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Siberia is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has formed part of the sovereign territory of Russia and its various predecessor states since the centuries-long conquest of Siberia, which began with the fall of the Khanate of Sibir in the late 16th century and concluded with the annexation of Chukotka in 1778. Siberia is vast and sparsely populated, covering an area of over 13.1 million square kilometres (5,100,000 sq mi), but home to only one-fifth of Russia's population. Novosibirsk and Omsk are the largest cities in the area.
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The Chagatai Khanate, or Chagatai Ulus was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan, second son of Genghis Khan, and his descendants and successors. At its height in the late 13th century the khanate extended from the Amu Darya south of the Aral Sea to the Altai Mountains in the border of modern-day Mongolia and China, roughly corresponding to the area once ruled by the Qara Khitai.
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The Shibanids or Shaybanids or more accurately the Abu'l-Khayrid-Shibanids were a dynasty, of Turko-Mongol origin, in Central Asia who ruled over most of modern-day Kazakhstan, much of Uzbekistan, and parts of southern Russia in the 15th century. They were the patrilineal descendants of Shiban, the fifth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. Until the mid-14th century, they acknowledged the authority of the descendants of Shiban's brothers Batu Khan and Orda Khan, such as Öz Beg Khan. The Shaybanids originally led the gray horde southeast of the Urals, and converted to Islam in 1282. At its height, the Khanate included parts of modern-day Afghanistan and other parts of Central Asia.
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The history of Bukhara stretches back millennia. The origin of its inhabitants goes back to the period of Aryan immigration into the region. The city itself, currently the capital of the Bukhara Region (viloyat) of Uzbekistan, is about two and a half thousand years old. Located on the Silk Road, the city has long been a centre of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. During the Golden age of Islam, under the rule of Samanids, Bukhara became the intellectual centre of the Islamic world. In medieval times, Bukhara served as the capital of the Khanate of Bukhara and was the birthplace of Imam Bukhari.
The Mongols were highly tolerant of most religions during the early Mongol Empire, and typically sponsored several at the same time. At the time of Genghis Khan in the 13th century, virtually every religion had found converts, from Buddhism to Eastern Christianity and Manichaeanism to Islam. To avoid strife, Genghis Khan set up an institution that ensured complete religious freedom, though he himself was a Tengrist. Under his administration, all religious leaders were exempt from taxation, and from public service. Mongol emperors were known for organizing competitions of religious debates among clerics, and these would draw large audiences.
Shah Murad, also known as Beg-i Jan, alternatively titled Amir al-Mu'minin, Amir Ma'sum Ghazi or padishah ghazi in Bukharan historiography, was the first Amir of the Emirate of Bukhara from 1785 to his death in 1799. His father was Ataliq Daniyal Biy (1758–1785). After Daniyal Biy's death, Shah Murad came to power.
References
- ↑ Frank, Allen J. (14 September 2012). Bukhara and the Muslims of Russia: Sufism, Education, and the Paradox of Islamic Prestige. Brill's Inner Asian Library. Brill (published 2012). p. 37. ISBN 9789004234901 . Retrieved 2015-10-12.
In the historical legends of the Siberian Tatars the two Muslim dynasties that pre-dated the Russian conquest are linked explicitly to Bukhara. [...S]everal accounts in West Siberian Turkic manuscripts relate an account of the history of the dynasty that Kuchum displaced, the Taybughids. These legends [...] state that the founder of the Taybughid dynasty, Taybugha Biy, came from Bukhara, and was the son of a ruler there. Taybugha Biy brought a number of religious scholars with him, and they were responsible for the Islamization of Siberia.
- ↑ History of the Mongols: The so-called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. 2 v. Longmans, Green, and Company. 1880. Retrieved 2 July 2008.
- ↑ Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company. 1912. Retrieved 2 July 2008.
- ↑ James Forsyth (1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521477710 . Retrieved 2 July 2008.
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