Theodotos inscription

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Theodotus inscription
8V2A3067 (47715698331).jpg
The Theodotus inscription in its current location
Material Limestone
Size75 cm × 41 cm (30 in × 16 in)
Writing Ancient Greek
CreatedBefore 70CE
Discovered1913
Present location Rockefeller Museum
IdentificationIAA S 842

The Theodotos inscription is the earliest known inscription from a synagogue. It was found in December 1913 by Raymond Weill in Wadi Hilweh (known as the City of David). [1]

Contents

It is the earliest-known evidence of a synagogue building in the region of Palestine. [2]

The ten-line inscription is on an ashlar stone measuring 75 cm × 41 cm (30 in × 16 in). [1]

Discovery

The inscription was found during Weill's excavations, in a cistern labelled "C2". Weill described the cistern as being filled with "large discarded wall materials, sometimes deposited in a certain order, enormous rubble stones, numerous cubic blocks with well-cut sides, a few sections of columns: someone filled this hole with the debris of a demolished building". [3]

Inscription

Raymond Weill's excavations, Jerusalem in 1913. Fouilles Raymond Weill Jerusalem.jpg
Raymond Weill's excavations, Jerusalem in 1913.

Greek script

  1. ΘΕΟΔΟΤΟΣ ΟΥΕΤΤΗΝΟΥ ΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΚΑΙ
  2. ΑΡΧΙΣΥΝΑΓΩΓΟΣ ΥΙΟΣ ΑΡΧΙΣΥΝ(ΑΓΩ)
  3. Γ(Ο)Υ ΥΙΩΝΟΣ ΑΡΧΙΣΥΝ(Α)ΓΩΓΟΥ ΩΚΟ
  4. ΔΟΜΗΣΕ ΤΗΝ ΣΥΝΑΓΩΓ(Η)Ν ΕΙΣ ΑΝ(ΑΓ)ΝΩ
  5. Σ(ΙΝ) ΝΟΜΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΣ (Δ)ΙΔAΧ(Η)Ν ΕΝΤΟΛΩΝ
  6. ΤΟΝ ΞΕΝΩΝΑ ΚΑ(Ι TΑ) ΔΩΜΑΤΑ ΚΑΙ ΤΑ ΧΡΗ
  7. Σ(Τ)ΗΡΙΑ ΤΩΝ ΥΔΑΤΩΝ ΕΙΣ ΚΑΤΑΛΥΜΑ ΤΟΙ
  8. Σ(Χ)ΡΗΖΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΠΟ ΤΗΣ ΞΕ(Ν)ΗΣ ΗΝ ΕΘΕΜΕ
  9. Λ(ΙΩ)ΣΑΝ ΟΙ ΠΑΤΕΡΕΣ (Α)ΥΤΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΟΙ ΠΡΕ
  10. Σ(Β)ΥΤΕΡΟΙ ΚΑΙ ΣΙΜΩΝ(Ι)ΔΗΣ

Transliteration

Th[e]ódotos Ouettḗnou, hiereùs kaì | a[r]chisynágōgos, yiòs archisyn[agṓ]|g[o]y, yionòs archisyn[a]gṓgou, ōko|dómēse tḕn synagog[ḗ]n eis an[ágn]ō||s[in] nómou kaí eis [d]idach[ḕ]n entolο̂n, kaí t[ò]n xenο̂na, ka[ì tà] dṓmata kaì tà chrē|s[t]ḗria tòn hydátōn eis katályma toî|s [ch]rḗzousin apò tês xé[n]ēs, hḕn etheme|l[íō]san hoi patéres [a]utoù kaí hoi pre||s[b]ýteroi kaì Simon[í]dēs.

Translation

Theodotos son of Vettenus, priest and head of the synagogue (archisynágōgos), son of a head of the synagogue, and grandson of a head of the synagogue, built the synagogue for the reading of the law and for the teaching of the commandments, as well as the guest room, the chambers, and the water fittings as an inn for those in need from abroad, the synagogue which his fathers founded with the elders and Simonides.

Notes

  1. 1 2 Suzanne Richard (2003). Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader. Eisenbrauns. pp. 455–. ISBN   978-1-57506-083-5.
  2. Tripolitis, Antonia (2002). Religions of the Hellenistic-Roman Age. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 85. ISBN   978-0-8028-4913-7. The earliest evidence of a synagogue building in Palestine is found in the Theodotus inscription discovered in Jerusalem
  3. Weill, 1920, p.98-100: "Des nouveaux bassins découverts, l'un est une citerne indubitable, profonde excavation rectangulaire à parois verticales, très analogue d'aspect à la citerne C1 du sud du chantier: il s'agit du bassin C2, qui s'ouvre, à une cote assez élevée, au fond de l'angle formé parle coude du chemin haut, sur le bord extrême du saillant de notre terrain à cette place... La citerne du nord dont il était question tout à l'heure, C2, est partiellement engagée sous le mur de clôture et sous le chemin, et nous n'avons pu la vider complètement. Pour autant que son exploration a été faite, elle s'esl montrée remplie de gros matériaux parlois jetés, parfois déposés avec un certain ordre, énormes moellons, nombreux blocs cubiques à parois bien taillées, quelques tronçons de colonnes: on a comblé ce trou avec les matériaux d'un édifice démoli. Plusieurs des blocs sortis de là sont décorés, en creux dans la pierre ou en couleur sur enduit de plâtre. Une autre pierre est un bloc rectangulaire portant une inscription qui nous renseigne d'heureuse manière, tant sur les installations balnéaires dont les vestiges subsistent aux alentours, que sur l'édifice disparu dont les débris ont rempli la citerne même. Cette inscription en langue grecque, rédigée par un certain Theodotos, sera longuement étudiée au chapitre VI ci-après; elle émane, comme nous verrons, d'une autorité juive locale du début de l'époque romaine, et commémore l'établissement dune installation pour les étrangers de passage, comprenant une synagogue, une hôtellerie et un balnéaire : ce sont, les restes mêmes de cette organisation et de ces édifices qui sont mis à jour par notre fouille."

Bibliography

Secondary sources

Primary sources

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