Firmin Abauzit was a French scholar who worked on physics, theology and philosophy, and served as librarian in Geneva during his final 40 years. Abauzit is also notable for proofreading or correcting the writings of Isaac Newton and other scholars.
Tannhäuser, often stylized "The Tannhäuser", was a German Minnesinger and traveling poet. Historically, his biography, including the dates he lived, is obscure beyond the poetry, which suggests he lived between 1245 and 1265.
Public property is property that is dedicated to public use. The term may be used either to describe the use to which the property is put, or to describe the character of its ownership. This is in contrast to private property, owned by an individual person or artificial entities that represent the financial interests of persons, such as corporations. State ownership, also called public ownership, government ownership or state property, are property interests that are vested in the state, rather than an individual or communities.
Poetry took numerous forms in medieval Europe, for example, lyric and epic poetry. The troubadours, trouvères, and the minnesänger are known for composing their lyric poetry about courtly love usually accompanied by an instrument.
A commercium is a traditional academic feast known at universities in most Central and Northern European countries. In German it is called a Kommers or Commers. Today it is still organised by student fraternities in Germanic and Baltic countries, as well as Poland.
Commercium songs are traditional academic songs that are sung during academic feasts: commercia and tablerounds.
The Allgemeines Deutsches Kommersbuch (ADK) or Lahrer Kommersbuch is the most popular commercium book in Germany. It was first published in 1858 and came up to its 166th edition in 2013. It is the German equivalent of the Flemish studentencodex.
Loyset Compère was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance. Of the same generation as Josquin des Prez, he was one of the most significant composers of motets and chansons of that era, and one of the first musicians to bring the light Italianate Renaissance style to France.
ErichPrzywara was a Jesuit priest, philosopher, and theologian of German-Polish origin, who was one of the first Catholics to engage in dialogue with modern philosophers, especially those of the phenomenological tradition. He is best known for synthesizing the thought of prominent thinkers around the notion of the analogy of being, the tension between divine immanence and divine transcendence, a "unity-in-tension".
A drinking song is a song sung while drinking alcohol. Most drinking songs are folk songs or commercium songs, and may be varied from person to person and region to region, in both the lyrics and in the music.
Michael A. Adelbulner was a German mathematician, physicist, physician, and astronomer. He was born at Nürnberg and died in Altdorf bei Nürnberg.
Res extra commercium is a doctrine originating in Roman law, holding that certain things may not be the object of private rights, and are therefore insusceptible to being traded. The doctrine encompasses entities such as humans, public areas, organs, citizenship, and prostitution, and is an exception to the general principle of freedom of contract.
Valentin Alberti (1635–1697) was a Lutheran, orthodox philosopher and theologian from Silesia and was the son of a preacher.
William Lewis FRS was a British chemist and physician. He is known for his writings related to pharmacy and medicine, and for his research into metals.
A civitas foederata, meaning "allied state/community", was the most elevated type of autonomous cities and local communities under Roman rule.
Biernagels are conical, hemispherical or pyramid shaped fittings on the outer covers of books used in tableround and commercium type academic feasts. Primarily biernagels are used on German song books called "Kommersbuch", which are similar to the studentencodex song books used in Belgium. Also guestbooks are sometimes fitted with biernagels.
In ancient Roman law, commercium or ius commercii was a privilege granted to a non-citizen (peregrinus) or a holder of Latin rights to acquire property, make contracts, and trade in the same ways as a Roman citizen. The jurist Ulpian explained commercium as "the right of buying and selling reciprocally" .
John James Frey was born Johann Jacob Frey in Basel on 6 June 1606 as the son of a notable Basel family. He studied at the University of Basel, where he graduated MA in 1625. He then went to study in Geneva, Lyons and Oxford. From January 1629 he was tutor to Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington, the oldest son of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, possibly recommended by Sir Henry Wotton. Frey was incorporated MA of Oxford as a member of Christ Church on 4 July 1629, and ordained as Anglican Deacon at Westminster in May 1630. He was in Basel as pastor at St. Margrethen for a few months and briefly matriculated for theology in Leyden. In 1632-1633, Frey toured France with young Richard Boyle, then stayed in London and Lismore, doing research for Archbishop James Ussher.
In the summer of 1635, after Dungarvan’s marriage, Frey returned to Switzerland, bringing back a library of about 130 English volumes which are held at the University of Basel. They include sermons and theology, but also poetry, plays, Walter Raleigh's History of the world, and a Second Folio of Shakespeare’s works. The books formed one of the foundations for the Frey-Grynaeum library in Basel, a building and collection established by the theology professor Johann Ludwig Frey, a great-grandson (1682-1759). About 30 volumes carry Frey's signature and some notes. These volumes include a Bible in Hebrew and Greek but also some quite surprising items for a Protestant minister: Francis Bacon's Advancement of Learning, Marcus Aurelius' Meditations in a critical English edition, the early Latin epigrams of Richard Crashaw, John Selden's Marmora Arundelliana and Plato’s Menexenos with several pages of notes.
Frey had returned to Basel to take up a position as Professor of Greek at the University of Basel, where he was much respected but felt “bound to Basel against my will”. He was longing to return to Britain but turned down a pressing offer to tutor the young semi-orphaned sons of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. Instead, he agreed to become dean of Armagh in Ireland. on 15 November 1635, planning to move to Ireland in the spring of 1637. On 28 August 16163, the day that the Basel authorities decided to grant him leave to take up his post in Ireland, Frey died of a "fever" on 28 August 1636, just 30 years old.
Frey was intensely mourned by Swiss and English friends as a brilliantly gifted and lovable man. In 1653, James Ussher fondly remembered the intellectual exchanges he enjoyed when “our Frey” was among the living. Frey’s correspondence shows that his linguistic skills included - beyond the usual theologian’s tools of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Syriac and possibly Arabic – fluent and idiomatic French, Italian and English. Ordained at age 23, he must have spoken English well enough to preach even then, and he corresponded in English with scholars such as Ussher and John Gregory as well as with aristocratic lords and ladies such as Frances Clifford and her daughter Elizabeth Boyle.
The Volkskörper, literally translated as either "national body" or "body national", was the "ethnic body politic" in German population science beginning in the second half of the 19th century. It was increasingly defined in terms of racial biology and was incorporated into Nazi racial theories. After 1945 the term was largely used synonymously with population in anthropology and geography. In political parlance, however, the Volkskörper served as a metaphor for an organic and biological understanding of the unity between the Volk and the Volksgemeinschaft, its broader society. In German politics during the 19th and 20th centuries, it was used especially in anti-Semitic and racial hygiene texts to semantically differentiate the Volk, conceived as a biological and racial unit, from so-called "parasites", "pests" and "diseases". In this naturalistic sense "excretion" was construed in such a way as to define elements of the population as disease-causing and therefore needing to be expelled. The metaphor of the body national was therefore closely related to the Nazi regime's racial system and justified the enactment of policies like Aktion T4.
