Tulipa eichleri

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Tulipa eichleri
Tulipa eichleri in Jardin des plantes 2.jpg
Tulipa eichleri in Jardin des plantes, Paris
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Subfamily: Lilioideae
Tribe: Lilieae
Genus: Tulipa
Subgenus: Tulipa subg. Tulipa
Species:
T. eichleri
Binomial name
Tulipa eichleri
Synonyms [1]

None known

Tulipa eichleri, commonly known as Eichler tulip or Eichler's tulip, is a species of tulip. It is a bulbous flowering perennial with long green leaves,deep red flowers with a central black blotch, coming from the Caucasus Mountains (between Europe and Asia).

Contents

It is thought to be a synonym of Tulipa undulatifoliaBoiss. [2] [3] or a synonym of Tulipa undulatifolia var. undulatifolia by some sources. [4]

Description

Tulipa eichleri at the Ecological Botanical Gardens of the University of Bayreuth, Germany Tulipa eichleri OBG Bayreuth.jpg
Tulipa eichleri at the Ecological Botanical Gardens of the University of Bayreuth, Germany

It is a perennial that grows from bulbs. [2]

It has a tall, single flowering, [2] upright stem which is covered with short hairs. [5] The plant can reach between 25–30 cm (9.8–11.8 in) tall, [6] [7] [8] or 10 to 12 inches tall. [9]

It has large, [10] broad, [5] [7] [11] strap-like leaves. [2] They are grey-green, [12] or glaucous (bluish-green) with slightly undulating or wavy edges. [7]

It flowers in early Spring, [11] [12] [13] between April and May. [6] [8] [14]

It has large flowers, [12] [11] [6] one of the largest flowers of all the species tulips. [7] They are bell shaped, [15] [7] or goblet-shaped, [2] They don't have sepals, petals or bracts, just six simple tepals. [13] The segments are obovate or obtuse in shape. [10] [14] The flower almost resembles the flowers of Tulipa gesneriana but differs in having a pubescent peduncle (flower stalk). [14]

Tulipa eichleri flowers come in shades of red, from scarlet, [10] [15] [16] bright red, [17] [18] orange, [19] orange-red, [12] crimson, [8] [14] to deep red. [11] They also have a dark basal blotch, [15] [7] which is blue-black, [11] or black. [16] [10] [18] The blotch has a yellow ring, [12] margin, [15] or border around it. [10] [6] [14]

The flowers close at night and they can resemble a "Christmas present with a bow on top". [13]

Biochemistry

Anthocyanins have been found in various tulip flowers, such as Tulipa gesneriana , Tulipa fosteriana and also Tulipa eichleri. [20]

The endosperm of the tulip has been studied. [21]

Taxonomy

T. eichleri labelled as Tulipa undulatifolia var undulatifolia in Curtis's Botanical Magazine in 1875 Tulipa undulatifolia var undulatifolia (as T. eichleri) Curtis Bot Mag V 101 t 6191 (1875).jpg
T. eichleri labelled as Tulipa undulatifolia var undulatifolia in Curtis's Botanical Magazine in 1875

The Latin specific epithet eichleri refers to German botanist August W. Eichler who found the tulip in the Caucasus. [22]

It has the common name of 'Eichler Tulip' [11] or 'Eichler's Tulip'. [8] [3]

It was first found in Turkestan, [23] [16] and then described and published as Tulipa eichleri by Eduard August von Regel in his botanical magazine 'Gartenflora' Vol.23 on page 193 in 1874. [1] [24] [23]

It was then first cultivated in England in 1876 with bulbs sent by Prof. Eduard Regel. [25]

In June 1932, it was given the RHS's Award of Garden Merit. [26]

In 1982, David Mabberley in Taxon Vol.31 on pages 65–73, William Roxburgh's 'Botanical description of a new species of Swietenia (Mahogany) and other overlooked binomials in 36 vascular plant families'. He then renamed it as a synonym of Tulipa persica (Lindl.) Sweet (as it was native to Iran). [4]

Then in 1984, P.H. Davis, in 'Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands' Vol.8 on pages 1–632. It was renamed as Tulipa undulatifolia, [4] which was agreed by the botanists at Kew. [13] The RHS considered it to be a synonym of Tulipa undulatifoliaBoiss, [3] so do the United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service as of 6 August 2013. [27] It is also in the World Economic Plants book as Tulipa undulatifolia, [28] and other sources. [9]

Then in 2013, D. Everett, in his book 'The genus Tulipa, Tulips of the world' by Kew publishing. He cited it as Tulipa undulatifolia var. undulatifolia. [4] This name was accepted by the Pacific Bulb Society. [15]

Although, Tulipa eichleri is still an accepted name by some botanic sources. [29] [30] [31]

Distribution and habitat

Tulipa eichleri is native to temperate areas of Central Asia. [27]

Range

It is found in Turkey (previously known as Asia Minor, [8] ) and Iran, [15] [3] [7] and the Caucasus Mountains, [3] [6] [32] including the Transcaucasian region (South Caucasus or Georgia), [5] [33] [34] and Azerbaijan. [32]

Some sources also adds Greece to the list. [15] [7]

Habitat

It is found on dry slopes and in shrubby woods within the lower mountain belt altitudes. [32]

It grows on the steppes of Georgia, with other plant species such as Seseli granivittatum , Teucrium nuchense , Teucrim pollium , Thymus tifisiensis , Scorzonera eriosperma , Psephellus carthialinicus , Carex bordzilowskii , Tulipa biebersteinii and Iris iberica . [33]

Conservation

It is very rare in the wild and is only occasionally cultivated. [13]

It is listed (as part of the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book) as a Georgian Red Data species. [35] [36]

500 seeds have been placed in the Millennium Seed Bank Project. [35]

In Georgia, the locations of many rare species (Tulipa eichleri and Iris iberica) are decreasing in numbers. Especially, near the roadsides and near the settled areas. This is due to the decimation of vegetation cover. Also, the impacts of irrigation systems and the change of use into land for agriculture (to grow cotton grass, wheat, barley, corn, and vines). [37]

Cultivation

Stamp of Azerbaijan in 1993 Stamp of Azerbaijan - 1993 - Colnect 287780 - Tulipa eichleri.jpeg
Stamp of Azerbaijan in 1993

It is only occasionally cultivated and generally only grown by specialist tulip growers, [13] as it is also used for hybridization purposes. [7]

It is hardy down to -30 °F. [11] In America, this equates to USDA Zones 4 through 8. [9] A hot dry summer and cold winter is essential for the plant to re-flower again, so in warmer climates it is recommended that the bulbs should be dug up and chilled for 3 – 4 months and then planted out in mid winter or spring. [7] They can remain undivided for several years within garden borders, rock gardens and in naturalized (grassy) areas, [12] [7] or in pots or containers, if they are given a feed of a top dressing every autumn. [8] They can tolerate positions in full sun to partial shade, [12] but prefer a sunny position. [7] in soil that is humus rich, moist and well drained. [7] They should be planted in fall or spring, 8 cm (3.1 in) apart and 13 cm (5.1 in) deep. [7]

It is thought to be a vigorous plant that will multiply rapidly, [6] [9] but it can be propagated by offsets (mini bulblets coming off the side of the main bulb), but it may take up to 3 years before they flower. [6] It is recommended that gardeners allow the foliage to die back or fade. Then the flower heads can be removed after blooming (or remove the seed pods, if they develop). These actions will allow the energy to go back into the bulb to produce next year's flowers. [12]

Culture

In 1993, a postage stamp in Azerbaijan, within the flowers series was issued with a image of the tulip. [38]

Related Research Articles

<i>Tulipa turkestanica</i> Species of flowering plant

Tulipa turkestanica, the Turkestan tulip, is a species of tulip native to Central Asia. It was first described by Eduard August von Regel in 1873 as a variety of T. sylvestris, then elevated to full species status two years later.

<i>Tulipa gesneriana</i> Species of plant

Tulipa gesneriana, the Didier's tulip or garden tulip, is a species of plant in the lily family, cultivated as an ornamental in many countries because of its large, showy flowers. This tall, late-blooming species has a single blooming flower and linear or broadly lanceolate leaves. This is a complex hybridized neo-species, and can also be called Tulipa × gesneriana. Most of the cultivars of tulip are derived from Tulipa gesneriana. It has become naturalised in parts of central and southern Europe and scattered locations in North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tulip</span> Genus of plants

Tulips are spring-blooming perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes in the Tulipa genus. Their flowers are usually large, showy, and brightly coloured, generally red, orange, pink, yellow, or white. They often have a different coloured blotch at the base of the tepals, internally. Because of a degree of variability within the populations and a long history of cultivation, classification has been complex and controversial. The tulip is a member of the lily family, Liliaceae, along with 14 other genera, where it is most closely related to Amana, Erythronium, and Gagea in the tribe Lilieae.

<i>Tulipa armena</i> Species of plant in the family Liliaceae

Tulipa armena is a species of flowering plant in the Liliaceae family. It is referred to by the common name Armenian tulip, and is native to the historical Armenian Highlands as the name implies; current regions of Armenia, modern day Turkey, Iran, South Caucasus, and Azerbaijan.

<i>Tulipa humilis</i> Species of flowering plant

Tulipa humilis is a species of flowering plant in the lily family, found in Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Turkey, Iran, and the North Caucasus region of Russia. The flowers are pink with yellow centers. Its preferred habitat are rocky mountain slopes. It is known by several other names in horticulture.

<i>Tulipa sprengeri</i> Species of flowering plant

Tulipa sprengeri, or Sprenger's tulip, is a wild tulip from the Pontic coast of Turkey. It is quite rare and possibly extinct in the wild, but widely cultivated as an ornamental.

<i>Tulipa suaveolens</i> Species of flowering plant

Tulipa suaveolens, synonym Tulipa schrenkii, the van Thol tulip or Schrenck's tulip, is a bulbous herbaceous perennial of species of tulip (Tulipa) in the family of the Liliaceae. It belongs to the section Tulipa. It is the probable wild ancestor of the garden tulip.

<i>Tulipa linifolia</i> Species of flowering plant

Tulipa linifolia, the flax-leaved tulip or Bokhara tulip, is a species of flowering plant in the tulip genus Tulipa, family Liliaceae, native to Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, northern Iran and Afghanistan. Growing to 20 cm (8 in) tall, it is a bulbous perennial with wavy red-margined sword-shaped leaves, and bowl-shaped red flowers in early to mid-spring. Each petal has blackish marks at the base.

<i>Tulipa dasystemon</i> Species of flowering plant

Tulipa dasystemon, synonym Tulipa neustruevae, is a bulbous herbaceous perennial species of tulip (Tulipa) in the family Liliaceae. It belongs to the section Biflores.

Tulipa aleppensis is a wild tulip in the family Liliaceae. It is native to Southeastern Turkey, Syria, near Beirut in Lebanon.

<i>Tulipa agenensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Tulipa agenensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Liliaceae. It is native to Turkey, Iran, Cyprus, the Aegean Islands, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, and naturalized in the central and western Mediterranean.

<i>Tulipa sylvestris</i> Species of flowering plant

Tulipa sylvestris, the wild tulip or woodland tulip, is a Eurasian and North African species of wild tulip, a plant in the lily family. Its native range extends from Portugal and Morocco to western China, covering most of the Mediterranean and Black Sea Basins, and Central Asia. The species is also cultivated as an ornamental and naturalized in central and northern Europe as well as a few scattered locations in North America. It was first recorded as being naturalised in Britain in the late 17th century.

<i>Tulipa hungarica</i> Species of plant in the genus Tulipa

Tulipa hungarica, the Danube tulip, Banat tulip or Rhodope tulip, is a species of flowering plant in the family Liliaceae. It is also in the subgenus Tulipa. It is found on the rocky mountainsides of Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and Slovenia, especially along the gorges of the river Danube. It has small bright yellow flowers in spring and blue-grey leaves.

<i>Tulipa alberti</i> Species of plant in the genus Tulipa

Tulipa alberti, or Albert's tulip, is a species of flowering plant in the family Liliaceae. It has long reddish, orange or pink flowers. It comes from the mountains of Central Asia.

Taxonomy of <i>Tulipa</i>

The taxonomy of Tulipa places the genus in the family Liliaceae, and subdivides it as four subgenera, and comprises about 75 species.

<i>Tulipa montana</i> Species of plant in the genus Tulipa

Tulipa montana is a species of tulip native to the mountains of Iran and Turkmenistan. With its deep red petals it has been proposed as a candidate for the Biblical Rose of Sharon, whose identity is unknown.

<i>Tulipa biflora</i> Species of plant in the genus Tulipa

Tulipa biflora, the two-flowered tulip, is a species of tulip, native to the former Yugoslavia, Crimea, Anatolia, the Caucasus, southern Russia, Egypt, the Middle East, Central Asia, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Xinjiang in China. It has many synonyms, including Tulipa polychroma.

<i>Tulipa fosteriana</i> Species of plant in the genus Tulipa

Tulipa fosteriana is a species of tulip, native to the Pamir Mountains and nearby areas of Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

<i>Tulipa kaufmanniana</i> Species of plant in the genus Tulipa

Tulipa kaufmanniana, the water lily tulip, is a species of tulip native to Central Asia.

<i>Tulipa praestans</i> Species of plant in the genus Tulipa

Tulipa praestans is a species of tulip native to the mountains of Tajikistan. Many well known cultivars have been formed from the original plant.

References

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  17. ↑ Arend Jan van der Horst and Jan Bader The Tulip: Symbol of Sun and Spring (2001) at Google Books
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  19. ↑ Boston (Mass.) Superintendent of Common and Public Grounds Annual Report of the Superintendent of Common and Public Grounds 1889 , p. 40, at Google Books
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  21. ↑ Indian National Science Academy Proceedings, Volume 45, Part 2, 1979 at Google Books
  22. ↑ Archibald William Smith A Gardener's Handbook of Plant Names: Their Meanings and Origins , p. 140, at Google Books
  23. 1 2 "Liliaceae Tulipa eichleri Regel". ipni.org. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  24. ↑ Eduard August von Regel Gartenflora, Volume 23 , p. 192, at Google Books
  25. ↑ H.J. Elwen The Garden: An Illustrated Weekly Journal of Gardening in All Its Branches, Volume 9, 1876 at Google Books
  26. ↑ Frederick James Chittenden RHS, Some Good Garden Plants (1938) , p. 136, at Google Books
  27. 1 2 "Tulipa eichleri Regel". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  28. ↑ John H. Wiersema and Blanca León World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference, Second Edition (1999) , p. 702, at Google Books
  29. ↑ Zonneveld, B.J.M. (2009). "The systematic value of nuclear genome size for "all" species of Tulipa L. (Liliaceae)". Plant Syst. Evol. 281 (1–4): 217–245. doi: 10.1007/s00606-009-0203-7 . S2CID   28406617.
  30. ↑ Takhtajan, A.L., ed. (2003–2012). Konspekt flory Kavkaza [Caucasian Flora Conspectus] (1–3 ed.). Saint Petersburg: KMK Scientifik Press. pp. 1–466.
  31. ↑ Van Raamsdonk, L.W.D.; De Vries, T. (1995). "Species Relationships and Taxonomy in Tulipa subgenus Tulipa L." Plant Systematics and Evolution. 195: 13–44. doi:10.1007/BF00982313. S2CID   20898836.
  32. 1 2 3 "MBG: Research: Rare, Endangered and Vulnerable Plants of the Republic of Georgia". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  33. 1 2 George Nakhutsrishvili The Vegetation of Georgia (South Caucasus) , p. 26, at Google Books
  34. ↑ Akhalkatsi, Maia AU; Kimeridze, Mariam (February 2017). "Diversity of Georgian flora relationship of the Earth's climate". The Union of Nature Explorers "Orchis" Journal. 4: 1–24.
  35. 1 2 Mikatadze-Pantsulaia, Tsira; Barblishvili, Tinatin; Trivedi, Clare; Kikodze, David; Khutsishvili, Manana (2010). "Ex situ conservation of some endemic and protected plant species in Georgia". Kew Bulletin. 65 (4): 643–648. doi:10.1007/s12225-010-9242-z. S2CID   25157567.
  36. ↑ Kacharava, V.; Ketskhoveli, N.; Kurashvili, B.; Maruashili (1982). Red Data Book of the Georgian SSR (Rare and Endangered Species of Animals and Plants, Some Monuments of Inorganic Nature) (in Georgian). Tbilisi: Sabchota Sakartvelo Press.
  37. ↑ Nikolaishvili, Dali (26 April 2022). "Plant Diversity and General Vegetation of Georgia". In Öztürk, Münir; Altay, Volkan; Efe, Recep (eds.). Biodiversity, Conservation and Sustainability in Asia. Springer Cham. pp. 393–420. ISBN   978-3-030-59930-0.
  38. ↑ "Stamp › Tulipa eichleri". colnect.com. Retrieved 7 April 2021.

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