Trends in library usage

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With over 17,000 libraries and 2.5 billion materials circulated annually in the United States alone, libraries are a ubiquitous part of the American landscape. [1] However, as libraries modernize, they face an increasingly harsh budget environment, as well as technological disruption in media, scholarship, and education. [2] The political, social, and technological environment is one of transformation and uncertainty. [3]

Contents

As of 2004, U.S. library usage was experiencing growth in spite of predictions to the contrary at that time. [4] Instead, the impact of technology on libraries has been mixed. While usage of some library services, such as reference assistance, has declined, there has been a well-documented increase in the usage of public libraries in the U.S. and Canada over the last decade. [5] Most libraries have added services such as public computers, free Wi-Fi, and digital materials such as web sites and e-books, leading to higher overall usage of the library. Counties and cities also continue to invest in library infrastructure. As of 2012, library construction and renovation has remained steady. [6] According to a 2013 survey by the Pew Internet and American Life Project, 54 percent of Americans ages 16 and older have used a public library in some way in the past 12 months. [7] A similar poll of Britons, conducted in 2010, stated that 67 percent had visited a library within the last year. [8] Public libraries remain very popular among all users, and as of 2014, younger patrons read and use the library at the same rate as older ones. [9] [10] Over 94 percent of Americans say that "having a public library improves the quality of life in a community." [11]

At the same time, public funding of libraries has declined. [12] While libraries have a positive reputation, it is clear that citizens value other government services over libraries when budgets must be cut. School and academic libraries have also faced both severe budget troubles and declining usage of traditional library services like reference and interlibrary loan. [13] Budget cuts and closures of publicly funded libraries in the Canada and UK have begun to affect the availability of library services in those countries. [14] [15] A study conducted in 2014 revealed that number of visits to public libraries had dropped by approximately 12% since 2009, demonstrating the effects of this decline. [16] Library functions, services, and usage are changing so rapidly that it is difficult to establish standards or measures of value. As these trends continue or accelerate, the status of libraries is likely to remain dynamic and unclear. [17] Most libraries are moving existing staff into information positions instead of employing new information custodians, making a developing interest for expert improvement opportunities. The scope of expert advancement open doors for bookkeepers to teach themselves in great information rehearses expanded all through 2015 and will keep on developing in 2016, essentially because of two activities. [18] The library has for quite some time been in charge of social affair, arranging, and shielding significant data. Present day research and information accumulation has made some amazing progress from the days libraries were overseeing and getting to probably the most punctual dial-up online databases. [19] Today, advanced information is gathered in such overpowering sums that one of the greatest difficulties lies essentially in investigating the data to discover significant ends in the excess of information. [20] Building up, keeping up, and growing an internet based life nearness is vital for libraries. Gregg Dodd, Director of Marketing at Columbus Metropolitan Library, clarifies the estimation of a computerized procedure obviously, saying, "Our clients live in an advanced world, so this is an imperative space to interface with them." [21]

  1. Society
  2. Technology
  3. Education
  4. Environmental
  5. Political
  6. Economics
  7. Demographics

Academic libraries

University of Toronto Libraries: usage statistics from academic years 2000-2001 to 2014-2015 UofTLibraryStatistics.png
University of Toronto Libraries: usage statistics from academic years 2000–2001 to 2014–2015
Centennial College's new Progress Campus library, opened in 2011. Centennial College Progress Campus Library.jpg
Centennial College's new Progress Campus library, opened in 2011.

College and university libraries are at the center of changes to the library system. Academic libraries must serve groups of users with diverse information needs and research skills. [22] In addition to the structural challenges facing all libraries, academic libraries must also confront a rapidly changing educational and publishing environment, in which the value and cost of a university education is being questioned. [23] A higher demand for accountability means academic libraries must prove their value and the value of the university system. [24] [25] Several institutions have attempted to assess the impact of academic libraries on student success, but have often struggled with student privacy concerns. [26] The University of Minnesota recently published results of a major study on the impact of library use on student success. The study found that there are statistically relevant data showing first-year undergraduate students who use the library have a higher GPA for their first semester and higher retention from fall to spring than non-library users. [27]

A decline in the use of traditional library services at the university level suggests that students are looking elsewhere for information. A 2005 report from the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) stated that between 1995 and 2004, reference requests dropped an average 4.5 percent per year, and book checkouts fell 1.2 percent per year, though this varied depending on the type of academic library. [28] Master's level libraries saw an increase in research inquires during the same period. [28] The ARL also documented a decline in reference requests and borrowing between libraries from 2009 to 2011. [29] [30] [31] In 2007, regarding the issue, University of Illinois Graduate School of Library and Information Science professor Jerome McDonough observed that in terms of undergraduate usage, "We're losing clientele; students may come in the library to study, to socialize, to hit the newly installed cafe designed to lure them in, but they're not using library materials, or library services, at anything like the rate they did even ten years ago." [32]

The increasing costs of access to academic journals, and the speed with which information resources are growing, suggests that academic libraries will not be able to maintain a traditional lending and accession model for much longer. [33] Academic libraries are exploring a new model for service delivery, known as "digital commons" and/or "scholars' commons," that focuses on access, information quality, and information literacy as opposed to collecting a large number of print books and journals. [33] Many campus libraries have remodeled their physical facilities in order to attract students, adding computers, cafes, classrooms, outlets, and study areas. [34]

Many libraries are considering offering publishing services to academics under an open access model. [24] The growing demand for publishing services suggests new roles and responsibilities for academic libraries in the future. [35] The establishment or reestablishment of academic and university presses may offer a new economic model for academic libraries. [36] A 2011 survey of member institutions of ARL, the Oberlin Group, and the University Libraries Group found that approximately half of the respondents had or were developing library publishing services. [37] Copyright issues and technological limitations imposed by digital rights management are the strongest barriers to this transformation. [33]

With changes on the horizon, the organizations that monitor academic library statistics are seeking new ways to assess value and impact. [38] The Association of Research Libraries will no longer use monograph and serial costs as a metric, since "new data will be collected to more accurately reflect the modern environment of information management." [30]

There is a connection with changes in academic libraries and Millennials, in fact it's the trend that's affecting libraries within the next five to ten years. "Millennials will have a significant impact on future user expectations. Researchers in the field of education are writing about how factors such as technology have a significant impact on how Millennials learn." [39] In a study done with 27 colleges and universities participating, it is revealed that a majority of students, specifically 73 percent, use the library less than the Internet. A couple explanations for this are that it's simply easier to surf the web and they (millennials) are better at surfing the web than a library's catalogue. [40] In a study conducted by the article's, "Millennials and technology: putting suppositions to the test in an academic library," authors, Pascal Lupien and Randy Oldham, reveal that "our students do use the library in large numbers, and that they appear to understand that they must use a variety of resources, including academic sources, to conduct research." [40]

Public libraries

Boston Public Library's McKim Building, built in 1895 as a "palace for the people." Boston Public Library.jpg
Boston Public Library's McKim Building, built in 1895 as a "palace for the people."

The picture is somewhat clearer for public libraries, where there have been strong increases in both visits to libraries and the number of books borrowed over the last decade. [41] A survey by the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS), the United States federal agency tasked with monitoring library usage, reported a 32.7 percent increase in physical visits between 2001 and 2010. [5] The American Library Association also cited a significant increase in usage, with visits increasing 61 percent between 1994 and 2004. [4] Similar growth was documented in Canada, where overall library usage surged 45 percent between 2000 and 2009, including a 16 percent increase in book borrowing. [42] Even in countries that have documented a decline in the use of public libraries, public support for libraries remains strong. Visits to libraries in the UK have declined 6.7 percent in the past five years, but 80 percent of Britons still view libraries as "essential" or "very important." [14]

Recent growth in public library usage is likely driven by the Great Recession, as patrons take advantage of affordable entertainment, internet access, job search assistance, and educational resources. [43] [44] [45] According to a 2011 Harris Poll Quorum, library patrons believe their usage of public libraries will remain steady or increase in the future. They report strong satisfaction with library services. [46] Public library patrons value access to printed books and traditional reference services. Among Americans ages 16 years and older, 80 percent say borrowing books is a "very important" service libraries provide, and 80 percent say reference librarians fall into the same "very important" category. [47] Library Journal noted a small but marked decrease in print circulation in 2012, and suggested that changing information behavior, an improving economy, budget cuts or some combination of these factors have begun to affect book borrowing. [48]

The Seattle Central Library. This 11-story glass and steel building opened in 2004 Seattle Central Library, Seattle, Washington - 20060418.jpg
The Seattle Central Library. This 11-story glass and steel building opened in 2004

In recent years, American libraries have also experienced an increase in Federal spending. In March 2018, the US Congress passed a bill that included significant increases in federal spending towards libraries. Part of this new spending bill provides $27 million for the Innovative Approaches to Literacy (IAL) program, and $5.7 million for the Library Services and Technology Act. [49]

Beginning with the digitization of library catalogs between the 1970s and 1990s, libraries have added digital capabilities while continuing to provide traditional book lending and literacy services. As of 2014, 98 percent of libraries offer free wireless Internet to their patrons; 90 percent offer e-books for borrowing; and 98 percent offer formal or informal technology training. [50] [51] A large majority of libraries now use some kind of social media, like Facebook or hi5, to connect with patrons. [51] The assistance of professional library staff is also valued by patrons. Over one-third of people who have ever visited a library say library staff had helped them use a computer or the Internet. [52] In 2011, more than a quarter of all adults used a library for Internet access at some point. [53] Free access to computers and the Internet is now nearly as important to library patrons as borrowing books. [54] Fifty-five percent of Americans think libraries have done a good job keeping up with technological trends. [11]

Libraries are also offering new recreation, entrepreneurial, and content creation opportunities. [55] Libraries across the United States now lend musical instruments, tools, seeds, science equipment and information technology, like gaming consoles, laptops and e-readers. [56] [57] While media outlets describe this development as part of a struggle to say relevant in a digital age, librarians say it is an extension of the traditional services and programming public libraries offer their communities. [58] [ irrelevant citation ] In an interview with The Atlantic Wire about the trend, librarian and blogger Rita Meade said, "I think it's great that some libraries are able to lend out items other than books, because it shows that they are responding to the needs of their particular community. But again, I do not see it as a desperate move to stay relevant... We've got relevancy coming out of our ears." [59]

While patrons still value access to printed books, libraries' shift to offering a wide range of digital, educational, social and entrepreneurial tools appears to be permanent. [60] The model is now attracting significant public investment. Libraries are rapidly establishing public makerspaces and workspaces to promote collaboration and entrepreneurship. [61] In 2011, the Fayetteville Free Library in New York state became the first public library to offer a makerspace. [62] Many other libraries, including the Chicago Public Library and Washington DC's MLK Library now offer 3D printing, print presses, rapid prototyping and manufacturing services to patrons. [63] [64] In 2014, the L.A. Public Library will begin offering high school diplomas to students. [65] In partnership with the University of Arizona, the Burton Barr Central Library in Phoenix, AZ is now offering a co-working space and business incubator. [66] The rise of entrepreneurial and content creation spaces may offer alternative funding models for some public libraries.

The way patrons use library buildings is also changing. Libraries offered 3.75 million public programs in 2010, the equivalent of one free program per day in every public library in America. [5] Mirroring an increase in overall library usage, attendance at library programs increased by 22 percent between 2004 and 2008. [67] Most public libraries offer classes, literacy programs and storytimes for children. Some public libraries, like the New York Public Library, are adopting the "bookstore model," characterized by remodeling in favor of more comfortable and attractive reading and meeting spaces, a broad offering of both bestsellers and literary works, user-friendly organization systems and excellent customer service, often including the elimination of library fines. [68] The Denver Library is also making an effort to appear more appealing to its patrons by creating a more business like approach towards their marketing. Public libraries as a "third space" outside of the home or the office is the idea behind many libraries' focus on ambiance. [69]

Despite increasing usage, adoption of new technology and strong popularity among voters, public libraries are bearing the brunt of budget cuts, with both state and municipal support for libraries declining. [12] [70] As cities and states confront budget shortfalls, libraries are often required to reduce hours, staff and locations. [71] Multimillion-dollar cuts to public libraries are frequently proposed across the country, and libraries in general have faced budget cuts over the last four years. [47] When explaining the rationale for budget cuts, officials often cite the rise of new technologies and the availability of alternative sources of information. However, voters continue to support public library funding. In 2013, 41 measures for new library funding were approved by voters; 19 were rejected. [72]

It has been argued that as library budgets are cut fewer people use them. [73]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Library Journal's annual Public Library Materials Circulation Survey reported a 25.7% decrease in physical loans and a 29.2% increase in e-book loans. [74] Another study found that readers were checking out books from more "escapist" genres during the pandemic. [75]

School libraries

With public funding declining for both libraries and schools, school libraries face severe economic troubles. [76] The number of school librarians has declined, with many school librarians being laid off or assigned to other teaching duties. Between 2010 and 2011, salaries for new school librarians fell two percent. [77] Moreover, the decline in school library services seems unlikely to end soon as schools seek ways to reduce costs and consolidate services. [78] Of all libraries, school libraries seem most likely to feel the impact of cuts to library funding via sequestration. [76]

A study by School Library Journal , using statistics from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) showed that, "students in states that lost librarians tended to have lower reading scores—or had a slower rise on standardized tests—than those in states that gained librarians," and this effect couldn't be accounted for by overall staff reductions. [79] In 2012 a joint study by the Education Law Center, the Health Sciences Library Consortium, and the Pennsylvania School Librarians Association demonstrated that "for all students, those with full-time librarians are almost three times as likely to have 'Advanced' writing scores as students without full-time librarians." [80] Nevertheless, school libraries will have to deal with shrinking budgets and changing roles for both librarians and libraries.

Some school libraries are using the budget crisis as a driver for innovation. Benilde-St. Margaret's School, a Catholic preparatory school, removed nearly all physical books from their school library in 2011. [81] Physical books were relocated to classrooms or donated to developing countries. According to Sue Skinner, Benilde-St. Margaret's principal, the school's commitment to ensuring all students receive their own computer made the change possible. Close cooperation with public libraries also ensured that students still had access to printed books. "We weren’t saying no to hard copy books," Skinner said. "But let's not duplicate what public and other libraries have." [81]

According to a 2013 Pew Internet and American Life Project study, 85 percent of Americans age 16 and older think school and public libraries should "definitely" coordinate more closely with each other. [52] That statistic is matched among younger Americans. Eighty-seven percent of Americans under 30 also think public libraries should coordinate more closely with local schools. [10]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Library</span> Organized collection of books or other information resources

A library is a collection of books, and possibly other materials and media, that is accessible for use by its members and members of allied institutions. Libraries provide physical or digital materials, and may be a physical location, a virtual space, or both. A library's collection normally includes printed materials which may be borrowed, and usually also includes a reference section of publications which may only be utilized inside the premises. Resources such as commercial releases of films, television programmes, other video recordings, radio, music and audio recordings may be available in many formats. These include DVDs, Blu-rays, CDs, cassettes, or other applicable formats such as microform. They may also provide access to information, music or other content held on bibliographic databases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reference desk</span> Public service counter in a library

The reference desk or information desk of a library is a public service counter where professional librarians provide library users with direction to library materials, advice on library collections and services, and expertise on multiple kinds of information from multiple sources.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Public library</span> Organized collection of books and information resources made accessible for the public

A public library is a library, most often a lending library, that is accessible by the general public and is usually funded from public sources, such as taxes. It is operated by librarians and library paraprofessionals, who are also civil servants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Librarian</span> Profession

A librarian is a person who works professionally in a library providing access to information, and sometimes social or technical programming, or instruction on information literacy to users.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Research library</span> Library that supports scholarly research

A research library is a library that contains an in-depth collection of material on one or several subjects. A research library will generally include an in-depth selection of materials on a particular topic or set of topics and contain primary sources as well as secondary sources. Research libraries are established to meet research needs and, as such, are stocked with authentic materials with quality content. Research libraries are typically attached to academic or research institutions that specialize in that topic and serve members of that institution. Large university libraries are considered research libraries, and often contain many specialized branch research libraries. The libraries provide research materials for students and staff of these organizations to use and can also publish and carry literature produced by these institutions and make them available to others. Research libraries could also be accessible to members of the public who wish to gain in-depth knowledge on that particular topic.

The American Library Association (ALA) is a nonprofit organization based in the United States that promotes libraries and library education internationally. It is the oldest and largest library association in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Library and Archives Canada</span> National library and archive

Library and Archives Canada is the federal institution, tasked with acquiring, preserving, and providing accessibility to the documentary heritage of Canada. The national archive and library is the fifth largest library in the world. The LAC reports to the Parliament of Canada through the Minister of Canadian Heritage.

Library collection development is the process of systematically building the collection of a particular library to meet the information needs of the library users in a timely and economical manner using information resources locally held as well as resources from other organizations. "According to is a dynamic self perpetuation cycle or process and consists six definable stages namely,community analysis, selection policies, selection, acquisition, weeding and evaluation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Law library</span> Special library for legal research

A law library is a special library used by law students, lawyers, judges and their law clerks, historians, and other scholars of legal history in order to research the law. Law libraries are also used by people who draft or advocate for new laws, e.g. legislators and others who work in state government, local government, and legislative counsel offices or the U.S. Office of Law Revision Counsel and lobbying professionals. Self-represented, or pro se, litigants also use law libraries.

The Master of Library and Information Science (MLIS), also referred to as the Master of Library and Information Studies, is the master's degree that is required for most professional librarian positions in the United States. The MLIS is a relatively recent degree; an older and still common degree designation for librarians to acquire is the Master of Library Science (MLS), or Master of Science in Library Science (MSLS) degree. According to the American Library Association (ALA), "The master’s degree in library and information studies is frequently referred to as the MLS; however, ALA-accredited degrees have various names such as Master of Information Studies, Master of Arts, Master of Librarianship, Master of Library and Information Studies, or Master of Science. The degree name is determined by the program. The [ALA] Committee for Accreditation evaluates programs based on their adherence to the Standards for Accreditation of Master's Programs in Library and Information Studies, not based on the name of the degree."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">School library</span> Library within a school

A school library is a library within a school where students, staff, and often, parents of a public or private school have access to a variety of resources. The goal of the school library media center is to ensure that all members of the school community have equitable access "to books and reading, to information, and to information technology." A school library media center "uses all types of media... is automated, and utilizes the Internet [as well as books] for information gathering." School libraries are distinct from public libraries because they serve as "learner-oriented laboratories which support, extend, and individualize the school's curriculum... A school library serves as the center and coordinating agency for all material used in the school."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Academic library</span> Library attached to a higher education institution

An academic library is a library that is attached to a higher education institution and serves two complementary purposes: to support the curriculum and the research of the university faculty and students. It is unknown how many academic libraries there are worldwide. An academic and research portal maintained by UNESCO links to 3,785 libraries. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, there are an estimated 3,700 academic libraries in the United States. In the past, the material for class readings, intended to supplement lectures as prescribed by the instructor, has been called reserves. Previously before the electronic appliances became available, the reserves were supplied as actual books or as photocopies of appropriate journal articles. Modern academic libraries generally also provide access to electronic resources.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">D. H. Hill Jr. Library</span> Library at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, US

The D. H. Hill Jr. Library is one of two main libraries at North Carolina State University. It is the third building to house the NC State University Libraries, following Brooks Hall and Holladay Hall. The current building, situated on the Hillsborough Street edge of North Campus, is the result of four stages of construction, and houses the majority of the volumes in NC State's collection.

Library anxiety refers to the "feeling that one’s research skills are inadequate and that those shortcomings should be hidden". In some students this manifests as an outright fear of libraries and the librarians who work there. The term stems from a 1986 article by Constance Mellon, a professor of library science in the U.S. state of North Carolina, titled "Library anxiety: A grounded theory and its development" in the College & Research Libraries journal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Special library</span> Library providing resources on a particular topic or discipline

A special library is a library that provides specialized information resources on a particular subject, serves a specialized and limited clientele, and delivers specialized services to that clientele. Special libraries include corporate libraries, government libraries, law libraries, medical libraries, museum libraries, news libraries. Special libraries also exist within academic institutions. These libraries are included as special libraries because they are often funded separately from the rest of the university and they serve a targeted group of users.

A periodicals librarian or serials librarian is a librarian who works in the specialized area of periodical literature. A periodicals librarian can have a variety of duties, but generally work specifically with the acquisition, collection development, organization, preservation, and sometimes cataloging of periodicals. Whereas many periodicals librarians previously worked only with periodicals in print format, many now manage electronic periodicals also. While a periodicals librarians may work in any type of library, including academic, public, government, law, medical, or corporate libraries, a significant number work in larger public and academic libraries. In other libraries where there is no librarian assigned specifically to periodicals, one or more librarians may perform the duties of a periodicals librarian along with other duties.

Libraries are provided in many prisons. Reading materials are provided in almost all federal and state correctional facilities in the United States. Libraries in federal prisons are controlled by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, U.S. Department of Justice. State prison libraries are controlled by each state's own department of corrections. Many local jails also provide library services through partnerships with local public libraries and community organizations. These resources may be limited, mostly provided through government sources.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bookless library</span>

Bookless libraries are public, academic and school libraries that do not have any printed books. Instead they offer all-digital collections of literary works, reading material and scientific and academic research material. A bookless library typically uses the space that would have once been used for books to offer public computers, e-readers and other technology used to consume and produce digital media. Over the last decade, driven by changes in scholarly communication, several major research libraries have successfully become bookless.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Libraries and the LGBT community</span> Library services to the LGBT community

In the post-Stonewall era, the role of libraries in providing information and services to LGBTQ individuals has been a topic of discussion among library professionals. Libraries can often play an important role for LGBTQ individuals looking to find information about coming out, health, and family topics, as well as leisure reading. In the past 50 years, advocate organizations for LGBTQ content in libraries have emerged, and numerous theorists have discussed various aspects of LGBTQ library service including privacy concerns, programming, collection development considerations and librarian/staff education needs, as well as special services for juvenile and teen patrons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign University Library</span> Library system of the University of Illinois

The University Library at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign comprises a network of physical and digital libraries. It provides resources and services to the university's students, faculty, staff, and the broader academic community.

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