Thymidine kinase 1

TK1
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1W4R, 1XBT, 2ORV, 2WVJ
Identifiers
Aliases	TK1 , TK2, Thymidine kinase 1
External IDs	OMIM: 188300 MGI: 98763 HomoloGene: 37749 GeneCards: TK1
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 17 (human)
End	78,187,233 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 11 (mouse)
End	117,716,918 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	stromal cell of endometrium; ; bone marrow; ; ganglionic eminence; ; rectum; ; bone marrow cells; ; cavity of mouth; ; appendix; ; cancellous bone; ; lymph node; ; body of stomach;
	Top expressed in
	morula; ; blastocyst; ; maxillary prominence; ; dermis; ; otic placode; ; hair follicle; ; yolk sac; ; lip; ; thymus; ; somite;
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	transferase activity ; nucleotide binding ; nucleoside kinase activity ; zinc ion binding ; metal ion binding ; kinase activity ; protein binding ; identical protein binding ; ATP binding ; thymidine kinase ; thymidine kinase activity ;
Cellular component	cytoplasm ; cytosol ;
Biological process	DNA biosynthetic process ; phosphorylation ; pyrimidine nucleoside salvage ; nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process ; protein homotetramerization ; deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process ; DNA metabolic process ; nucleotide biosynthetic process ; thymidine metabolic process ;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	7083
	21877
	ENSG00000167900
	ENSMUSG00000025574
	P04183
	P04184
	NM_003258 ; NM_001346663 ; NM_001363848
	NM_001271729 ; NM_009387
	NP_001333592 ; NP_003249 ; NP_001350777
	NP_001258658 ; NP_033413
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Last updated July 08, 2023

Thymidine kinase 1, soluble (gene name TK1), is a human thymidine kinase.^[5]

Interactions

Thymidine kinase 1 has been shown to interact with P21.^[6]

Interactive pathway map

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.^{[§ 1]}

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|alt=Fluorouracil (5-FU) Activity edit]]

Fluorouracil (5-FU) Activity edit

↑ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "FluoropyrimidineActivity_WP1601".

Thymidine Kinase 1 in Cancer

Elevations in serum TK-1 have been found to correlate with the return of breast and other forms of cancer^[7] TK-1 can be used to detect cancer earlier, determine what stage it is in, and detect recurrence. Thymidine Kinase 1 can be measured based on its enzyme activity^[8] or using immunoassay.^[9]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thymidine kinase</span> Enzyme found in most living cells

Thymidine kinase is an enzyme, a phosphotransferase : 2'-deoxythymidine kinase, ATP-thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.21. It can be found in most living cells. It is present in two forms in mammalian cells, TK1 and TK2. Certain viruses also have genetic information for expression of viral thymidine kinases. Thymidine kinase catalyzes the reaction:

Neutrophil cytosol factor 1, also known as p47phox, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCF1 gene.

TYMP is a gene that encodes for the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase. The TYMP gene is also known as ECGF1 and MNGIE due to its role in MNGIE syndrome.

Protein kinase C eta type is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCH gene.

Ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RPS6KA5 gene. This kinase, together with RPS6KA4, are thought to mediate the phosphorylation of histone H3, linked to the expression of immediate early genes.

Tubulin alpha-1B chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TUBA1B gene.

Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase FER is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FER gene.

Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NEK2 gene.

Estrogen sulfotransferase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SULT1E1 gene.

Creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1B also known as CKMT1B is one of two genes which encode the ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase.

Cyclin-dependent kinases regulatory subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CKS1B gene.

Creatine kinase S-type, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CKMT2 gene.

Deoxyguanosine kinase, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DGUOK gene.

Discoidin domain-containing receptor 2, also known as CD167b, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DDR2 gene. Discoidin domain-containing receptor 2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK).

NADP-dependent malic enzyme is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ME1 gene.

Hyaluronan synthase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HAS1 gene.

Transcription factor Sp2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SP2 gene.

MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPKAPK5 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the serine/threonine kinase family. In response to cellular stress and proinflammatory cytokines, this kinase is activated through its phosphorylation by MAP kinases, including MAPK1/ERK, MAPK14/p38-alpha, and MAPK11/p38-beta. In vitro, this kinase phosphorylates heat shock protein HSP27 at its physiologically relevant sites. Two alternately-spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.

Uridine phosphorylase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UPP1 gene. It belongs to the uridine phosphorylase enzyme family.

Thymidine kinase is an enzyme, a phosphotransferase : 2'-deoxythymidine kinase, ATP-thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.21 that catalyzes the reaction:

References

1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000167900 - Ensembl, May 2017
1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000025574 - Ensembl, May 2017
↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
↑ "Entrez Gene: Thymidine kinase 1, soluble".
↑ Huang DY, Chang ZF (June 2001). "Interaction of human thymidine kinase 1 with p21(Waf1)". Biochem. J. 356 (Pt 3): 829–34. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3560829. PMC 1221910 . PMID 11389691.
↑ Alegre MM, Robison RA, O'Neill KL (2012). "Thymidine kinase 1 up-regulation is an early event in breast tumor formation". Journal of Oncology. 2012: 575647. doi: 10.1155/2012/575647 . PMC 3388419 . PMID 22778736.
↑ Munch-Petersen B (2005). "Differences in the kinetic properties of thymidine kinase isoenzymes in unstimulated and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes". Mol. Cell. Biochem. 64 (2): 1013–19. doi:10.1007/BF00224774. PMID 6504022. S2CID 11326439.
↑ He Q, Zhang P, Zou L, et al. (2005). "Concentration of thymidine kinase 1 in serum (S-TK1) is a more sensitive proliferation marker in human solid tumors than its activity". Oncol. Rep. 14 (4): 1013–19. PMID 16142366.

Kim YK, Lee AS (1992). "Identification of a protein-binding site in the promoter of the human thymidine kinase gene required for the G1-S-regulated transcription". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (4): 2723–7. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45939-X . PMID 1370831.
Barik S, Banerjee AK (1991). "Cloning and expression of the vesicular stomatitis virus phosphoprotein gene in Escherichia coli: analysis of phosphorylation status versus transcriptional activity". J. Virol. 65 (4): 1719–26. doi:10.1128/JVI.65.4.1719-1726.1991. PMC 239976 . PMID 1848304.
Sadava D, Bernard B (1990). "Transition from cytosolic to mitochondrial thymidine kinase during development in human fetal tissues". Life Sci. 47 (25): 2359–64. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(90)90275-V. PMID 2263164.
Tamiya N, Yusa T, Yamaguchi Y, Tsukifuji R, Kuroiwa N, Moriyama Y, Fujimura S (1989). "Co-purification of thymidylate kinase and cytosolic thymidine kinase from human term placenta by affinity chromatography". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 995 (1): 28–35. doi:10.1016/0167-4838(89)90229-X. PMID 2538159.
Slagel V, Flemington E, Traina-Dorge V, Bradshaw H, Deininger P (1987). "Clustering and subfamily relationships of the Alu family in the human genome". Mol. Biol. Evol. 4 (1): 19–29. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040422 . PMID 3128713.
Flemington E, Bradshaw HD, Traina-Dorge V, Slagel V, Deininger PL (1987). "Sequence, structure and promoter characterization of the human thymidine kinase gene". Gene. 52 (2–3): 267–77. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(87)90053-9. PMID 3301530.
Sherley JL, Kelly TJ (1988). "Human cytosolic thymidine kinase. Purification and physical characterization of the enzyme from HeLa cells". J. Biol. Chem. 263 (1): 375–82. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)57403-8 . PMID 3335503.
Kreidberg JA, Kelly TJ (1986). "Genetic analysis of the human thymidine kinase gene promoter". Mol. Cell. Biol. 6 (8): 2903–9. doi:10.1128/mcb.6.8.2903. PMC 367858 . PMID 3785218.
Bradshaw HD, Deininger PL (1984). "Human thymidine kinase gene: molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA expressible in mammalian cells". Mol. Cell. Biol. 4 (11): 2316–20. doi:10.1128/mcb.4.11.2316. PMC 369060 . PMID 6549046.
Kuo WL, Hirschhorn R, Huie ML, Hirschhorn K (1996). "Localization and ordering of acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) and thymidine kinase (TK1) by fluorescence in situ hybridization". Hum. Genet. 97 (3): 404–6. doi:10.1007/BF02185782. PMID 8786092. S2CID 9056186.
Chang ZF, Huang DY, Chi LM (1998). "Serine 13 is the site of mitotic phosphorylation of human thymidine kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (20): 12095–100. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.20.12095 . PMID 9575153.
Berenstein D, Christensen JF, Kristensen T, Hofbauer R, Munch-Petersen B (2000). "Valine, not methionine, is amino acid 106 in human cytosolic thymidine kinase (TK1). Impact on oligomerization, stability, and kinetic properties". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (41): 32187–92. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M005325200 . PMID 10924519.
Huang DY, Chang ZF (2001). "Interaction of human thymidine kinase 1 with p21(Waf1)". Biochem. J. 356 (Pt 3): 829–34. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3560829. PMC 1221910 . PMID 11389691.
Fujiwaki R, Hata K, Moriyama M, Iwanari O, Katabuchi H, Okamura H, Miyazaki K (2001). "Clinical value of thymidine kinase in patients with cervical carcinoma". Oncology. 61 (1): 47–54. doi:10.1159/000055352. PMID 11474248. S2CID 9006108.
Fujiwaki R, Hata K, Nakayama K, Moriyama M, Iwanari O, Katabuchi H, Okamura H, Sakai E, Miyazaki K (2002). "Thymidine kinase in epithelial ovarian cancer: relationship with the other pyrimidine pathway enzymes". Int. J. Cancer. 99 (3): 328–35. doi: 10.1002/ijc.10319 . PMID 11992400. S2CID 23856606.
Mao Y, Wu J, Wang N, He L, Wu C, He Q, Skog S (2002). "A comparative study: immunohistochemical detection of cytosolic thymidine kinase and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in breast cancer". Cancer Invest. 20 (7–8): 922–31. doi:10.1081/CNV-120005905. PMID 12449723. S2CID 23072666.
Gilles SI, Romain S, Casellas P, Ouafik L, Fina F, Combes T, Vuaroquaux V, Seitz JF, Bonnier P, Galiègue S, Carayon P, Martin PM (2003). "Mutation analysis in the coding sequence of thymidine kinase 1 in breast and colorectal cancer". Int. J. Biol. Markers. 18 (1): 1–6. doi:10.5301/jbm.2008.2452. PMID 12699056.
Han T, Fernandez M, Sarkar M, Agarwal RP (2004). "2', 3'-Dideoxycytidine represses thymidine kinases 1 and 2 expression in T-lymphoid cells". Life Sci. 74 (7): 835–42. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2003.07.023. PMID 14659972.
Li CL, Lu CY, Ke PY, Chang ZF (2004). "Perturbation of ATP-induced tetramerization of human cytosolic thymidine kinase by substitution of serine-13 with aspartic acid at the mitotic phosphorylation site". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 313 (3): 587–93. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.147. PMID 14697231.
ONeill KL, Buckwalter M, Murray BK (2001). "Thymidine kinase: diagnostic and prognostic potential". Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 1 (4): 428–33. doi:10.1586/14737159.1.4.428. PMID 11901857. S2CID 12790327.
Topolcan O, Holubec Jr L (2008). "The role of thymidine kinase in cancer diseases". Expert Opin. Med. Diagn. 2 (2): 129–41. doi:10.1517/17530059.2.2.129. PMID 23485133.
Jagarlamudi KK, Shaw M (2018). "Thymidine Kinase 1 as a Tumor Biomarker: Technical Advances offer New Potential to an Old Biomarker". Biomark. Med. 12 (9): 1035–48. doi: 10.2217/bmm-2018-0157 . PMID 30039979.

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[WikiPathways-7] The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "FluoropyrimidineActivity_WP1601".

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000167900 - Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000025574 - Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[5] "Entrez Gene: Thymidine kinase 1, soluble".

[pmid11389691-6] Huang DY, Chang ZF (June 2001). "Interaction of human thymidine kinase 1 with p21(Waf1)". Biochem. J. 356 (Pt 3): 829–34. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3560829. PMC 1221910 . PMID 11389691.

[pmid22778736-8] Alegre MM, Robison RA, O'Neill KL (2012). "Thymidine kinase 1 up-regulation is an early event in breast tumor formation". Journal of Oncology. 2012: 575647. doi: 10.1155/2012/575647 . PMC 3388419 . PMID 22778736.

[Munch-Petersen_2005-9] Munch-Petersen B (2005). "Differences in the kinetic properties of thymidine kinase isoenzymes in unstimulated and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes". Mol. Cell. Biochem. 64 (2): 1013–19. doi:10.1007/BF00224774. PMID 6504022. S2CID 11326439.

[He_2005-10] He Q, Zhang P, Zou L, et al. (2005). "Concentration of thymidine kinase 1 in serum (S-TK1) is a more sensitive proliferation marker in human solid tumors than its activity". Oncol. Rep. 14 (4): 1013–19. PMID 16142366.

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