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| Tongbulgyo | |
| Hangul | 통불교 |
|---|---|
| Hanja | 通佛敎 |
| Revised Romanization | Tongbulgyo |
| McCune–Reischauer | T'ongbulgyo |
Tongbulgyo is a school of "interpenetrated Buddhism" which was taught by the Korean monk Wonhyo. [1]
Some Buddhist terms and concepts lack direct translations into English that cover the breadth of the original term. Below are given a number of important Buddhist terms,short definitions,and the languages in which they appear. In this list,an attempt has been made to organize terms by their original form and give translations and synonyms in other languages along with the definition.
Jinul Puril Bojo Daesa,often called Jinul or Chinul for short,was a Korean monk of the Goryeo period,who is considered to be the most influential figure in the formation of Korean Seon (Zen) Buddhism. He is credited as the founder of the Jogye Order,by working to unify the disparate sects in Korean Buddhism into a cohesive organization.
Cheontae is the Korean descendant of the Chinese Buddhist school Tiantai. Tiantai was introduced to Korea a couple of times during earlier periods,but was not firmly established until the time of Uicheon (1055-1101) who established Cheontae in Goryeo as an independent school.
Hwaeom is the name of the Korean transmission of the Huayan school of Chinese Buddhism.
Kegon is the Japanese transmission of the Huayan school of Chinese Buddhism.
Korean Buddhism is distinguished from other forms of Buddhism by its attempt to resolve what its early practitioners saw as inconsistencies within the Mahayana Buddhist traditions that they received from foreign countries. To address this,they developed a new holistic approach to Buddhism that became a distinct form,an approach characteristic of virtually all major Korean thinkers. The resulting variation is called Tongbulgyo,a form that sought to harmonize previously arising disputes among scholars.
Buddhist temples are an important part of the Korean landscape. This article gives a brief overview of Korean Buddhism,then describes some of the more important temples in Korea. Most Korean temples have names ending in -sa,which means "temple" in Sino-Korean.
Buddhism entered Han China via the Silk Road,beginning in the 1st or 2nd century CE. The first documented translation efforts by Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE via the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory bordering the Tarim Basin under Kanishka. These contacts transmitted strands of Sarvastivadan and Tamrashatiya Buddhism throughout the Eastern world.
The Jogye Order,officially the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism,is the representative order of traditional Korean Buddhism with roots that date back 1200 years to the Later Silla National Master Doui,who brought Seon and the practice taught by the Sixth Patriarch,Huineng,from China around 820 CE. The name of the Order,Jogye,was adopted from the name of the village where Patriarch Huineng's home temple,Nanhua Temple,is located,.
Throughout the ages,there have been various popular religious traditions practiced on the Korean peninsula. The oldest indigenous religion of Korea is the Korean folk religion,which has been passed down from prehistory to the present. Buddhism was introduced to Korea from China during the Three Kingdoms era in the 4th century,and the religion pervaded the culture until the Joseon Dynasty,when Confucianism was established as the state philosophy. During the Late Joseon Dynasty,in the 19th century,Christianity began to gain a foothold in Korea. While both Christianity and Buddhism would play important roles in the resistance to the Japanese occupation of Korea in the first half of the 20th century,only about 4% of Koreans were members of a religious organization in 1940.
Beopheung of Silla was the 23rd monarch of Silla,one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was preceded by King Jijeung and succeeded by King Jinheung.
Buddhist art is art influenced by Buddhism. It includes depictions of Buddhas and bodhisattvas,notable Buddhist figures both historical and mythical,narrative scenes from their lives,mandalas,and physical objects associated with Buddhist practice,such as vajras,bells,stupas and Buddhist temple architecture. Buddhist art originated on the Indian subcontinent,following the historical life of Siddhartha Gautama from the 6th to 5th century BCE.
Malananta was an Pakistani Buddhist monk that brought Buddhism to the southern Korean peninsula in the 4th century. Multiple romanizations of Malananta's name may be found,including Meghananda (मेघानंदा),Malananda,Maranant'a and Maalaananda. He was among the first to bring Buddhist teaching,or Dharma,to Korea. The Samguk yusa and Samguk yusa record him as the one who brought Buddhism to King Chimnyu of Baekje in 384 CE,along with Sundo in Goguryeo and Ado in Silla. Buddhism,a religion originating in what is now India,was transmitted to Korea via China in the late 4th century.
Martine Batchelor,a former Jogye Buddhist nun,is the author of several books on Buddhism currently residing in France. She and her husband,Stephen Batchelor,work mostly in the United Kingdom and occasionally in the United States. In addition to writing books,she leads meditation groups with her husband that incorporate aspects of Zen,vipassanā,and Tibetan Buddhism. Batchelor also blogs frequently for the U.S.-based Tricycle:The Buddhist Review. She studied Jogye Zen Buddhism for ten years at Songgwangsa with her former teacher Master Kusan Sunim,being ordained as a nun in 1975. Batchelor served as Kusan's interpreter on speaking tours of the United States and Europe from 1981 to 1985,the year she left monastic life,married Stephen Batchelor,and returned to Europe. There she became a member of Sharpham North Community and served as a guiding teacher at Gaia House,both of which are based in Devon,England. She has also led a Buddhist studies program at Sharpham College in Totnes,Devon. MB speaks English,Korean,and French and can read Chinese characters.
Buddhism in Venezuela is practiced by over 52,000 people. The Buddhist community is made up mainly of Chinese,Japanese,and Koreans.
Religion in South Korea is diverse. A majority of South Koreans have no religion. Christianity and Buddhism are the dominant confessions among those who affiliate with a formal religion. Buddhism and Confucianism are the most influential religions in the lives of the South Korean people. Buddhism,which arrived in Korea in 372 AD,has tens of thousands of temples built across the country.
Seon or Sŏn Buddhism is the Korean name for Chan Buddhism,a branch of Mahāyāna Buddhism commonly known in English as Zen Buddhism. Seon is the Sino-Korean pronunciation of Chan an abbreviation of 禪那(chánnà),which is a Chinese transliteration of the Sanskrit word of dhyāna ("meditation"). Seon Buddhism,represented chiefly by the Jogye and Taego orders,is the most common type of Buddhism found in Korea.
Taego Bou,alternatively romanized as Taego Bowoo or Taego Bowu,was a Korean Seon master who lived in Goryeo,was the cofounder of the Jogye Order with Jinul,and is credited as the founder of the modern Taego Order.
Robert Evans Buswell Jr. is an American academic,author and scholar of Korean Buddhism and Chinese Buddhism as well as Korean religions in general. He is Professor of Buddhist Studies at the University of California,Los Angeles and founding director of the Academy of Buddhist Studies at Dongguk University,Korea's main Buddhist university.
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