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The euro is the official currency of 20 of the 27 member states of the European Union. This group of states is officially known as the euro area or, more commonly, the eurozone. The euro is divided into 100 euro cents.
The economy of Germany is a highly developed social market economy. It has the largest national economy in Europe, the third-largest by nominal GDP in the world, and fifth by GDP (PPP). Due to a volatile currency exchange rate, Germany's GDP as measured in dollars fluctuates sharply. In 2017, the country accounted for 28% of the euro area economy according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Germany is a founding member of the European Union and the eurozone.
The economy of Latvia is an open economy in Europe and is part of the European Single Market. Latvia is a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1999, a member of the European Union since 2004, a member of the Eurozone since 2014 and a member of the OECD since 2016. Latvia is ranked the 14th in the world by the Ease of Doing Business Index prepared by the World Bank Group. According to the Human Development Report 2011, Latvia belongs to the group of very high human development countries. Due to its geographical location, transit services are highly developed, along with timber and wood processing, agriculture and food products, and manufacturing of machinery and electronic devices.
The renminbi is the official currency of the People's Republic of China. It is the world's 5th most traded currency as of April 2022.
The euro area, commonly called the eurozone (EZ), is a currency union of 20 member states of the European Union (EU) that have adopted the euro (€) as their primary currency and sole legal tender, and have thus fully implemented EMU policies.
The Hong Kong dollar is the official currency of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. It is subdivided into 100 cents or 1000 mils. The Hong Kong Monetary Authority is the monetary authority of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong dollar.
The Syrian pound or lira is the currency of Syria. It is issued by the Central Bank of Syria. The pound is nominally divided into 100 piastres, although piastre coins are no longer issued. All banknotes and coins below 50 pounds are practically worthless by Dec 2022.
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4, with some mixture of ethane, C2H6) that has been cooled down to liquid form for ease and safety of non-pressurized storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state at standard conditions for temperature and pressure.
The Henry Hub is a distribution hub on the natural gas pipeline system in Erath, Louisiana, owned by Sabine Pipe Line LLC, a subsidiary of EnLink Midstream Partners LP who purchased the asset from Chevron Corporation in 2014. Due to its importance, it lends its name to the pricing point for natural gas futures contracts traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) and the OTC swaps traded on Intercontinental Exchange (ICE).
Business Wire is an American company that disseminates full-text press releases from thousands of companies and organizations worldwide to news media, financial markets, disclosure systems, investors, information web sites, databases, bloggers, social networks and other audiences. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway.
Natural gas prices, as with other commodity prices, are mainly driven by supply and demand fundamentals. However, natural gas prices may also be linked to the price of crude oil and petroleum products, especially in continental Europe. Natural gas prices in the US had historically followed oil prices, but in the recent years, it has decoupled from oil and is now trending somewhat with coal prices.
The National Balancing Point, commonly referred to as the NBP, is a virtual trading location for the sale and purchase and exchange of natural gas in the United Kingdom. It is the pricing and delivery point for the ICE Futures Europe (IntercontinentalExchange) natural gas futures contract. It is the second most liquid gas trading point in Europe and has a major influence on the price that domestic consumers pay for their gas. Gas at the NBP trades in pence per therm. It is similar in concept to the Henry Hub in the United States but differs in that it is not an actual physical location.
Gunvor Group Ltd is a multinational energy commodities trading company registered in Cyprus, with its main trading office in Geneva, Switzerland. Gunvor also has trading offices in Singapore, Houston, Stamford, London and Dubai, with a network of representative offices around the globe. The company operates in the trade, transport, storage and optimization of petroleum and other energy products, as well as having investments in oil terminal and port facilities. Its operations consist of securing crude oil and petroleum products upstream and delivering it to market via pipelines and tankers. Gunvor has a separate company, Nyera, set up in 2021 to invest in renewable energy sources. It is run by energy transition director Fredrik Tornqvist.
Vitol is a Swiss-based Dutch multinational energy and commodity trading company that was founded in Rotterdam in 1966 by Henk Viëtor and Jacques Detiger. Though trading, logistics and distribution are at the core of its business, these are notably complemented by refining, shipping, terminals, exploration and production, power generation, and retail businesses. Vitol has over 40 offices worldwide, with its largest operations in Geneva, Houston, London, and Singapore.
VTP is a proprietary Layer 2 messaging protocol.
Central European Gas Hub AG is a natural gas company based in Vienna, Austria. It was founded in 2005 as a subsidiary of OMV Gas & Power GmbH. In December 2009, CEGH, together with Wiener Börse AG, opened the CEGH Gas Exchange Spot Market. The Futures market followed in December 2010. CEGH is owned by OMV Gas & Power GmbH (65%), Wiener Börse AG 20% and the Slovak gas transmission system operator eustream a.s. (15%).
Ven is a representative digital currency. Its origin was as a community currency created by the Hub Culture social network. It claims the value of Ven is determined by backing currencies, commodities and assets. Because the currency is privately run, the true value is impossible to verify. It trades against major currencies at floating exchange rates. Ven was listed as of 2014 on the LMAX Exchange.
The Gas exchange point - North, commonly referred to as PEG Nord, is one of 3 virtual trading locations for the sale, purchase and exchange of natural gas and LNG in France. It is one of the pricing and delivery points for Powernext natural gas futures contracts. It is the sixth most liquid gas trading point in Europe. Gas at the PEG Nord is traded on the Powernext exchange.
The Gas exchange point - South, commonly referred to as PEG Sud, was one of 3 virtual trading locations for the sale, purchase and exchange of natural gas and LNG in France. It was one of the pricing and delivery points for Powernext natural gas futures contracts. Gas at the PEG Nord is traded on the Powernext exchange. On April 1, 2015, it was merged with PEG TIGF (France) into the TRS.
Oculus, may refer to the following
References
- ↑ Thorsten Koch, Benjamin Hiller, Marc E. Pfetsch, Evaluating Gas Network Capacities, 2015, Page 51.
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