Suffren-class cruiser

Last updated
Suffren cruiser class.svg
Schematics of the Suffren class
Class overview
NameSuffren class
OperatorsCivil and Naval Ensign of France.svg  French Navy
Preceded by Duquesne class
Succeeded by Algérie
Built1925-1932
In service1930-1972
Building4
Completed4
Lost3
Scrapped1
General characteristics (Suffren)
Type
  • Heavy cruiser
  • French designation
    • Light cruiser (1925)
    • 1st class cruiser (1931)
Displacement
  • 10,160 t (10,000 long tons) (standard)
  • 11,769 t (11,583 long tons) (Normal)
  • 13,135 t (12,928 long tons) (full load)
Length
  • 194 m (636.48 ft) overall
  • 185 m (606.96 ft) between perpendiculars
Beam19.26 m (63.19 ft)
Draught6.51 m (21.36 ft)
Propulsion
  • 6 boilers
  • 3-shaft geared steam turbines
  • 88,768.8 shp (66,194.9 kW)
Speed32 knots (59 km/h) (designed)
Range4,600 nautical miles (8,500 km) at 15 knots (28 km/h)
Complement773
Armament
Armour
Aircraft carried2 GL-810 then Loire-Nieuport 130
Aviation facilities2 catapults

The Suffren class was an interwar treaty cruiser built by France for the French Navy. The design was based on the preceding Duquesne-class cruiser and traded speed for protection while retaining the same armament. The first ship, Suffren, was completed based on this design. [1] The following ships, Colbert, Foch, Dupleix, were completed to a modified design with heavier secondary armament and rearranged topside. [2] The ships entered service from 1930 to 1933, with Suffren being the sole survivor of the Second World War.

Contents

Prior to the London Naval Treaty, the French Navy classified cruisers as armoured (croiseur cuirasse) or light (croiseurs legers); afterwards cruisers were divided between first class (croiseur de 1ere classe) and second class (croiseur de 2e classe). The Suffren was initially classified as a light cruiser, and then as a first class cruiser on 1 July 1931. [3]

Design and description

Hull and protection

The design of the Suffren was based on the Duquesne-class cruiser while maintaining the standard displacement of 10.000 tons. The hull maintained the high freeboard with the raised forecastle of all post-war cruisers with excellent sea keeping qualities. The hull design also kept the fine lines for the speed requirement complemented by the clipper bow with a gentle sheer and the marked flare keeping the forecastle dry even in heavy weather. The framing in a French hull was numbered from aft to stem, frame numbering was based on the distance from the aft perpendicular in meters. [4] The longitudinal framing was used for cruisers throughout the interwar period. The hull was 185 meters (606 ft 11 in) between the perpendiculars with an overall length of 194 meters (636 ft 6 in) and a beam of 19.26 meters (63 ft 2 in). At her normal displacement of 11,769 tonnes the draft of the ship would be 6.51 meters (21 ft 4 in). [5]

The protection was increased over the previous Duquesne. The armour protection in the hull for the Duquesne was only 370 tons whereas Suffern would have 670 tons. [6] The upper deck was 25 mm (0.98 in) thick amidships with 25 mm (0.98 in) bulkheads running to within 3.18 meters (10 ft 5 in) of the sides enclosing the funnel uptakes and ventilation trunking between the main and first deck. The magazines were enclosed in an armoured box with 50 mm (2.0 in) sides and 20 mm (0.79 in) crowns, forward and aft bulkheads. The turrets and conning tower had 30 mm (1.2 in) plating. The roofs of both the turrets and range finders was 35 mm (1.4 in) of cast nickel. The steering gear was housed inside an armoured box with 26 mm (1.0 in) sides and an 18 mm (0.71 in) top. [7] A Belt of 50 mm (2.0 in) made of non-cemented 60 kg steel was installed to a height of 2.6 meters (8 ft 6 in) and 1.0 meter (3 ft 3 in) below the waterline abeam of the machinery spaces in Suffren and Colbert only. [8] The space between the machinery bulkhead and the inside of the hull was approximately 2.1 meters (6 ft 11 in). For Suffren and Colbert this space was filled with 500 tons of coal for the cruising boilers and therefore did not count against the standard displacement.

Reinterpreting the rules of the Washington Naval Treaty, the STNC decided to change and improve the level of protection on the next cruiser of the series, Foch. The interpretation was for Washington standard displacement to mean a peacetime load versus what would be required for a full wartime load. With the concept of shells striking the sides above the shallow armoured belt being able to penetrate to the machinery spaces, it was decided to do away with the belt and replace it with an armoured box around the machinery. The sides of this armoured box was 54 mm (2.1 in) with the deck above of the armoured box was 18 mm (0.71 in). The bulkheads of the box varied in height from 5.5 meters (18 ft 1 in) to 6.1 meters (20 ft 0 in). The protection on the sides of the magazines was increased to 54 mm (2.1 in) with all other protection remaining the same. [9] The last cruiser of the program, Dupleix would be protected along the same lines as Foch.but with a slight increase. All longitudinal bulkheads were increased from 54 mm (2.1 in) to 60 mm (2.4 in) on the magazines and machinery spaces. The main deck over the machinery spaces was increased from 18 mm to 60 mm (2.4 in). The upper deck however, was decreased from 25 mm (0.98 in) to 22 mm (0.87 in). The magazine crowns were also increased to 30 mm (1.2 in). [10]

Machinery

The propulsion system was changed from the four shaft arrangement of the Duquesne to a three shaft arrangement in the Suffren. Three single reduction gear Rateau-Bretagne steam turbines with six Guyot du Temple small tube boilers built by Indret rated at 20 kg/cm2 while operating at 215 °F (102 °C) would produce 90,000 CV [note 1] on three shafts to achieve a designed speed of 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph). The forward boiler and engine rooms would be the same as in the Duquesne. The forward engine room would drive the wing shafts. The aft boiler rooms and turbine would be inline driving the center shaft. Each boiler room would have only one boiler. [12] Between the forward engine room and the aft boiler rooms two smaller coal/oil fired boilers would be installed in Suffren and Colbert only. These smaller boilers would be connected to the center line turbine for low speed cruising and were known as cruising boilers. The six main boilers would be oil fired with a maximum load of 1,876 tons of oil giving an endurance of 4,600 nm at 15 knots and 3,700 nm at 20 knots. For Suffren and Colbert carried 640 tons of coal for the cruise boilers and would provide another 2,000 nm at 11 knots. Twin side by side rudders were installed abaft between the shafts. To reduce the tactical radius of the vessels the centerline skeg was removed in the first three vessels (Suffren, Colbert and Foch) though it was reinstalled on the fourth unit (Dupleixh). [13] They were considered good sea boats and responsive to the helm at speeds above 10 knots. [14]

Armament

The armament as designed mirrored the Duquesne. [15]

The main armament was eight 203 mm/50 Model 1924 guns in four twin turrets; [16] the turrets were the same ones used on the Duquesnes. [16] The magazines held 150 rounds per gun, although only 120 rounds per gun were carried in peacetime to keep displacement within treaty limits. [1] The magazines were raised to accommodate the central shaft. [15]

The secondary armament on Suffren was eight 75 mm/50 Model 1924 high-angle guns in single mounts. Starting with Colbert these were replaced by eight 90 mm/50 Model 1926 high-angle guns in Model 1926 single mounts. [16] Dupleix carried the 90 mm guns in four Model 1930 twin mounts. [17]

The light anti-aircraft armament on Suffren was eight 37 mm/50 Model 1925 guns in single mounts. Starting with Colbert this was reduced to six; [16] [17] the reduction was to be compensated by adding quadruple 13.2 mm Hotchkiss machine guns but these did not become available in quantity until the end of the 1930s. [18] Suffren received six twin 13.2 mm Hotchkiss machine guns in 1934. [19] In 1941, Colbert was fitted with four of the quadruple Hotchkiss machine guns as well as four single 13.2 mm Browning machine guns. [20] Foch and Dupleix received a few Browning machine guns by the time they was scuttled; [21] [22] the latter had the forecastle 37 mm gun removed. [22]

Two triple-tubed Model 1925T torpedo launchers were mounted to port and starboard, firing 550 mm Model 1923D torpedoes. There were three reloads. [16]

Suffren's refit in early-1944 replaced most of her earlier secondary and light armament with Bofors 40 mm and Oerlikon 20 mm cannon. [23] [24] Two 75 mm were retained aft. [25] The torpedoes were also removed. [24]

Aircraft

Two catapults were installed. On Suffren, they were mounted were installed between the aft funnel and the main mast. [19] On the later ships, they were moved forward between the funnels. [26] The original design embarked four aircraft - one on each catapult, and two between the funnels - but in practice Suffren carried only two - one on a catapult, and another abaft the forward funnel. [27] The CAMS 37 was the intended aircraft but was never carried. Instead, the Gordou-Lesseurre GL-810 and GL-811 were operated in the early years of service. [27] [28] The catapults were modified to operate the Loire 130; this occurred in 1937 for Suffren [29] and shortly before the Second World War for the remaining ships. [29] [30] [22]

Suffren's aviation facilities were removed during the refit in early-1944. [24]

History

Following the completion of the Duquesne design, France learned that the Italian Trento-class cruiser incorporated 70mm belt and 50mm deck armour. The 1924 Naval General Staff requirements for the next French treaty cruiser demanded greater protection while closely matching other characteristics of the Duquesne. This was impossible within the 10,000 long ton limit. Instead, the added protection was paid for by removing machinery and reducing speed by 2 knots. [1] A second catapult was added, and the light anti-aircraft armament changed from 40 mm to 37 mm guns, after January 1925. [31] One ship, Suffren, was ordered as part of the 1925 building programme and laid down in 1926. [16] The Suffren design was further modified to improve aircraft and boat handling. The single centerline crane between the funnels was replaced by cranes to either side of the aft funnel. The ship's silhouette was further changed by rearranging the catapults, boats, and torpedo tubes. Finally, the 76mm guns were replaced by 90mm guns. [2] The remaining ships were built to the modified design. The first ship, Colbert, was ordered as part of the 1926 programme and laid down in 1927. [16] The Suffrens joined the Mediterranean Fleet at Toulon in 1931-1932. [32]

Suffren replaced the cruiser Primauguet in French Indochina in July 1939 [33] and remained until April 1940. She conducted patrols and escorted troops convoys during the first months of the Second World War. [34] The cruiser returned to the Mediterranean Sea in May 1940 and joined Force X at Alexandria. [35]

Colbert, Foch and Dupleix performed wartime service in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean as parts of Force X and Y. [36] On the night of 13-14 June 1940, they and the cruiser Algérie bombarded the Italian coast around Genoa as part of Operation Vado; little damage was done. [37] The cruisers returned to Toulon after the French armistice in June 1940, and were scuttled there in November 1942. [38]

Suffren and Force X were immobilized at Alexandria by the British, [39] and rejoined the Allies in May 1943. [40] She conducted Atlantic blockade patrols from Dakar in 1943-1944. [24] After the war, she participated in reasserting French rule in French Indochina, including transporting troops from France and in theatre, and conducting shore bombardment. [41] Suffren decommissioned in 1947 and used for training, being renamed Ocean in 1962 to free the name for a frigate. The hull was stricken in March 1972 and scrapped after February 1976. [42]

Ships

Construction data
Ship name [43] Launched [43] In service [43] Out of service [44] Fate [44]
Suffren 3 May 19278 March 193024 March 1972Towed from Toulon for scrapping 22 February 1976
Colbert 20 April 19281 April 193127 November 1942Scuttled at Toulon
Foch 21 June 192820 December 193127 November 1942Scuttled at Toulon
Dupleix 9 October 193015 November 193327 November 1942Scuttled at Toulon

Notes

  1. ↑ CV (chevaux or "horses") is a French unit of power. 1 CV is equal to 0.98632 shp. [11]

Related Research Articles

County-class cruiser Class of heavy cruisers built for the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom

The County class was a class of heavy cruisers built for the Royal Navy in the years between the First and Second World Wars. They were the first post-war cruisers constructed for the Royal Navy and were designed within the limits of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. Such ships, with a limit of 10,000 tons standard displacement and 8-inch calibre main guns may be referred to as "treaty cruisers".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean (France)</span>

The French Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, also known as CECMED is a French Armed Forces regional commander. He commands the zone, the region and the Mediterranean maritime arrondissements. He is usually an admiral of the French Navy, and is under the direct authority of the French Chief of the Defence Staff. As of 2015 the position was held by Admiral Yann Tainguy.

French cruiser <i>Algérie</i>

Algérie was the last treaty cruiser constructed for the French Navy. Designed and built in response to the Italian's Zara class of 8-inch gun cruisers, she was a totally new design and not based on the previous ships. The armoured caisson system used in Foch and Dupleix was abandoned in favour of a full armoured belt enclosing both the magazines and machinery spaces. She abandoned the unit propulsion system used previously and grouped her boilers forward leading to the reduction to a single funnel. She was one of the first vessels to utilize super heating boilers. Welding was used primarily in place of the normal rivetting in previous vessels. She maintained the same main armament but her secondary guns were increased to 100 mm guns. She served in the Mediterranean Sea after entering service then searched for German surface raiders at the beginning of the war. She was at Toulon, France, at the time of the Armistice and remained there until scuttled in November 1942.

French cruiser <i>Dupleix</i> (1930)

Dupleix was the fourth unit of the Suffren class. She entered service in 1933 and spent the interwar period in the Mediterranean. She participated in the International Patrol during the Spanish Civil War. September 1939 found her still in Toulon. She participated in the search for the Graf Spee in the Atlantic before returning to Toulon. The only time she fired her guns in conflict was during the bombardment of Vado, Italy in mid-June 1940. She was at Toulon at the time of the Franco-German Armistice in June 1940. She remained at Toulon until the French fleet there was scuttled in late November 1942. She was subsequently raised by the Italians in 1943.

French cruiser <i>Colbert</i> (1928) Heavy cruiser of the Suffren class

Colbert was the second of four Suffren class cruisers built for the French Navy. During the interwar period she served in the Mediterranean. In 1935 she underwent a major refit at Lorient before joining the International Patrol off the Spanish south coast during the Spanish Civil War. In 1939 she was in Oran moving to Toulon in January 1940. She partook in the bombardment of Genoa in mid-June. She was in Toulon at the time of the French Armistice. She underwent a refit in 1941 to augment her light anti-aircraft guns then was placed in care and maintenance at Toulon. She was scuttled at Toulon when the Germans attempted to seize the French Fleet at the end of November 1942. She was raised and scrapped post war in 1948.

French cruiser <i>Foch</i> Cruiser of the French Navy

Foch was the third unit of the Suffren class. She entered service in 1931 and spent the interwar period in the Mediterranean. September 1939 found her still in Toulon. She participated in the search for the Graf Spee in the Atlantic before returning to Toulon. The only time she fired her guns in anger was during the bombardment of Vado, Italy in mid-June 1940. She was at Toulon at the time of the Franco-German Armistice in June 1940. She remained at Toulon until the French Fleet there was scuttled in late November 1942. She was subsequently raised by the Italians who scrapped her in 1943-44.

French cruiser <i>Suffren</i>

Suffren was the first vessel of the second group of 8-inch gunned, 10,000 ton Treaty Cruisers built for La Marine Nationale. She spent the interwar period with the two Duquesne-class cruisers until she was sent to French Indochina. Upon her return to the Mediterranean, she rejoined the Duquesnes at Alexandria. She was interned there with the other units of the French Navy. She returned to the War in 1943 spending her time based at Dakar on blockade patrol. Post war she aided in the return of the French to Indochina until placed in reserve in 1947. In reserve she was used as a training hulk and barracks ship at Brest. She was renamed Océan in 1963 and finally stricken in 1972.

<i>Duquesne</i>-class cruiser Group of French Navy heavy cruisers

The Duquesne-class cruiser was a group of two heavy cruisers built for the French Navy in the mid 1920s, the first such vessels built for the French fleet. The two ships in the class were the Duquesne and Tourville.

French destroyer <i>Le Fantasque</i> French Navys Le Fantasque-class destroyer

Le Fantasque was the lead ship of her class of six large destroyers built for the Marine Nationale during the 1930s. The ship entered service in 1935 and participated in the Second World War. When war was declared in September 1939, all of the Le Fantasques were assigned to the Force de Raid which was tasked to hunt down German commerce raiders and blockade runners. Le Fantasque and two of her sister ships were based in Dakar, French West Africa, to patrol the Central Atlantic for several months in late 1939. They returned to Metropolitan France before the end of the year and were transferred to French Algeria in late April 1940 in case Italy decided to enter the war. She screened French cruisers several times as they unsuccessfully hunted for Italian ships after Italy declared war in June.

<i>Le Fantasque</i>-class destroyer

The Le Fantasque class of six large, very fast destroyers was ordered under the French naval programme of 1930. They served in World War II for both Vichy France and the Free French Forces.

French cruiser <i>Tourville</i> (1926)

Tourville was the second ship of the Duquesne class cruisers of the French Navy. During the interwar period she served in the Mediterranean while taking periodic cruises to show the Flag. During the war she was on blockade duty in the mid Atlantic then the Mediterranean. She was interned for three years at Alexandria, rejoining the war effort in 1943. Again assigned to blockade duty in the Mid Atlantic at Dakar. Post war she aided in the restoration of French Colonial rule in French Indochina until placed in reserve in 1947. She remained in reserve until condemned for disposal in 1962.

French destroyer <i>Le Terrible</i> French Le Fantasque-class destroyer

Le Terrible was one of six Le Fantasque-class large destroyers built for the Marine Nationale during the 1930s. The ship entered service in 1936 and participated in the Second World War. When war was declared in September 1939, all of the Le Fantasques were assigned to the Force de Raid which was tasked to hunt down German commerce raiders and blockade runners. Le Terrible and two of her sister ships were based in Dakar, French West Africa, to patrol the Central Atlantic for several months in late 1939. They returned to Metropolitan France before the end of the year and were transferred to French Algeria in late April 1940 in case Italy decided to enter the war. She screened French cruisers once as they unsuccessfully hunted for Italian ships after Italy declared war in June.

French destroyer <i>Maillé Brézé</i> (1931) French Navys Vauquelin-class destroyer

Maillé Brézé was one of six Vauquelin-class destroyers built for the French Navy during the 1930s. The ship entered service in 1933 and spent most of her career in the Mediterranean, sometimes as a flagship. During the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939, she was one of the ships that helped to enforce the non-intervention agreement. When France declared war on Germany in September 1939, all of the Vauquelins were assigned to the High Sea Forces which was tasked to escort French convoys and support the other commands as needed. Maillé Brézé accordingly spent most of the next six months on escort duties. She played a minor role in the Norwegian Campaign before she was lost in an accidental explosion in April 1940. Most of her crew survived the incident; her wreck was not salvaged until 1954 and was subsequently scrapped.

French cruiser <i>Edgar Quinet</i> French armored cruiser of the 1900s

Edgar Quinet was an armored cruiser of the French Navy, the lead ship of her class. She and her sister ship, Waldeck-Rousseau, were the last class of armored cruiser to be built by the French Navy. Edgar Quinet was laid down in November 1905, launched in September 1907, and completed in January 1911. Armed with a main battery of fourteen 194-millimeter (7.6 in) guns, she was more powerful than most other armored cruisers, but she had entered service more than two years after the first battlecruiser—HMS Invincible—had rendered armored cruisers obsolescent.

French cruiser <i>Dupleix</i> (1900) French lead ship of Dupleix-class

The French cruiser Dupleix was the lead ship of her class of three armored cruisers built for the French Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. Designed for overseas service and armed with eight 164.7-millimeter (6.5 in) guns, the ships were smaller and less powerfully armed than their predecessors. Completed in 1903, Dupleix was initially assigned to the Atlantic Division as its flagship. The ship spent 1906 to 1909 in reserve before she was sent to the Far East in 1910, again serving as a flagship.

<i>Dupleix</i>-class cruiser French class of armored cruisers

The Dupleix class consisted of three armored cruisers built for the French Navy at the beginning of the 20th century. Designed for overseas service and armed with eight 164.7-millimeter (6.5 in) guns, the three ships of the class were smaller and less powerfully armed than their predecessors.

French destroyer <i>Le Malin</i> French Navys Le Fantasque-class destroyer

Le Malin was one of six Le Fantasque-class large destroyers built for the Marine Nationale during the 1930s. The ship entered service in 1935 and participated in the Second World War. When war was declared in September 1939, all of the Le Fantasques were assigned to the Force de Raid, tasked with hunting down German commerce raiders and blockade runners. Le Malin and two of her sister ships were based in Dakar, French West Africa, to patrol the Central Atlantic for several months in late 1939. They returned to Metropolitan France before the end of the year and were transferred to French Algeria in late April 1940 in case Italy decided to enter the war. Le Malin played a minor role in the Norwegian Campaign in late April. After returning to the Mediterranean, she screened French cruisers several times as they unsuccessfully hunted for Italian ships after Italy declared war in June.

French cruiser <i>Jules Michelet</i> Armoured cruiser of the French Navy

Jules Michelet was an armoured cruiser of the French Navy, laid down in 1904 and completed in 1908. It was a development of the Léon Gambetta class of armoured cruisers, and was the sole representative of its type. It served during the First World War being eventually sunk as a target in 1937.

French destroyer <i>LAudacieux</i> French Le Fantasque-class destroyer

L'Audacieux was one of six Le Fantasque-class large destroyers built for the Marine Nationale during the 1930s. The ship entered service in 1935 and participated in the Second World War. When war was declared in September 1939, all of the Le Fantasques were assigned to the Force de Raid, tasked to hunt down German commerce raiders and blockade runners. L'Audacieux and two of her sister ships were based in Dakar, French West Africa, to patrol the Central Atlantic for several months in late 1939. They returned to Metropolitan France before the end of the year and were transferred to French Algeria in late April 1940 in case Italy decided to enter the war. She screened French cruisers several times as they unsuccessfully hunted for Italian ships after Italy declared war in June.

French cruiser <i>Kléber</i> Dupleix-class armoured cruiser

Kléber was one of three Dupleix-class armored cruisers built for the French Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. Designed for overseas service and armed with eight 164.7-millimeter (6.5 in) guns, the ships were smaller and less powerfully armed than their predecessors. Completed in 1904, Kléber was initially assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron before she was transferred to the Atlantic Division three years later, where she often served as a flagship. The ship was reduced to reserve in 1909–1910 before she was sent to the Far East in 1911. Kléber returned to France two years later and was again placed in reserve.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 54.
  2. 1 2 Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 63.
  3. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 164.
  4. ↑ Jordan & Moulin, Introduction, Construction
  5. ↑ Jordan & Moulin, Chapter 3, The Suffren Class, Design and Construction, Building Data and General Characteristics
  6. ↑ Jordan & Moulin, Chapter 3, The Suffren Class, Suffren, Protection
  7. ↑ Jordan & Moulin, Chapter 3, The Suffren Class, Suffren, Protection
  8. ↑ Jordan & Moulin, Chapter 3, The Suffren Class, Suffren, Protection
  9. ↑ Jordan & Moulin, Chapter 3, The Suffren Class, Foch (C2)
  10. ↑ Jordan & Moulin, Chapter 3, The Suffren Class, Dupleix (C3)
  11. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 29.
  12. ↑ Jordan & Moulin, Chapter 3, The Suffren Class, Design and Construction, Machinery
  13. ↑ Jordan & Moulin, Chapter 3, The Suffren Class, Design and Construction
  14. ↑ Jordan & Moulin, Chapter 3, The Suffren Class, Design and Construction, Ground Tackle and Navigation
  15. 1 2 Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 60.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 59.
  17. 1 2 Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 72.
  18. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, pp. 65–66.
  19. 1 2 Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 62.
  20. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 69.
  21. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 77.
  22. 1 2 3 Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 82.
  23. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 198.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 202.
  25. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 210.
  26. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 66.
  27. 1 2 Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 61.
  28. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, pp. 66–67.
  29. 1 2 Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 68.
  30. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 76.
  31. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 55.
  32. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 169.
  33. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 173.
  34. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 177.
  35. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 178.
  36. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, pp. 178–179.
  37. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, pp. 183–184.
  38. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, pp. 191–195.
  39. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, pp. 190–191.
  40. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, p. 195.
  41. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, pp. 212–213.
  42. ↑ Jordan & Moulin 2013, pp. 221–222.
  43. 1 2 3 Whitley, Suffren Class, p. 31
  44. 1 2 Jordan & Moulin, Chapter 12, The Period 1945 - 1956, The Deactivation of Cruisers

Bibliography


This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.