Stephen Payne (naval architect)

Last updated

Stephen M. Payne

OBE MNM RDI FREng FRINA HonFIED
Payne SM 21Dec2018.jpg
Stephen Payne during a speaker's discussion session on board Queen Mary 2 in December 2017.
Born
Stephen Michael Payne

c. 1960 (age 63–64)
Greater London
NationalityBritish
CitizenshipUnited Kingdom
Engineering career
DisciplineShip Science
Practice namePFJ Maritime Consulting Ltd (2011-2016) [1]
Employer(s)Carnival Corporate Shipbuilding (1985-2010)
ProjectsMS Rotterdam (VI), passenger ship design
Significant designRMS Queen Mary 2
Significant advancepodded propulsion
AwardsMost Excellent Order of the British Empire, Royal Designer for Industry, VADM Land Medal

Stephen Michael Payne, OBE, MNM, RDI, FREng, FRINA, HonFIED is a British naval architect. He has worked on the designs of approximately 40 passenger ships for the Carnival Corporation, including the Cunard ocean liner Queen Mary 2. [2] He is an independent maritime consultant and is an educational advocate for engineering careers.

Contents

Background and education

Stephen Michael Payne was born in London, England circa 1960. [3] : 12  He was educated in the local council schools including the Catford Boys School, where two of its teachers would have a key role in shaping his career. His interest in ocean liners began at age 5 when the BBC children’s television program Blue Peter featured a tour of the RMS Queen Elizabeth. He would later state that he was immediately captivated by the ship. [4] His interest in ships intensified during a 1969 family visit to the then new Queen Elizabeth 2 in Southampton where he also observed the SS United States, on one of her last transatlantic crossings, arriving in port. [5] In 1972 the program’s magazine described the destruction by fire of the ex-Queen Elizabeth in Hong Kong harbor and ended with the statement “…nothing like her will ever be built again.” With encouragement from a Catford English teacher Payne wrote a letter of complaint to the program arguing that they were wrong, another ship to rival her would indeed be built and he would design it. The program applauded his ambition but cautioned him not to be discouraged if it never happened. [6]

When the time came for him to consider university studies however his career counselors discouraged Payne from any engineering career as it was then seen as having limited job prospects. They advised him to instead study chemistry and he enrolled at Imperial College London. After one year of study he met with his former physics teacher from Catford who agreed that Payne had been badly advised, and helped him obtain funding to transfer to the University of Southampton's Ship Science program. [7] While there, he also enrolled in the University Royal Naval Unit (URNU) to experience how ships responded at sea. [8] After graduating in 1984 with a B.Sc.(Hons) in ship science, he accepted a position at Marconi Radar. His role was to advise the company on aspects of ship motion and ship design. [8]

Professional career

Payne began his work with Carnival Corporation in January 1985 when employed by Technical Marine Planning, Ltd, then a London-based consultancy firm under contract with Carnival for the design and construction supervision of its new ships. (By 1995 the firm was absorbed into Carnival and became its newbuild department.) [9]

His first assignment was to assess stability of the MS Holiday. [3] : 14  He next became a member of the design team for the Carnival Fantasy-class ships which entered service starting in 1990. The last two Fantasy ships, Elation and Paradise, were equipped with ABB Azipod thrusters rather than traditional shaft drives, a development which influenced his later work. By 1995 he was a Senior Naval Architect and oversaw the construction of the first Destiny-class ship. [10] His next major project was the design of Holland America Line's new flagship MS Rotterdam VI where he was project manager. Payne designed the new ship with twin funnels, a tribute to the 1959 SS Rotterdam V. [11] Following completion of the Rotterdam, Payne was project manager for the Costa Atlantica and the Spirit-class ships. [3] : 14 

In May 1998 Carnival acquired the Cunard Line, and Payne was given charge of designing the new ocean liner Queen Mary 2 (QM2) to replace the aging Queen Elizabeth 2 as Cunard's transatlantic liner. [3] : 15  Payne's design was heavily influenced by past Atlantic liners. "I have this philosophy that to get things right the first-time, you need to have an appreciation for history - of what has been done before." [12] QM2 has a breakwater adopted from the Normandie and split engine rooms to avoid having a single point of failure. "The bridge, the mast, and the funnel are all loosely based on the Queen Elizabeth 2 and I felt it particularly important to echo some of the similarities between that ship and this one to create the lineage progression." [13] On three occasions Carnival's board halted the project as they did not consider it commercially viable. [14] Payne refined the design and instituted several innovations to justify the new liner's construction cost. He placed the new ship's public spaces near the water line. This allowed for premium fare balcony (rather than porthole) cabins to be placed in the hull yet high enough to have a margin of protection from the sea conditions of the north Atlantic. Payne also created more revenue-producing interior space by removing one engine room from the initial design and instead using gas turbines at the base of the funnel. Podded propulsion, rather than shaft drives, was used to free up even more interior space and offered greater fuel efficiency and maneuverability. Spectacular public rooms, restricted to only first class passengers on the great twentieth century liners, were open to all passengers. [2] QM2 was delivered to Cunard in December 2003, on time and under budget. [15]

RMS Queen Mary 2 and MS Rotterdam in Quebec City.png
Payne-designed ships Queen Mary 2 and Rotterdam berthed in Quebec City on 29 September 2017

During the design phase of Queen Mary 2 Payne was appointed a member of a safety Innovation Group for the UK Maritime and Coastguard Agency. [16] His next major project was to lead the design team for the Seabourn Cruise Line Odyssey-class ships which entered service starting in 2009. Carnival's later newbuild contracts would stipulate podded propulsion as they offered fuel savings and superior maneuverability compared to traditional shaft drives. Payne would later state, "I have yet to meet a ship's master who is familiar with pods that doesn't prefer them to shafts, rudders and stern thrusters." [17]

In 2010, Payne left Carnival and became a founding member of the consultancy PFJ-Maritime Consulting Ltd. [8] As a maritime consultant Payne has been involved in shipping law, [18] passenger vessel safety, [19] future developments for shipping propulsion, [20] He is also an industry consultant for the emergence of Asian shipyards for ship building and refurbishment. [21] Payne also consulted with the Ministry of Defense during the development of the Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers. [22]

In 2021 Payne revealed the design of a new flagship to replace the royal yacht HMY Britannia, which was decommissioned in 1997. [22] When not in use by the royal family it would host diplomatic events and promote British trade. [23] In November 2022 the UK government officially terminated the project. [24]

Engineering advocacy

As a result of the media attention given to Queen Mary 2 and his role as lead designer, Payne received correspondence from students who asked about engineering careers. They were encountering many of the same biases as he himself had received thirty years earlier: that it was a profession in decline and without a promising future. [25] To help address this persistent attitude, Payne and some colleagues founded the Future Engineers initiative. [1] The program featured a specific engineering project and allowed students and their teachers visit the site and interact with the designers and engineers.

Payne also served as a governor of the Quilley School [26] prior to its merger with Crestwood College. In 2003 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. He chose the subject "Genesis of a Queen". [27] He was a member of the Board of Trustees of the Webb Institute (Glen Cove, New York) from 2011 [28] to 2020. [29] Between 2012 and 2016 Payne was President of The National STEM Skills Passport. [30]

In June 2021 Payne announced his support [31] for the construction of a new National Flagship. [32] Writing for an industry publication, Payne argued that with the retirement of Britannia, "the UK lost a highly effective ambassador for trade promotion and State diplomacy." A new yacht with British design, equipment and innovation "would be an international showcase for all things British Maritime." [31] Payne however criticized the design released by Prime Minister Boris Johnson's office as "...akin to a 1950s Hull trawler" and "...not such a good idea for a global voyager crossing the Atlantic, Pacific, or even rounding the tip of Africa." [33]

Awards and honors

In 2004, Payne was awarded the Civil Order of the British Empire (OBE) by Queen Elizabeth II for his service to the shipping industry. [34] He also received professional and academic awards:

Payne is a Chartered Engineer (CEng) [5] and a Freeman of the City of London. [46] [Permanent Dead Link]

Bibliography

Forewords to:

Related Research Articles

<i>Queen Elizabeth 2</i> Retired British ocean liner/cruise ship

Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2) is a retired British passenger ship converted into a floating hotel. Originally built for the Cunard Line, the ship was operated by Cunard as both a transatlantic liner and a cruise ship from 1969 to 2008. She was then laid up until converted and since 18 April 2018 has been operating as a floating hotel in Dubai.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cunard Line</span> British shipping and cruise line

Cunard Line is a British shipping and cruise line based at Carnival House at Southampton, England, operated by Carnival UK and owned by Carnival Corporation & plc. Since 2011, Cunard and its three ships have been registered in Hamilton, Bermuda.

RMS <i>Queen Elizabeth</i> Ocean liner (1938–1968)

RMS Queen Elizabeth was an ocean liner operated by Cunard Line. In tandem with Queen Mary both ships provided a weekly luxury liner service between Southampton in the United Kingdom and New York City in the United States, via Cherbourg in France.

RMS <i>Queen Mary</i> Retired British ocean liner

RMS Queen Mary is a retired British ocean liner that sailed primarily on the North Atlantic Ocean from 1936 to 1967 for the Cunard Line and was built by John Brown & Company in Clydebank, Scotland. Queen Mary, along with RMS Queen Elizabeth, was built as part of Cunard's planned two-ship weekly express service between Southampton, Cherbourg and New York. The two ships were a British response to the express superliners built by German, Italian and French companies in the late 1920s and early 1930s.

Transatlantic crossings are passages of passengers and cargo across the Atlantic Ocean between Europe or Africa and the Americas. The majority of passenger traffic is across the North Atlantic between Western Europe and North America. Centuries after the dwindling of sporadic Viking trade with Markland, a regular and lasting transatlantic trade route was established in 1566 with the Spanish West Indies fleets, following the voyages of Christopher Columbus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Passenger ship</span> Watercraft intended to carry people onboard

A passenger ship is a merchant ship whose primary function is to carry passengers on the sea. The category does not include cargo vessels which have accommodations for limited numbers of passengers, such as the ubiquitous twelve-passenger freighters once common on the seas in which the transport of passengers is secondary to the carriage of freight. The type does however include many classes of ships designed to transport substantial numbers of passengers as well as freight. Indeed, until recently virtually all ocean liners were able to transport mail, package freight and express, and other cargo in addition to passenger luggage, and were equipped with cargo holds and derricks, kingposts, or other cargo-handling gear for that purpose. Only in more recent ocean liners and in virtually all cruise ships has this cargo capacity been eliminated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carnival Corporation & plc</span> British–American global cruise operating company

Carnival Corporation & plc is a British-American cruise operator with a combined fleet of over ninety vessels across nine cruise line brands and one joint venture with China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC). A dual-listed company, Carnival is composed of two companies – Panama-incorporated, US-headquartered Carnival Corporation, and UK-based Carnival plc – which function as one entity. Carnival Corporation is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, whereas Carnival plc is listed on the London Stock Exchange with an ADR listing on the NYSE. Carnival is listed in both the S&P 500 and FTSE 250 indices.

RMS <i>Aquitania</i> British ocean liner (in service 1914–1950)

RMS Aquitania was an ocean liner of the Cunard Line in service from 1914 to 1950. She was designed by Leonard Peskett and built by John Brown & Company in Clydebank, Scotland. She was launched on 21 April 1913 and sailed on her maiden voyage from Liverpool to New York on 30 May 1914. She was given the title of Royal Mail Ship (RMS) like many other Cunard ocean liners since she carried the royal mail on many of her voyages. Aquitania was the third in Cunard Line's grand trio of express liners, preceded by RMS Mauretania and RMS Lusitania, and was the last surviving four-funnelled ocean liner. Shortly after Aquitania entered service, the First World War broke out, during which she was first converted into an auxiliary cruiser before being used as a troop transport and a hospital ship, notably as part of the Dardanelles Campaign.

SS <i>Normandie</i> Ocean liner

SS Normandie was a French ocean liner built in Saint-Nazaire, France, for the French Line Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (CGT). She entered service in 1935 as the largest and fastest passenger ship afloat, crossing the Atlantic in a record 4.14 days, and remains the most powerful steam turbo-electric-propelled passenger ship ever built.

SS <i>Imperator</i> German ocean liner

SS Imperator was a German ocean liner built for the Hamburg America Line, launched in 1912. At the time of her completion in June 1913, she was the largest passenger ship in the world, surpassing the new White Star liner Olympic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Henry White</span>

Sir William Henry White, was a prolific British warship designer and Chief Constructor at the Admiralty.

MS <i>Queen Victoria</i> Vista Class Ship

MS Queen Victoria (QV) is a Vista-class cruise ship operated by the Cunard Line and is named after the former British monarch Queen Victoria. The vessel is of the same basic design as other Vista-class cruise ships, including Queen Elizabeth. At 90,049 gross tonnage (GT) she is the smallest of Cunard's ships in operation. Her facilities include seven restaurants, thirteen bars, three swimming pools, a ballroom, and a theatre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">P&O Cruises</span> British-American owned cruise line

P&O Cruises is a British cruise line based at Carnival House in Southampton, England, operated by Carnival UK and owned by Carnival Corporation & plc. It was originally a subsidiary of the freight transport company P&O and was founded in 1977. Along with P&O Cruises Australia, another former subsidiary of P&O, it has the oldest heritage of any cruise line in the world, dating to P&O's first passenger operations in 1837.

MS <i>Queen Elizabeth</i> Cruise ship

MS Queen Elizabeth (QE) is a cruise ship of the Vista class operated by the Cunard Line. The design is modified compared to earlier ships of the same class, and slightly larger than Queen Victoria, at 92,000 GT. This is due to a more vertical stern, and additional cabins for single travelers. The bow of Queen Elizabeth and Queen Victoria are both reinforced having thicker than the standard for hull plating, to handle North Atlantic weather. The ship is able to carry up to 2,092 passengers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Corps of Naval Constructors</span>

The Royal Corps of Naval Constructors (RCNC) is an institution of the British Royal Navy and Admiralty for training in naval architecture, marine, electrical and weapon engineering. It was established by Order in Council in August 1883, on the recommendation of the naval architect Sir William White. Its precursor was the Royal School of Naval Architecture, London.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Parker (businessman)</span> Businessman from the United Kingdom, born 1942

Sir Thomas John Parker is a British businessman. He is chairman of Laing O'Rourke and former chairman of Pennon Group, a director of Carnival Corporation & plc and lead non-executive director at the Cabinet Office. He has been a director or chairman of numerous other public companies including Airbus, Anglo American plc, Babcock International, British Gas, DP World, Lattice Group, National Grid plc and Ombu Group. He is a past President of the Royal Academy of Engineering, patron at the Centre for Process Innovation and a Visiting Fellow of the University of Oxford.

<i>Queen Mary 2</i> British 21st-century transatlantic ocean liner

RMS Queen Mary 2 (QM2) is a British transatlantic ocean liner. She has served as the flagship of Cunard Line since succeeding Queen Elizabeth 2 in 2004. The ship was officially named Queen Mary 2 by Queen Elizabeth II in 2004 after the first RMS Queen Mary of 1936. With the retirement of Queen Elizabeth 2 in 2008, Queen Mary 2 is the only ocean liner in service in the world. It has a regular service between Southampton, England, and New York City, United States, and an annual world cruise.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of largest passenger ships</span>

This is a timeline of the world's largest passenger ships based upon internal volume, initially measured by gross register tonnage and later by gross tonnage. This timeline reflects the largest extant passenger ship in the world at any given time. If a given ship was superseded by another, scrapped, or lost at sea, it is then succeeded. Some records for tonnage outlived the ships that set them - notably the SS Great Eastern, and RMS Queen Elizabeth. The term "largest passenger ship" has evolved over time to also include ships by length as supertankers built by the 1970s were over 400 metres (1,300 ft) long. In the modern era the term has gradually fallen out of use in favor of "largest cruise ship" as the industry has shifted to cruising rather than transatlantic ocean travel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leonard Peskett</span>

Leonard Peskett, OBE was the Cunard Line's Senior naval architect, designer and the designer of the company's ocean liners RMS Mauretania, RMS Lusitania, RMS Aquitania, and the RMS Carmania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Treasure Jones</span> British naval officer (1905–1993)

Captain John Treasure Jones was a British naval officer who became a well-known media figure in the mid-1960s following his appointment as the last master of the Cunard liner, RMS Queen Mary. He has been described as one of the 20th century's most distinguished mariners, in war and in peacetime. His forebears were men of the sea, who had captained sailing ships, and he elected to follow in their tradition.

References

  1. 1 2 "PFJ Maritime - The Team - Stephen Payne". Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  2. 1 2 Payne, Stephen M. (March 2006). "True Liner: The Creation of the Queen Mary 2" (PDF). INGENIA, the Royal Academy of Engineering (26): 38–42. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Payne, Stephen (2014). RMS Queen Mary 2 Manual: An insight into the design, construction and operation of the world's largest ocean liner. Somerset, UK: Haynes Publishing. ISBN   978-0857332448.
  4. ↑ Tweedie, Neil (10 May 2014). "Cunard's Queen Mary 2: royalty on the high seas". Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  5. 1 2 Richardson, Pat (9 January 2015). "How Blue Peter inspired the man who built the QM2". Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  6. 1 2 Higginson, John (2 January 2004). "Determined boys ship comes in". london.newsquest.co.uk. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  7. ↑ Wagner, Richard H. "Following a Dream - A conversation with Stephen Payne, designer of Queen Mary 2". BeyondShips.com. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  8. 1 2 3 "Alumni Profile - Stephen Payne". University of Southampton. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  9. ↑ "Stephen Payne -Titanic Revisited: 1912-2014". Michigan Engineering (Peachman Lecture). Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  10. ↑ "Carnival to Launch 100,000-ton Destiny in 1996". CruiseIndustryNews.com. Cruise Industry News. 16 March 1995. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  11. ↑ Payne, Stephen M. (1990). Grande Dame : Holland America Line and the S.S. Rottendam. Rina Ltd. p. 132. ISBN   978-0903055123. OCLC   220988375.
  12. ↑ Mathisen, Oivind (14 October 2004). "A Ship For The Sea". Cruise Industry News Quarterly Magazine: Winter 2003-2004. Cruise Industry News. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  13. ↑ Payne, Stephen (10 July 2015). Britannia Revisited - A Designer's Perspective (video). Cunard Line. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  14. ↑ Payne, Stephen (16 June 2012). Webb Institute Commencement 2012 (43:38) (Speech). Webb Institute - One hundred and Sixteenth Annual Commencement. Glen Cove, NY. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  15. ↑ "How the QM2 team built a floating revolution". Horizons. Lloyd's Register. May 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  16. ↑ Ernest, Blum (16 March 2001). "British safety panel offers lifeboat alternative". Northstar Travel Media, LLC. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  17. ↑ "Opinion - Current State of Podded Propulsion". 25 September 2013. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  18. ↑ "LSLC Cadwallader Symposium (November 26, 2012). From Titanic to Concordia: the Achilles Heel of Passenger Ships". London Shipping Law Center. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  19. ↑ "BC Shipping News, May 2013". Nautical Institute Conference, Victoria, BC, Canada. McIvor Communications Inc. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  20. ↑ "Future Ship Powering Options: Exploring Alternative Methods of Ship Propulsion" (PDF). Royal Academy of Engineering. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  21. ↑ Bond, Mary (23 November 2014). "Asian yards need to step up for 2020 projections to come to fruition". Seatrade Communications Limited. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  22. 1 2 "Designer of Cunard liner Queen Mary 2 reveals £200million plan for a new royal yacht to be built in the UK". Ships Monthly. Kent, UK: Kelsey Media. 5 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  23. ↑ Hope, Christopher (1 May 2021). "Boris Johnson to announce new national flagship within weeks, with the £200m vessel to serve as an official tribute to the Duke of Edinburgh" . The Telegraph. London, UK. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  24. ↑ "UK government rejects plan to build national flagship". APNews.com. Associated Press. 7 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  25. ↑ Payne, Stephen (1 May 2009). "Changing the world: Stephen Payne OBE HonFIED describes how his experiences at school inspired him to help set up Future Engineers, an initiative to encourage students into engineering careers". Engineering Designer. London, UK: Insitiution of Engineering Designers. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  26. ↑ "Titanic challenge for students". Hampshire Chronicle. High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, UK. 10 February 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  27. ↑ "Hugh Miller Macmillan". Macmillan Memorial Lectures. Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  28. ↑ "WebbNews Winter 2011-2012". Magazine of the Webb Institute. Webb Institute. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  29. ↑ "Board of Trustees". The Webb Institute. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  30. ↑ "STEM Skills Passport". stemit.org.uk. Archived from "tempassport.org.uk the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  31. 1 2 Payne, Staphen (June 2021). "Britannia reimagined". Royal Institution of Naval Architects. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  32. ↑ "New national flagship to promote British businesses around the world" (Press release). London: Prime Minister's Office. 30 May 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  33. ↑ Stubley, Peter (21 June 2021). "Boris Johnson's vision for new royal yacht 'looks like 1950s fishing trawler', top naval architect says" . The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022.
  34. ↑ "Queen's Birthday Honours". The Telegraph (UK). 12 June 2004. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  35. ↑ "Special Achievement Award - 2006 - Stephen Payne OBE RDI FREng". Archived from the original on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  36. ↑ "Current Royal Designers". The RSA (Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce). Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  37. ↑ "The Merchant Navy Medal Recipients 2006". Merchant Navy Welfare Board. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  38. ↑ Kennedy, Clare (16 July 2007). "Honorary degrees to recognise outstanding achievements". Daily Echo. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  39. ↑ "Council of the Institution - Past Presidents". Royal Institution of Naval Architects. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  40. ↑ "Membership - Fellow (FRINA)". Membership Requirements - Royal Institution of Naval Architects. RINA. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  41. ↑ Sutton, Jane (9 July 2008). "Academy announces new Fellows for 2008" (Press release). London SW1Y 5DG: The Royal Academy of Engineering. Retrieved 17 December 2020.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  42. ↑ "Institution of Engineering Designers Annual Report for 2009". Institution of Engineering Designers. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  43. ↑ "CultureSouthampton - The Trustees". Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  44. ↑ "ice Admiral Emory S. "Jerry" Land Medalists". The Society of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  45. ↑ "Inspirational figures celebrated at University of Winchester Graduation ceremonies" (Press release). Winchester SO22 4NR, UK: Press Office, University of Winchester. 17 October 2015. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2020.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  46. ↑ "Egg Project Team". Stephen Turner's Exbury Egg. SPUD Group. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.