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In biology, syntrophy, synthrophy, or cross-feeding is the phenomenon of one species living off of the metabolic products of another species. In this type of biological interaction, the growth of one partner depends on the nutrients, growth factors, or substrates provided by the other partner. Jan Dolfing describes syntrophy as "the critical interdependency between producer and consumer". This term for nutritional interdependence is often used in microbiology to describe this symbiotic relationship between bacterial species. Morris et al. have described the process as "obligately mutualistic metabolism".
Dehalococcoides is a genus of bacteria within class Dehalococcoidia that obtain energy via the oxidation of hydrogen and subsequent reductive dehalogenation of halogenated organic compounds in a mode of anaerobic respiration called organohalide respiration. They are well known for their great potential to remediate halogenated ethenes and aromatics. They are the only bacteria known to transform highly chlorinated dioxins, PCBs. In addition, they are the only known bacteria to transform tetrachloroethene to ethene.
Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans AK-01 is a specific strain of Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans.
Pseudomonas stutzeri is a Gram-negative soil bacterium that is motile, has a single polar flagellum, and is classified as bacillus, or rod-shaped. While this bacterium was first isolated from human spinal fluid, it has since been found in many different environments due to its various characteristics and metabolic capabilities. P. stutzeri is an opportunistic pathogen in clinical settings, although infections are rare. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, this bacterium has been placed in the P. stutzeri group, to which it lends its name.
Desulfosporosinus is a genus of strictly anaerobic, sulfate-reducing bacteria, often found in soil.
Syntrophobacter wolinii is a species of bacteria notable for degrading propionate. It is non-motile, gram-negative and rod-shaped.
Syntrophobacter sulfatireducens is a species of bacteria notable for degrading propionate. It is notable for being syntrophic and for oxidising propionate. Its cells are egg-shaped. TB8106T is its type strain.
Desulfobulbus propionicus is a Gram-negative, anaerobic chemoorganotroph. Three separate strains have been identified: 1pr3T, 2pr4, and 3pr10. It is also the first pure culture example of successful disproportionation of elemental sulfur to sulfate and sulfide. Desulfobulbus propionicus has the potential to produce free energy and chemical products.
Desulfitobacterium hafniense is a species of gram positive bacteria, its type strain is DCB-2T..
Clostridium uliginosum is a mesophilic bacterium oxidizing acetate in syntrophic association with a hydrogenotrophic methanogenic bacterium. It is a spore-forming, gram-positive, rod-shaped organism, with type strain BST. Its genome has been sequenced.
Syntrophomonas palmitatica is a bacterium. It is anaerobic, syntrophic and fatty acid-oxidizing. Its type strain is GB8-1T. Cells are slightly curved, non-motile rods.
Syntrophomonas zehnderi is a bacterium. It is anaerobic, syntrophic and fatty acid-oxidizing. The type strain is OL-4T. Cells are slightly curved, non-motile rods.
Pelotomaculum thermopropionicum is an anaerobic, thermophilic, syntrophic propionate-oxidizing bacterium, the type species of its genus. The type strain is strain SI(T).
Eubacterium acidaminophilum is a Gram-positive bacterium species in the genus Eubacterium, notable for being an amino acid-degrading obligate anaerobe producing or utilizing H2 or formate. It is rod-shaped and motile by a polar to subpolar flagellum. Its type strain is al-2. It produces several relevant enzymes.
Syntrophus aciditrophicus is a gram-negative and rod-shaped bacterium. It is non-motile, non-spore-forming and grows under strictly anaerobic conditions, thus an obligate anaerobe. It degrades fatty acids and benzoate in syntrophic association with hydrogen-using microorganisms. Its genome was published in 2007.
Smithella propionica is a species of bacteria, the type species of its genus. It is anaerobic, syntrophic, propionate-oxidizing bacteria, with type strain LYPT.
Opitutus terrae is an obligately anaerobic bacterium first isolated from rice paddy soil, hence its epithet. It is coccus-shaped and is motile by means of a flagellum. Its type strain is PB90-1T. Its genome has been sequenced.
Interspecies hydrogen transfer (IHT) is a form of interspecies electron transfer. It is a syntrophic process by which H2 is transferred from one organism to another, particularly in the rumen and other anaerobic environments.
Bacteroides caccae is a saccharolytic gram-negative bacterium from the genus Bacteroides. They are obligate anaerobes first isolated from human feces in the 1980s. Prior to their discovery, they were known as the 3452A DNA homology group. The type strain is now identified as ATCC 43185.
References
- ↑ Harmsen, H. J. M.; Van Kuijk, B. L. M.; Plugge, C. M.; Akkermans, A. D. L.; De Vos, W. M.; Stams, A. J. M. (1998). "Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans sp. nov., a syntrophic propionate-degrading sulfate-reducing bacterium". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 48 (4): 1383–1387. doi: 10.1099/00207713-48-4-1383 . ISSN 0020-7713. PMID 9828440.
- ↑ Plugge, Caroline M.; Henstra, Anne M.; Worm, Petra; Swarts, Daan C.; Paulitsch-Fuchs, Astrid H.; Scholten, Johannes C.M.; Lykidis, Athanasios; Lapidus, Alla L.; Goltsman, Eugene; Kim, Edwin; McDonald, Erin; Rohlin, Lars; Crable, Bryan R.; Gunsalus, Robert P.; Stams, Alfons J.M.; McInerney, Michael J. (2012). "Complete genome sequence of Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans strain (MPOBT)". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 7 (1): 91–106. doi:10.4056/sigs.2996379. ISSN 1944-3277. PMC 3570798 . PMID 23450070.
