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Year 1264 (MCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.
Edward I,also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots,was King of England from 1272 to 1307. Concurrently,he was Lord of Ireland,and from 1254 to 1306,he ruled Gascony as Duke of Aquitaine in his capacity as a vassal of the French king. Before his accession to the throne,he was commonly referred to as the Lord Edward. The eldest son of Henry III,Edward was involved from an early age in the political intrigues of his father's reign. In 1259,he briefly sided with a baronial reform movement,supporting the Provisions of Oxford. After reconciliation with his father,he remained loyal throughout the subsequent armed conflict,known as the Second Barons' War. After the Battle of Lewes,Edward was held hostage by the rebellious barons,but escaped after a few months and defeated the baronial leader Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. Within two years the rebellion was extinguished and,with England pacified,Edward left to join the Ninth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1270. He was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed of his father's death. Making a slow return,he reached England in 1274 and was crowned at Westminster Abbey.
Simon de Montfort,6th Earl of Leicester,later sometimes referred to as Simon V de Montfort to distinguish him from his namesake relatives,was a nobleman of Norman French origin and a member of the English peerage,who led the baronial opposition to the rule of King Henry III of England,culminating in the Second Barons' War. Following his initial victories over royal forces,he became de facto ruler of the country,and played a major role in the constitutional development of England.
The Battle of Evesham was one of the two main battles of 13th century England's Second Barons' War. It marked the defeat of Simon de Montfort,Earl of Leicester,and the rebellious barons by the future King Edward I,who led the forces of his father,King Henry III. It took place on 4 August 1265,near the town of Evesham,Worcestershire.
Gilbert de Clare,6th Earl of Hertford,7th Earl of Gloucester was a powerful English noble. He was also known as "Red" Gilbert de Clare or "The Red Earl",probably because of his hair colour or fiery temper in battle. He held the Lordship of Glamorgan which was one of the most powerful and wealthy of the Welsh Marcher Lordships as well as over 200 English manors.
Edmund,1st Earl of Lancaster,also known by his epithet Edmund Crouchback,was a member of the royal Plantagenet Dynasty and the founder of the first House of Lancaster. He was Earl of Leicester (1265–1296),Lancaster (1267–1296) and Derby (1269–1296) in England,and Count Palatine of Champagne (1276–1284) in France.
The title of Earl of Lancaster was created in the Peerage of England in 1267. It was succeeded by the title Duke of Lancaster in 1351,which expired in 1361.
Sir John Maunsell,Provost of Beverley Minster,was a king's clerk and a judge. He served as chancellor to King Henry III and was England's first secretary of state.
The Second Barons' War (1264–1267) was a civil war in England between the forces of a number of barons led by Simon de Montfort against the royalist forces of King Henry III,led initially by the king himself and later by his son,the future King Edward I. The barons sought to force the king to rule with a council of barons,rather than through his favourites. The war also involved a series of massacres of Jews by de Montfort's supporters,including his sons Henry and Simon,in attacks aimed at seizing and destroying evidence of baronial debts. To bolster the initial success of his baronial regime,de Montfort sought to broaden the social foundations of parliament by extending the franchise to the commons for the first time. However,after a rule of just over a year,de Montfort was killed by forces loyal to the king at the Battle of Evesham.
Sir Henry de Montfort was the son of Simon de Montfort,6th Earl of Leicester,and with his father played an important role in the struggle of the barons against King Henry III. Henry's mother was Princess Eleanor of England,a daughter of King John,whose marriage to Simon further increased the foreign influence begun by the king,which was to result in great hostility by those very barons who later revolted against the king.
Sir Ralph Sandwich (1235–1308),of Dene,Ham,and Ripple,Kent,Winchfield,Hampshire,etc.,was an English administrator and justice. He was Steward of the King's Demesne,Constable of Canterbury (1278),and Royal Warden of London.
Hugh le Despenser,1st Baron le Despenser was an important ally of Simon de Montfort during the reign of Henry III. He served briefly as Justiciar of England in 1260 and as Constable of the Tower of London.
Peter de Montfort of Beaudesert Castle was an English magnate,soldier and diplomat. He is the first person recorded as having presided over Parliament as a parlour or prolocutor,an office now known as Speaker of the House of Commons. He was one of those elected by the barons to represent them during the constitutional crisis with Henry III in 1258. He was later a leading supporter of Simon de Montfort,6th Earl of Leicester against the King. Both he and Simon de Montfort were slain at the Battle of Evesham on 4 August 1265.
Simon de Montfort's Parliament was an English parliament held from 20 January 1265 until mid-March of the same year,called by Simon de Montfort,a baronial rebel leader.
The Battle of Northampton was a battle in the Second Barons' War. A decisive victory for the royalist forces of King Henry III of England,who took Northampton Castle and captured Simon de Montfort,son of Simon de Montfort.
Events from the 1260s in England.
Maud de Braose,Baroness Mortimer of Wigmore was a noble heiress,and one of the most important,being a member of the powerful de Braose family which held many lordships and domains in the Welsh Marches. She was the wife of Roger Mortimer,1st Baron Mortimer of Wigmore,a celebrated soldier and Marcher baron.
The Mise of Amiens was a settlement given by King Louis IX of France on 23 January 1264 in the conflict between King Henry III of England and his rebellious barons,led by Simon de Montfort. Louis' one-sided decision for King Henry led directly to the hostilities of the Second Barons' War.
The Mise of Lewes was a settlement made on 14 May 1264 between King Henry III of England and his rebellious barons,led by Simon de Montfort. The settlement was made on the day of the Battle of Lewes,one of the two major battles of the Second Barons' War. The conflict between king and magnates was caused by dissatisfaction with the influence of foreigners at court and Henry's high level and new methods of taxation. In 1258 Henry had been forced to accept the Provisions of Oxford,which essentially left the royal government in the hands of a council of magnates,but this document went through a long series of revocations and reinstatements. In 1263,as the country was on the brink of civil war,the two parties had agreed to submit the matter to arbitration by the French king Louis IX. Louis was a firm believer in the royal prerogative,and decided clearly in favour of Henry. The outcome was unacceptable for the rebellious barons,and war between the two parties broke out almost immediately.
Robert de Neville,2nd Baron Neville of Raby,was a medieval English nobleman.
References
- 1 2 3 4 Carpenter, D. A. (2004). "Fitzthomas, Thomas (d. in or before 1276)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37419 . Retrieved 2 December 2013.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- 1 2 3 Williams, Glyn A. (1963). Medieval London: from commune to capital. Athlone Press.
- 1 2 Jobson, Adrian (2012). The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War. Continuum. ISBN 9781441144607.