Squatting in the Netherlands

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ACU in Utrecht, squatted 1976 and bought 1994 ACU outside.jpg
ACU in Utrecht, squatted 1976 and bought 1994

Squatting in the Netherlands (Dutch: kraken) is the occupation of unused or derelict buildings or land without the permission of the owner. The modern squatters movement (Dutch: kraakbeweging) began in the 1960s in the Netherlands. By the 1980s, it had become a powerful anarchist social movement which regularly came into conflict with the state, particularly in Amsterdam with the Vondelstraat and coronation riots.

Contents

Some squats in cities have successfully legalised into still extant social centres and housing cooperatives such as ACU in Utrecht, the Grote Broek in Nijmegen, the Landbouwbelang in Maastricht, ORKZ in Groningen, the Poortgebouw in Rotterdam and Vrankrijk in Amsterdam. There have also been squats in the countryside such as Fort Pannerden and the Ruigoord village.

Squatting was criminalised in October 2010. Between then and November 2014, 529 people were arrested. Some recent high-profile evictions have included ADM, the Tabakspanden and De Vloek. The social movement continues in diminished form, with squatting still being used by certain groups, for example the migrant collective We Are Here.

Beginnings

Squatted house in Amsterdam, 1980 Huizen gekraakt uit protest tegen verkoop goedkope huurhuizen gekraakt huis in , Bestanddeelnr 931-0090.jpg
Squatted house in Amsterdam, 1980

During the Great Depression of the 1930s, many workers lost their jobs and were unable to pay rent. This resulted in people occupying houses in order to force a rental agreement, although they did not see themselves as a housing movement. Their legal justification was based on a 1914 decision by the Supreme Court which ruled that in order to show residential use in a property, all that was needed was a chair, a table and a bed. [1]

Squatting in the Netherlands in its modern form has its origins in the 1960s, when the country was suffering a housing shortage whilst at the same time many properties stood derelict. Property owners kept buildings empty in order to speculate and drive the market price upwards. [2] As youth protest movements burgeoned, in particular Provo movement, squatting became seen as a political, anti-speculation protest. [2] [1] Marking the emergence of a squatters movement (Dutch: kraakbeweging) which focused upon collective action rather than individual initiatives, the term for squatting changed from "secret occupation" (Dutch: clandestien bezetten) to "cracking" (Dutch: kraken) and squatters became known as krakers. [1] [3]

As well as mobilising the 1914 decision, squatters employed a 1971 Supreme Court ruling that the concept of domestic peace (Dutch: huisvrede) required permission from the current occupant for anybody else to enter a property. This meant that property owners were required to evict squatters by taking them to court, instead of forcing entry. [4] This came about after squatters in Nijmegen were evicted from a property and prosecuted by the owner, who claimed that since the house was for sale it was in use. The squatters were convicted of an offence but appealed the decision and ultimately the Supreme Court ruled that a "on the basis of normal language use, 'a house in use' can only mean 'a house in use as a house'". [5]

Consolidation

The Poortgebouw in Rotterdam. Poortgebouw - Rotterdam, Holland - panoramio.jpg
The Poortgebouw in Rotterdam.

The squatting movement took on an increasingly anarchist tone during the 1980s. In the Vondelstraat Riots, police moved to evict residents from a squatted building on the corner of Vondelstraat in Amsterdam, but it was immediately reoccupied and barricades erected. Street fights ensued between riot police and the squatters, with the building only being cleared when a military tank demolished the street barricades. [2] Queen Beatrix's coronation later that year saw more riots when squatters chanted "No home, no coronation" (Dutch: Geen woning, geen kroning). [2] [4] In Groningen the eviction of the WNC (Wolters-Noordhoff Complex) squat in 1990 led to 137 arrests and the mayor called it war. [6]

Some squats have gone through a process of legalisation, in which the building becomes owned or rented by the former squatters. In Amsterdam, the city council bought 200 buildings in the early 1980s, handing them over to housing associations which then made contracts with individual tenants. [3] The Poortgebouw in Rotterdam was squatted in 1980 and two years later the inhabitants agreed to pay rent to the city council, forming a housing cooperative of 30 people with a bar and alternative venue on the ground floor. [7] In Amsterdam, OCCII, OT301 and Vrankrijk are all examples of legalised social centres. In the 2010s, Vrankrijk hosts mainly punk and queer parties. [8] [9] The NDSM former shipyard zone was recognised as a cultural hotspot and breeding place, successfully institutionalising in the early 2000s. [10] The Grote Broek in Nijmegen was squatted in 1984 and legalised in the 2000s. The ACU in Utrecht was squatted in 1976 and bought by the squatters in 1994. It provides a venue space for benefit concerts, an anarchist library, a bar and a vegan restaurant. [11] ORKZ, or the Old Roman Catholic Hospital (Dutch: Oude Rooms-Katholieke Ziekenhuis), is located in Groningen on the Verlengde Hereweg. The hospital was squatted in August 1979 and legalised in 1986. As of 2004, 250 people lived there in 235 apartments. Another 150 people made use of the ateliers. [12] A derelict parking lot was taken over and made into a guerilla garden. Herbs and vegetables were grown in raised beds, fruit bushes were planted and an apiary was set up. The garden was legalised by the city council in 2012. [13]

Oude Rooms-Katholieke Ziekenhuis (ORKZ) Groningen 20090624 Verlengde Hereweg 92 (ORKZ) Groningen NL.jpg
Oude Rooms-Katholieke Ziekenhuis (ORKZ) Groningen

There are also squats which refused or were unable to legalise such as De Blauwe Aanslag in The Hague, Het Slaakhuis in Rotterdam, ADM in Amsterdam and the Landbouwbelang in Maastricht. The Landbouwbelang is a former grain silo beside the Meuse (Dutch : Maas) river which houses 15 people and provides space for art exhibitions, music events and various festivals. [14] Vrijplaats Koppenhinksteeg in Leiden was occupied in 1968 and eventually evicted in 2010. The complex, which included a bar, a freeshop, a library meeting rooms and offices for a group supporting illegal migrants, had been negotiating with the city council in order to legalise its activities until the talks stalled in 2008. [15]

There are also some squats in the countryside such as a squatted village called Ruigoord near Amsterdam. Fort Pannerden (a military fort built in 1869 near to Nijmegen) was occupied in 2000 by people concerned about the state of the building. It was evicted on November 8, 2006, by a massive police operation which used military machinery and cost one million euros. [16] The fort was then re-squatted and the occupiers discussed a settlement with the local council and Staatsbosbeheer, the owner. [17]

Developments

A squatted freeshop in Utrecht, 2004 Giveaway shop utrecht front.jpg
A squatted freeshop in Utrecht, 2004

In 1987, the law was changed so that an owner could take anonymous squatters to court, rather than being required to know their names. [18] A law was passed in 1994 which made it illegal to squat a building which had been empty for less than one year. [19] After this, it became conventional for squatters to call the police after occupying a building and if the police were satisfied that the building had been empty for more than a year and that the squatters were living there (as evidenced by having a chair, a table and a bed) then the owner would need to make a court case to regain possession. [18] Thus, squatting became a tactic to provide housing and also to fight speculation, conserve monumental buildings, provide groups with spaces and so on. [19] An example of conservational squatting is Huize Ivicke in Wassenaar, a building which the owner refuses to repair. The villa was placed on a list of the most endangered monuments in Europe and it was squatted in 2018 by people wanting to prevent further dilapidation. [20]

Squatting in the Netherlands, particularly in Amsterdam, became a rather institutionalised process, although the squatters movement continued to evolve with one development being the occupation of large office buildings by refugee collectives. [21] [22] One such group, We Are Here was established in 2012 and the collective had squatted over 30 buildings and parks by the end of 2017. [23] [24] In a different development, squatting was used as a tool to contest the construction of the Betuweroute, a freight railway route from Rotterdam to Germany. GroenFront!  [ nl ] and other environmental protestors occupied several houses due to be demolished. This included a failed attempt to squat a building in Angeren. [25]

Criminalisation

Squatting ban sign Squattingban.svg
Squatting ban sign

Squatting in the Netherlands became a criminal offence on 1 October 2010. In 2016, a report was published by the Dutch Government which stated that between October 2010 and November 2014, 529 people had been arrested for the new crime of squatting, in 213 separate incidents. Of these arrested, 210 received convictions and 42 were found not guilty. [26]

Following criminalisation, in Amsterdam an estimated 330 squats were evicted in two years. [27] Contested evictions included ADM, the Tabakspanden on Spuistraat, the Valreep and Villa Friekens. [28] [29] ADM was a former shipyard squatted for 21 years before its eventual eviction in 2019. Around 130 people lived there in buildings, boats and temporary structures. [30] De Vloek social centre in The Hague was evicted in September 2015 after long political struggle. There were seven arrests. [31] [32] In Utrecht, the disused Amsterdamsestraatweg Water Tower was occupied repeatedly in protest at the criminalisation of squatting. In 2019, a resquat was unsuccessful. [33]

Table of notable squats

Squatting in the Netherlands
NameLocationHistory (green=ongoing, pink=closed)Reference
ACU Utrechtsquatted 1976, legalized 1994 [34]
ADM Amsterdamsquatted 1997, evicted 2019 [30] [35]
Amsterdamsestraatweg Water Tower Utrechtsquatted 1980s, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018 [36] [37]
ASCII Amsterdamvarious squats 1999–2006 [38]
Blauwe Aanslag The Haguesquatted 1980, evicted 2003 [39]
Effenaar Eindhovensquatted 1970, legalized 1971 [40]
Fort Pannerden Near Nijmegensquatted 2000, evicted 2006, resquatted 2006, legalized 2006, renovated 2009 [41]
Grote Broek Nijmegensquatted 1984, legalized 2000s [42]
Huize Ivicke Wassenaarsquatted 2018 [20]
Landbouwbelang Maastrichtsquatted 2002 [14] [43]
Moira Utrechtsquatted 1983, later legalized [44]
NDSM Amsterdamsquatted 1990s, legalized 2000s [45]
OCCII Amsterdamsquatted 1984, legalized 1989 [46]
OT301 Amsterdamsquatted 1999, legalized 2006 [8]
Poortgebouw Rotterdamsquatted 1980, legalized 1982 [7]
Ruigoord Near Amsterdamsquatted 1972 [47]
Slaakhuis Rotterdamsquatted 2003, evicted 2011 [7]
Tabakspanden Amsterdamvariously squatted 1983 onwards, all evicted 2015 [48]
Tetterode Amsterdamsquatted 1981, legalized 1986 [49]
Ubica Utrechtsquatted 1992, evicted 2013 [50]
Vloek The Haguesquatted 2002, evicted 2015 [31]
Vossiustraat 16 (squat) Amsterdamsquatted 2022 [51]
Vrankrijk Amsterdamsquatted 1982, legalized 1991 [8]
Vrijplaats Koppenhinksteeg Leidensquatted 1968, evicted 2010 [52]
WNC Groningensquatted 1985, evicted 1990 [6]
Wyers Amsterdamsquatted 1981, evicted 1984 [53]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squatting</span> Unauthorized occupation of property

Squatting is the action of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied area of land or a building, usually residential, that the squatter does not own, rent or otherwise have lawful permission to use. The United Nations estimated in 2003 that there were one billion slum residents and squatters globally. Squatting occurs worldwide and tends to occur when people who are poor and homeless find empty buildings or land to occupy for housing. It has a long history, broken down by country below.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Poortgebouw</span> Monumental legalised squat in Rotterdam, the Netherlands

The Poortgebouw is a national monument located at Stieltjesstraat 38 in the Kop van Zuid area of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. It was built beside the River Maas in 1879 and experienced a range of uses until it was squatted 3 October 1980. It had been standing empty for 2 years and was squatted as a protest intended to highlight the lack of affordable residential housing in Rotterdam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Het Slaakhuis</span> Rijksmonument in Rotterdam

Het Slaakhuis, or Slaakhuys, is a monumental building in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. It was the former offices of the socialist newspaper Het Vrije Volk. The building is a six-storey office block located on a street called Slaak and was squatted in May 2003. The snooker centre next door, which hosted greats such as Ronnie O'Sullivan was also later squatted. In 2011, the complex was evicted and by 2017 it had become a hotel and a Lidl supermarket.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort Pannerden</span>

Fort Pannerden is a disused military fort situated near the village of Pannerden in the southeast of the Netherlands. In November 2006, it became the focus of national news stories because a group of squatters were evicted in a large-scale operation by police, helped by the army. Later on in the same month, it was resquatted.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dutch squatting ban</span>

The Dutch squatting ban refers to the law introduced on 1 October 2010, under which squatting in the Netherlands became de jure illegal. Criminalization had first been proposed in the 1970s, but was opposed by the Council of Churches. In 2006, a new plan was proposed and backed by parties including VVD and PVV. When the new law was introduced, squatters occupied the former head office of the fire brigade and there were riots in Amsterdam and Nijmegen. In 2011, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands ruled that the legally forced end of squatting can only occur after an intervention of a judge. Between October 2010 and December 2014, 529 people were arrested for the act of occupying derelict buildings, in 213 separate incidents as a result of which 39 people were jailed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Landbouwbelang (squat)</span> Squatted industrial building in the Netherlands

Landbouwbelang (LBB) is a squatted industrial building in Maastricht, Netherlands. It offers working space for artists and social entrepreneurs and functions as a venue for cultural events. It has been squatted since April 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ADM (Amsterdam)</span> Evicted squat in west Amsterdam

ADM was a squat in the Port of Amsterdam, to the west of the city next to the North Sea Canal. The squat lasted from 1997 until its eviction in early 2019. Around 130 people lived on the terrain of 45 hectares in buildings, on boats and in vehicles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grote Broek</span> Self-managed political project in Nijmegen, the Netherlands

De Grote Broek is a legalised squat and self-managed social centre in central Nijmegen in the Netherlands. It was occupied in 1984 and legalised from 2002 onwards. It spans two sides of a city block and has entrances on both Van Broeckhuysenstraat and Tweede Walstraat. The project consists of two separate housing co-operatives living above a cafe on one side and Extrapool and a music venue on the other. Groups with shared political objectives are hosted at the centre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vrijplaats Koppenhinksteeg</span> Evicted Dutch freespace

Vrijplaats Koppenhinksteeg was a complex of buildings first squatted in 1968 in Leiden, the Netherlands. It took its name from the alley on which it was located and was run since the 1990s by the Vrijplaats Koppenhinksteeg Foundation. Various groups including Eurodusnie used the different spaces as a bar, café, a freeshop, a foundation to support undocumented migrants, an information centre, a library and a sports club. In 2010, the entire complex was evicted. From 2012 onwards a new space called the Vrijplaats Leiden was set up elsewhere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">We Are Here (collective)</span> Human rights campaign of migrants in Amsterdam

We Are Here is a collective of migrants based in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, which campaigns for human rights for its members and all undocumented migrants. The asylum seekers have in many cases had their applications to remain in the Netherlands denied but they either cannot go back or refuse to return to their country of origin. They demand access to social services such as medical care and housing. The group formed in 2012 and by 2015 contained over 200 migrants from around 15 countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vrankrijk</span> Communal living space established by squatters and self-managed social centre in Amsterdam

Vrankrijk is a legalised squat and self-managed social centre on the Spuistraat in central Amsterdam. There is an events space on the ground floor and above it a separate housing group.

The WNC squat was a self-managed social centre in Groningen, the Netherlands. It was squatted in 1985 and evicted in 1990.

Ecotribe Teuge is a collective of people living on a squatted terrain in the Dutch countryside. It is located on the edge of the village of Teuge, in the province of Gelderland. The buildings were constructed by the Nazis and formerly used to house Moluccan soldiers. The site was occupied in 2001, when people began to live there in an off-the-grid and self-sufficient manner. Since 2018, there are plans by the province to develop the terrain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tabakspanden</span> Buildings in central Amsterdam, squatted until 2015 and now redeveloped

The Tabakspanden are a group of buildings standing on the Spuistraat in central Amsterdam, adjacent to the Keizerrijk and Wijdesteeg alleyways. Named after a former owner, the speculator Hendrik Tabak, they were mostly squatted from 1983 onwards, although the artist Peter Klashorst also rented an apartment and gallery space. The best known building was Spuistraat 199, known as the Slangenpand (Snakehouse) because of the large mural which covered the front exterior. In 2015, the squatters were evicted and the buildings were mostly demolished prior to redevelopment. The new project is known as De Keizer and has 69 apartments, a restaurant and a gallery. Two of the buildings are registered as rijksmonumenten.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">De Vloek</span> Former squatted social centre in the Netherlands

De Vloek was a squatted, self-managed social centre in The Hague, the Netherlands, between 2002 and 2015. Located on Hellingweg 127 in Scheveningen, beside the North Sea, the squat hosted workplaces, living spaces, a venue, and a vegan restaurant. The local council tolerated the occupation until 2014, when it decided to sell the building. A political struggle over the eviction began; some political parties supported the squatters and the Scheveningen Pier was briefly occupied as a protest action. A deal was made for the squatters to move to a former school building and the Vloek was eventually evicted in September 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ubica</span> Hotel and former squat in Utrecht

The Ubica buildings are two adjacent buildings standing at 24 and 26 Ganzenmarkt, in central Utrecht, the Netherlands. Number 24 is a rijksmonument. The first recorded mention of the buildings is from 1319. After centuries of residential use, the buildings were bought by the Ubica mattress company in 1913 and used until a devastating fire in 1989. The buildings were then squatted for 21 years, before being redeveloped into a hotel and café-restaurant in 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amsterdamsestraatweg Water Tower</span> Water tower in Utrecht, the Netherlands

The Amsterdamsestraatweg Water Tower is located in Utrecht, the Netherlands. The water tower was built at Amsterdamsestraatweg 380 in 1916, in the style of the Amsterdam School. It became derelict in 1986 and was repeatedly squatted before its redevelopment into apartments began in 2020.

Vossiusstraat 16 is a squatted building in central Amsterdam, the Netherlands. It is owned by the Russian billionaire Arkady Volozh, co-founder of Yandex Search and formerly head of Yandex, who has been sanctioned as part of international reactions to the Russo-Ukrainian War. It was occupied in October 2022 to protest both Volozh's ownership and the housing crisis in Amsterdam. Volozh quickly took the squatters to court and lost his claim for possession since he cannot live in the property or enter the Netherlands; he appealed the decision and lost again. The squatters live in the building and have organised events there.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wyers (squat)</span> Squatters house in Amsterdam

The Wyers squat was a self-managed social centre on Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal in central Amsterdam, the Netherlands, between 1981 and 1984. The buildings of the Wyers former wholesale textile company were converted by the squatters into a range of living and work spaces. When the Government of Amsterdam decided to demolish the complex to make way for a Holiday Inn hotel, a car parking garage and apartments, the squatters made alternative proposals. The eviction was announced for February 14 1984 and there were demonstrations in support of the squat around the country. On the day of eviction, 1,500 people stayed inside the building then left without conflict. The breeding place discourse of new cultural initiatives presented by the squatters was later adopted by the city council.

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  43. ↑ Janssen, Bert (29 September 2013). Cultural Freezone Landbouwbelang (in Dutch). Maastricht: Organic Press. ISBN   978-90-75924-12-1. Archived from the original on 25 February 2019.
  44. ↑ "Bijeenkomst Moira met meer dan 80 aanwezigen geanimeerd". 17 December 2014. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
  45. ↑ Labuhn, Beata (2018). "From Het Lieverdje to NDSM Historical Background of Amsterdam's Countercultural Places" (PDF). Global Built Environment Review: 9–47. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  46. ↑ Beale, Sam; Cobbing, Nick (1995). "KRAAKING THE SYSTEM Dutch squatters have their own brand of negotiation – and it works". SQUALL. No. 10. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  47. ↑ Carlisi, Tina (2018). "Free Cultural Spaces: Freedom of Expression in Autonomous Geographies". Seismopolite Journal of Art and Politics. 20.
  48. ↑ "Eviction of Amsterdam squatters turns violent". Al Jazeera English. 26 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  49. ↑ Gelderen, Mikel van (2019). "WoonWerkPand Tetterode Amsterdam (NL): Johan W.F. Hartkamp, Jan Frederik van Erven Dorens, Merkelbach & Karsten, Merkelbach & Elling, K.P.C. de Bazel, residents and users". Delft Architectural Studies on Housing (15): 138–145. ISSN   1877-7007.
  50. ↑ Redactie (25 May 2013). "ME haalt aantal krakers uit Ubica-panden Utrecht". AD. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  51. ↑ "Dutch court backs squatters in Russian tycoon's mansion". Euro News. AFP. 27 November 2022.
  52. ↑ Poldervaart, Saskia (2001). "Utopian Aspects of Social Movements in Postmodern Times: Some Examples of DIY Politics in the Netherlands". Utopian Studies. 12 (2): 143–163. JSTOR   20718321.
  53. ↑ Owens, Lynn (2009). Cracking under pressure : narrating the decline of the Amsterdam squatters' movement. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 159. ISBN   9780271034638.

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