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An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is not expressed or operative in the final RNA product. The word intron is derived from the term intragenic region,i.e.,a region inside a gene. The term intron refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene and the corresponding RNA sequence in RNA transcripts. The non-intron sequences that become joined by this RNA processing to form the mature RNA are called exons.
RNA splicing is a process in molecular biology where a newly-made precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) transcript is transformed into a mature messenger RNA (mRNA). It works by removing all the introns and splicing back together exons. For nuclear-encoded genes,splicing occurs in the nucleus either during or immediately after transcription. For those eukaryotic genes that contain introns,splicing is usually needed to create an mRNA molecule that can be translated into protein. For many eukaryotic introns,splicing occurs in a series of reactions which are catalyzed by the spliceosome,a complex of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). There exist self-splicing introns,that is,ribozymes that can catalyze their own excision from their parent RNA molecule. The process of transcription,splicing and translation is called gene expression,the central dogma of molecular biology.
A spliceosome is a large ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex found primarily within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. The spliceosome is assembled from small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and numerous proteins. Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) molecules bind to specific proteins to form a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex,which in turn combines with other snRNPs to form a large ribonucleoprotein complex called a spliceosome. The spliceosome removes introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA,a type of primary transcript. This process is generally referred to as splicing. An analogy is a film editor,who selectively cuts out irrelevant or incorrect material from the initial film and sends the cleaned-up version to the director for the final cut.
Carlos JoséBustamante is a Peruvian-American scientist. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences.
A primary transcript is the single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) product synthesized by transcription of DNA,and processed to yield various mature RNA products such as mRNAs,tRNAs,and rRNAs. The primary transcripts designated to be mRNAs are modified in preparation for translation. For example,a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) is a type of primary transcript that becomes a messenger RNA (mRNA) after processing.
Thomas Robert Cech is an American chemist who shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Sidney Altman,for their discovery of the catalytic properties of RNA. Cech discovered that RNA could itself cut strands of RNA,suggesting that life might have started as RNA. He found that RNA can not only transmit instructions,but also that it can speed up the necessary reactions.
Randy Wayne Schekman is an American cell biologist at the University of California,Berkeley,former editor-in-chief of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and former editor of Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. In 2011,he was announced as the editor of eLife,a new high-profile open-access journal published by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute,the Max Planck Society and the Wellcome Trust launching in 2012. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1992. Schekman shared the 2013 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with James Rothman and Thomas C. Südhof for their ground-breaking work on cell membrane vesicle trafficking.
Peter Walter is a German-American molecular biologist and biochemist. He is currently the Director of the Bay Area Institute of Science at Altos Labs and an emeritus professor at the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the University of California,San Francisco (UCSF). He was a Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Investigator until 2022.
Joan Elaine Argetsinger Steitz is Sterling Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry at Yale University and Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. She is known for her discoveries involving RNA,including ground-breaking insights into how ribosomes interact with messenger RNA by complementary base pairing and that introns are spliced by small nuclear ribonucleic proteins (snRNPs),which occur in eukaryotes. In September 2018,Steitz won the Lasker-Koshland Award for Special Achievement in Medical Science. The Lasker award is often referred to as the 'American Nobel' because 87 of the former recipients have gone on to win Nobel prizes.
The Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences is intended to recognize breakthrough research in pure or applied life science research that is distinguished by its excellence,originality and impact on our understanding of biological systems and processes. The award may recognize a specific contribution or series of contributions that demonstrate the nominee's significant leadership in the development of research concepts or their clinical application. Particular emphasis will be placed on research that champions novel approaches and challenges accepted thinking in the biomedical sciences.
Utpal Banerjee is a distinguished professor of the department of molecular,cell and developmental biology at UCLA. He obtained his Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from St. Stephen's College,Delhi University,India and obtained his Master of Science degree in physical chemistry from the Indian Institute of Technology,Kanpur,India. In 1984,he obtained a PhD in chemistry from the California Institute of Technology where he was also a postdoctoral Fellow in the laboratory of Seymour Benzer from 1984-1988.
Scott A. Strobel is the provost of Yale University as well as a professor of molecular biophysics and biochemistry. He was the vice provost for Science Initiatives and vice president for West Campus Planning &Program Development. An educator and researcher,he has led a number of Yale initiatives over the past two decades. Strobel was appointed as Yale's provost in 2020.
Erin K. O'Shea is an American biologist who is president of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). In 2013,she was named HHMI's vice president and chief scientific officer. Prior to that,she was a professor of molecular and cellular biology and chemistry and chemical biology at Harvard University. In 2016,her appointment as future,and first woman,president of HHMI was announced. She has been a Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) investigator since 2000.
Usha Vijayraghavan is an Indian molecular biologist. She is on the faculty of the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology,at the Indian Institute of Science. Her major research interests are Molecular Genetics,Plant Development.
Xuemei Chen is a Chinese-American molecular biologist. She is the Furuta Chair Professor in the Department of Botany and Plant Sciences at the University of California,Riverside. She was elected to the US National Academy of Sciences in 2013.
Dominique C. Bergmann is a plant scientist with a specific focus on developmental biology and plant biology. Correspondingly,she is a professor of Biology at Stanford University and is in association with the Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Additionally,Bergmann is also an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Christine Guthrie (1945-2022) was an American yeast geneticist and American Cancer Society Research Professor of Genetics at University of California San Francisco. She showed that yeast have small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) involved in splicing pre-messenger RNA into messenger RNA in eukaryotic cells. Guthrie cloned and sequenced the genes for yeast snRNA and established the role of base pairing between the snRNAs and their target sequences at each step in the removal of an intron. She also identified proteins that formed part of the spliceosome complex with the snRNAs. Elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1993,Guthrie edited Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular Biology,an influential methods series for many years.
Roy R. Parker is a biochemist who has been an active investigator in science since the 1970s. He is currently a Distinguished Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cech-Leinwand Endowed Chair of Biochemistry at the University of Colorado Boulder. Throughout his life,Parker has contributed a vast degree of knowledge to research and studies of biochemistry. His current focus includes the biogenesis,function,and degradation of multiple forms of RNA in eukaryotes. Parker aims to use his research to understand how various diseases and pathologies result from abnormalities in RNA. In 2012,Parker was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in Biochemistry.
Melissa J. Moore is an American biochemist who focuses on RNA. She was the Chief Scientific Officer of Moderna from 2016-2023,where her team contributed to the development of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine.
Gia Voeltz is an American cell biologist. She is a professor of Molecular,Cellular and Developmental Biology at the University of Colorado Boulder and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator. She is known for her research identifying the factors and unraveling the mechanisms that determine the structure and dynamics of the largest organelle in the cell:the endoplasmic reticulum. Her lab has produced paradigm shifting studies on organelle membrane contact sites that have revealed that most cytoplasmic organelles are not isolated entities but are instead physically tethered to an interconnected ER membrane network.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Tracy Johnson named dean of the UCLA Division of Life Sciences". UCLA (Press release). 2020-05-26.
- 1 2 Kisliuk, Bill (June 30, 2014). "Two UCLA faculty members named Howard Hughes Medical Institute professors". UCLA Newsroom.
- ↑ Barber, Paul H.; Hayes, Tyrone B.; Johnson, Tracy L.; Márquez-Magaña, Leticia; 10,234 signatories (2020-09-18). Sills, Jennifer (ed.). "Systemic racism in higher education". Science. 369 (6510): 1440–1441. doi:10.1126/science.abd7140. ISSN 0036-8075.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Tracy Johnson | UCLA Graduate Programs in Bioscience (GPB)". bioscience.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
- 1 2 3 "Dr. Tracy Johnson". UCLA HHMI Pathways to Success Program.
- 1 2 "Tracy L. Johnson, PhD". HHMI.
- ↑ "Top Researcher-Educators Receive the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers". National Science Foundation (Press release). 2006-07-26. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
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