Tulipa sprengeri

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Tulipa sprengeri
Tulipa-sprengeri-flowers.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Subfamily: Lilioideae
Tribe: Lilieae
Genus: Tulipa
Subgenus: Tulipa subg. Eriostemones
Species:
T. sprengeri
Binomial name
Tulipa sprengeri
Baker
Synonyms

Tulipa brachyantheraFreyn

Tulipa sprengeri, or Sprenger's tulip, is a wild tulip from the Pontic coast of Turkey. It is quite rare and possibly extinct in the wild, [1] but widely cultivated as an ornamental.

Contents

Daniel Hall put it into the Kolpakowskiana group, [2] later in the "solitary species". [3] Wessel Marais placed it in section Tulipa because of its naked filament. [4] Genetically, it seems to belong to the section Eriostemones, even if it does not have a hairy filament, normally seen as a defining characteristic, whereas glabrous filaments are typical of the Tulipa-group. [5] It is diploid. [6] The locus typicus is Amasya.

Sprenger's tulip Tulipa sprengeri.jpg
Sprenger's tulip

Identification and synonyms

The plant is easy to identify.[ citation needed ]
Synonyms:

Description

The tunic of the bulb is papery, glabrous, chestnut-coloured and only slightly hairy near the stem. The five to six leaves are linear-lanceolate, channeled, bright green and up to 25 cm long. The stem is 20-30, sometimes up to 40 cm long. There is only one flower per bulb, the buds are upright and bright green. [9] The flower is bright red without a basal blotch. [10] The obovate tepals are long and pointed, the oblong-elliptic outer tepals slightly shorter and light brown or yellowish on the outside, sometimes there is a green seam along the midrib, widening towards the tip. They are very narrow on the base, often leaving a gap. The flower itself is funnel-, later star-shaped. The filaments are glabrous, bright red at the top, pale yellow at base, 19–22 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide at tip, the swollen base is 3–4 mm wide. [11] The anthers are yellow. [12] In England, it flowers in May and early June, the latest of the species tulips. The flowering time in the wild is unknown.

History

The plant was introduced to Europe by the German gardener Mühlendorff in 1892, who discovered it near Amasya. It is named after Carl Sprenger, a commercial gardener, who also published a description of the plant. [13] The first scientific description was produced by J. Gilbert Baker in 1894 in The Gardeners' Chronicle. [14] Mühlendorff sent bulbs to the nursery of Damman&Cie near Naples in Italy, which then supplied numerous bulbs to European gardeners between 1895 and 1898. [15] The Armenian teacher J. J. Manissadijan from Merzifon supplied bulbs to the Dutch company Van Tubergen [16] and John Hoog. [17] He also sold other rare plants, like Iris gatesii to Dutch commercial gardeners. [18] Obviously, too many bulbs were taken from the wild, and the plant became extinct. [19] Later, he had to flee the country. [20] The Englishman Edward Whittall from Izmir seems to have supplied Damman & Sprenger as well. [21] No wild plants have been recorded since the First World War. [22]

There are no descriptions of the wild habitat of the plant. [23] Sprenger's tulip is grown in over 30 Botanical gardens, among them Kew, Kopenhagen, Bonn and Edinburgh, [24] it is also widely available from commercial nurseries. M. Rix believes that it may yet be rediscovered in the wild. [25]

The Atatürk Arboretum in Istanbul has initiated a reintroduction project in co-operation with Kew Gardens. [26] Genetic studies have shown that the tulips grown at Kew have retained a relatively wide genetic diversity. [27] The story of the single misplaced bulb supplied by J. J. "Manissaadjian" to Van Tubergen [28] therefore seems spurious.

Cultivation

Sprenger's tulip is easy to grow. [29] It can be naturalised. It also successfully self-seeds, the seeds need to be stratified. The plant needs only four years till flowering-stage. The plant needs a sunny but not too hot or semi-shady position. It should be planted 10–15 cm deep in well-drained, fairly fertile, humus-rich but not too dry soil. It may need protection from strong winds, but is frosthardy to - 10 °C, as long as the soil is not waterlogged or excessively wet. The plant tends to root very deeply and can thus be difficult to eradicate. [30] It received the RHS Award of Garden Merit in 1948 [31] and 1993. [32]

It rarely hybridizes because of the late flowering time. [33] The bulbs dislike being disturbed and are difficult to move. [34] The plant suffers excessively from aphids.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liliaceae</span> Family of flowering plants in order Liliales, including lilies

The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fair amount of morphological diversity despite genetic similarity. Common characteristics include large flowers with parts arranged in threes: with six colored or patterned petaloid tepals arranged in two whorls, six stamens and a superior ovary. The leaves are linear in shape, with their veins usually arranged parallel to the edges, single and arranged alternating on the stem, or in a rosette at the base. Most species are grown from bulbs, although some have rhizomes. First described in 1789, the lily family became a paraphyletic "catch-all" (wastebasket) group of lilioid monocots that did not fit into other families and included a great number of genera now included in other families and in some cases in other orders. Consequently, many sources and descriptions labelled "Liliaceae" deal with the broader sense of the family.

<i>Tulipa gesneriana</i> Species of plant

Tulipa gesneriana, the Didier's tulip or garden tulip, is a species of plant in the lily family, cultivated as an ornamental in many countries because of its large, showy flowers. This tall, late-blooming species has a single blooming flower and linear or broadly lanceolate leaves. This is a complex hybridized neo-species, and can also be called Tulipa × gesneriana. Most of the cultivars of tulip are derived from Tulipa gesneriana. It has become naturalised in parts of central and southern Europe and scattered locations in North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tulip</span> Genus of plants

Tulips are spring-blooming perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes in the Tulipa genus. Their flowers are usually large, showy, and brightly coloured, generally red, orange, pink, yellow, or white. They often have a different coloured blotch at the base of the tepals, internally. Because of a degree of variability within the populations and a long history of cultivation, classification has been complex and controversial. The tulip is a member of the lily family, Liliaceae, along with 14 other genera, where it is most closely related to Amana, Erythronium, and Gagea in the tribe Lilieae.

<i>Tecophilaea cyanocrocus</i> Species of plant

Tecophilaea cyanocrocus, the Chilean blue crocus, is a flowering perennial plant that is native to Chile, growing at 2,000 to 3,000 m elevation on dry, stony slopes in the Andes mountains. Although it had survived in cultivation due to its use as a greenhouse and landscape plant, it was believed to be extinct in the wild due to overcollecting, overgrazing, and general destruction of habitat, until it was rediscovered in 2001.

<i>Tulipa urumiensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Tulipa urumiensis, the late tulip or tardy tulip, is a species of flowering plant in the family Liliaceae. It is a perennial growing from a bulb. By some sources the accepted name is Tulipa tarda. It has a leathery tunic that is glabrous on the inside. It has up to seven linear green leaves that can be up to 20 cm long. The stem is between 4 and 20 cm long. The yellow flowers have white tips, anthers and stamen are yellow.

<i>Tulipa armena</i> Species of plant in the family Liliaceae

Tulipa armena is a species of flowering plant in the Liliaceae family. It is referred to by the common name Armenian tulip, and is native to the historical Armenian Highlands as the name implies; current regions of Armenia, modern day Turkey, Iran, South Caucasus, and Azerbaijan.

<i>Tulipa humilis</i> Species of flowering plant

Tulipa humilis is a species of flowering plant in the lily family, found in Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Turkey, Iran, and the North Caucasus region of Russia. The flowers are pink with yellow centers. Its preferred habitat are rocky mountain slopes. It is known by several other names in horticulture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">J. J. Manissadijan</span>

J. J. Manissadjian (1862–1942) was a botanist who lived in the Ottoman Empire. Manissadijan left the Ottoman Empire after its collapse and emigrated to the United States.

<i>Tulipa suaveolens</i> Species of flowering plant

Tulipa suaveolens, synonym Tulipa schrenkii, the van Thol tulip or Schrenck's tulip, is a bulbous herbaceous perennial of species of tulip (Tulipa) in the family of the Liliaceae. It belongs to the section Tulipa. It is the probable wild ancestor of the garden tulip.

<i>Tulipa dasystemon</i> Species of flowering plant

Tulipa dasystemon, synonym Tulipa neustruevae, is a bulbous herbaceous perennial species of tulip (Tulipa) in the family Liliaceae. It belongs to the section Biflores.

Tulipa aleppensis is a wild tulip in the family Liliaceae. It is native to Southeastern Turkey, Syria, near Beirut in Lebanon.

<i>Tulipa agenensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Tulipa agenensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Liliaceae. It is native to Turkey, Iran, Cyprus, the Aegean Islands, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, and naturalized in the central and western Mediterranean.

<i>Tulipa sylvestris</i> Species of flowering plant

Tulipa sylvestris, the wild tulip or woodland tulip, is a Eurasian and North African species of wild tulip, a plant in the lily family. Its native range extends from Portugal and Morocco to western China, covering most of the Mediterranean and Black Sea Basins, and Central Asia. The species is also cultivated as an ornamental and naturalized in central and northern Europe as well as a few scattered locations in North America. It was first recorded as being naturalised in Britain in the late 17th century.

<i>Tulipa eichleri</i> Species of plant in the genus Tulipa

Tulipa eichleri, commonly known as Eichler tulip or Eichler's tulip, is a species of tulip. It is a bulbous flowering perennial with long green leaves,deep red flowers with a central black blotch, coming from the Caucasus Mountains.

Taxonomy of <i>Tulipa</i>

The taxonomy of Tulipa places the genus in the family Liliaceae, and subdivides it as four subgenera, and comprises about 75 species.

<i>Tulipa orphanidea</i> Species of plant in the family Liliaceae

Tulipa orphanidea is a species of flowering plant in the Liliaceae family. It was described by Pierre Edmond Boissier and Theodor Heinrich Hermann von Heldreich (1862).

<i>Tulipa montana</i> Species of plant in the genus Tulipa

Tulipa montana is a species of tulip native to the mountains of Iran and Turkmenistan. With its deep red petals it has been proposed as a candidate for the Biblical Rose of Sharon, whose identity is unknown.

<i>Tulipa biflora</i> Species of plant in the genus Tulipa

Tulipa biflora, the two-flowered tulip, is a species of tulip, native to the former Yugoslavia, Crimea, Anatolia, the Caucasus, southern Russia, Egypt, the Middle East, Central Asia, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Xinjiang in China. It has many synonyms, including Tulipa polychroma.

<i>Tulipa fosteriana</i> Species of plant in the genus Tulipa

Tulipa fosteriana is a species of tulip, native to the Pamir Mountains and nearby areas of Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

<i>Tulipa praestans</i> Species of plant in the genus Tulipa

Tulipa praestans is a species of tulip native to the mountains of Tajikistan. Many well known cultivars have been formed from the original plant.

References

  1. ↑ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ↑ Daniel Hall, Polyploidy in Tulips, Linnean Journal of Botany 50, 1936, 488
  3. ↑ Daniel Hall, The Genus Tulipa, 1940
  4. ↑ Wessel Marais, Tulipa L. In: Peter Hadland Davis; R. R Mill; Kit Tan (eds.), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 8, Edinburgh University Press 1984, 302-311
  5. ↑ Michael F. Fay, Katherine Borland, Stranc, P., Chase, M. W. 2001, Phylogenetics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae): evidence from five plastid DNA regions. Botany 2001 Abstracts, 112 (http://www.botany2001.org/botany2001b.pdf); Maarten J. M. Christenhusz, Rafaël Govaerts, John C. David, Tony Hall, Katherine Borland, Penelope S. Roberts, Anne Tuomisto, Sven Buerki, Mark W. Chase, Michael F. Fay, Tiptoe through the tulips – cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 172, 2013, 289, but compare Mine Turktaş, Özge Karakaş Metin, Berk Baştuğ, Fahriye Ertuğrul, Yasemin Izgi Saraç, Erdal Kaya, Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Tulipa (Liliaceae) based on noncoding plastid and nuclear DNA sequences with an emphasis on Turkey. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 172, 2013, 270–279 for different results
  6. ↑ W. C. F. Newton, Chromosome Studies in Tulipa and some related Genera. Linnean Journal of Botany 48, 1926, 341
  7. ↑ Josef Freyn, Über neue und bemerkenswerthe orientalische Pflanzenarten, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 4, 1896, 187
  8. ↑ Richard Wilford, Michael F. Fay, Tulipa sprengeri. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 24, 2007, 211
  9. ↑ Richard Wilford, Michael F. Fay, Tulipa sprengeri. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 24, 2007, 212
  10. ↑ Richard Wilford, Tulips. Species and Hybrids for the Gardener. Portland, Timber Press 2006, 148
  11. ↑ Richard Wilford, Michael F. Fay, Tulipa sprengeri. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 24, 2007, 215
  12. ↑ Anna Pavord, The Tulip. London, Bloomsbury 1999, 333
  13. ↑ Carl Sprenger, Tulipa sprengeri. Gartenflora 44, 1895, 57–58
  14. ↑ J. Gilbert Baker, Tulipa sprengeri, Garden Chronicle ser. 3, 15, 1894, 716
  15. ↑ Mike Maunder, Robyn S. Cowan, Penelope Stranc, Michael F. Fay, The genetic status and conservation management of two cultivated bulb species extinct in the wild: Tecophilaea cyanocrocus (Chile) and Tulipa sprengeri (Turkey). Conservation Genetics 2, 2001, 194
  16. ↑ Anna Pavord, The Tulip. London, Bloomsbury 1999, 332
  17. ↑ Richard Wilford, Michael F. Fay, Tulipa sprengeri. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 24, 2007, 211
  18. ↑ Mentioned, for example, by Joseph Freyn, Über neue und bemerkenswerthe orientalische Pflanzenarten, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 4, 1896, 187; Mémoires de l'Herbier Boissier 1900, 9 in the context of new species of Astragalus and Hedysarum xanthinum Freyn f. variegata form "Amasia" (Amaysa) (ibd, 19)
  19. ↑ Anna Pavord, Bulb, London, Mitchell Beazley 2009, 468; Mike Maunder, Robyn S. Cowan, Penelope Stranc, Michael F. Fay, The genetic status and conservation management of two cultivated bulb species extinct in the wild: Tecophilaea cyanocrocus (Chile) and Tulipa sprengeri (Turkey). Conservation Genetics 2, 2001, 193
  20. ↑ Anna Pavord, The Tulip. London, Bloomsbury 1999, 332
  21. ↑ Mike Maunder, Robyn S. Cowan, Penelope Stranc, Michael F. Fay, The genetic status and conservation management of two cultivated bulb species extinct in the wild: Tecophilaea cyanocrocus (Chile) and Tulipa sprengeri (Turkey). Conservation Genetics 2, 2001, 194
  22. ↑ Mike Maunder, Robyn S. Cowan, Penelope Stranc, Michael F. Fay, The genetic status and conservation management of two cultivated bulb species extinct in the wild: Tecophilaea cyanocrocus (Chile) and Tulipa sprengeri (Turkey). Conservation Genetics 2, 2001, 194; Richard Wilford, Michael F. Fay, Tulipa sprengeri. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 24, 2007, 211
  23. ↑ Mike Maunder, Robyn S. Cowan, Penelope Stranc, Michael F. Fay, The genetic status and conservation management of two cultivated bulb species extinct in the wild: Tecophilaea cyanocrocus (Chile) and Tulipa sprengeri (Turkey). Conservation Genetics 2, 2001, 194
  24. ↑ Mike Maunder, Robyn S. Cowan, Penelope Stranc, Michael F. Fay, The genetic status and conservation management of two cultivated bulb species extinct in the wild: Tecophilaea cyanocrocus (Chile) and Tulipa sprengeri (Turkey). Conservation Genetics 2, 2001, 193-195
  25. ↑ Martyn Rix, Curtis's Botanical Magazine 24/4, 2007, 205
  26. ↑ Mike Maunder, Robyn S. Cowan, Penelope Stranc, Michael F. Fay, The genetic status and conservation management of two cultivated bulb species extinct in the wild: Tecophilaea cyanocrocus (Chile) and Tulipa sprengeri (Turkey). Conservation Genetics 2, 2001, 195
  27. ↑ Mike Maunder, Robyn S. Cowan, Penelope Stranc, Michael F. Fay, The genetic status and conservation management of two cultivated bulb species extinct in the wild: Tecophilaea cyanocrocus (Chile) and Tulipa sprengeri (Turkey). Conservation Genetics 2, 2001, 199
  28. ↑ "Tulipa Species Four | Pacific Bulb Society".
  29. ↑ Richard Wilford, Tulips. Species and Hybrids for the Gardener. Portland, Timber Press 2006, 147
  30. ↑ "Tulipa Species Four | Pacific Bulb Society".
  31. ↑ Richard Wilford, Michael F. Fay, Tulipa sprengeri. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 24, 2007, 212
  32. ↑ "Tulipa sprengeri". www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  33. ↑ Richard Wilford, Michael F. Fay, Tulipa sprengeri. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 24, 2007, 213
  34. ↑ Richard Wilford, Michael F. Fay, Tulipa sprengeri. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 24, 2007, 213

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