are gastropod mollusks that live in fresh water. There are many different families. They are found throughout the world in various habitats, ranging from ephemeral pools to the largest lakes, and from small seeps and springs to major rivers. The great majority of freshwater gastropods have a shell, with very few exceptions. Some groups of snails that live in freshwater respire using gills, whereas other groups need to reach the surface to breathe air. In addition, some are amphibious and have both gills and a lung. Most feed on algae, but many are detritivores and some are filter feeders.
Panpulmonata is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs in the clade Heterobranchia within the clade Euthyneura.
Hebetancylus is a genus of small, freshwater, air-breathing limpets, aquatic pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails and their allies.