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The Jin dynasty or Jin Empire,officially known as the Great Jin,was an imperial dynasty of China that existed between 1115 and 1234. Its name is sometimes written as Kin,Jinn,or Chin in English to differentiate it from an earlier Jìn dynasty whose name is rendered identically in Hanyu Pinyin without the tone marking. It is also sometimes called the "Jurchen dynasty" or the "Jurchen Jin",because members of the ruling Wanyan clan were of Jurchen descent.
Emperor Taizu of Jin,personal name Aguda,sinicised name Min,was the founder and first emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He was originally the chieftain of the Wanyan tribe,the most dominant among the Jurchen tribes which were subjects of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. Starting in 1114,Aguda united the Jurchen tribes under his rule and rebelled against the Liao dynasty. A year later,he declared himself emperor and established the Jin dynasty. By the time of his death,the Jin dynasty had conquered most of the Liao dynasty's territories and emerged as a major power in northern China. In 1145,he was posthumously honoured with the temple name Taizu by his descendant Emperor Xizong.
Emperor Shizong of Jin,personal name Wulu,sinicised name Wanyan Yong,was the fifth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. Ruling from 1161 to 1189 under the era name "Dading",Emperor Shizong's reign was the longest and most stable among the Jin emperors.
Emperor Zhangzong of Jin,personal name Madage,sinicized name Wanyan Jing,was the sixth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He reigned from 20 January 1189 to 29 December 1208.
Emperor Taizong of Jin,personal name Wuqimai,sinicised name Wanyan Sheng,was the second emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. His era name was "Tianhui" (天會). During his reign,the Jin dynasty conquered the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. He then led the Jin in their campaigns against the Song dynasty,captured the Northern Song capital in 1127 and went on to rule most of northern China. After his death,he was posthumously honoured with the temple name Taizong by his successor,Emperor Xizong.
Digunai,also known by his sinicised name Wanyan Liang and his formal title Prince of Hailing,was the fourth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He was the second son of Wanyan Zonggan,the eldest son of the dynastic founder Wanyan Aguda. He came to power in 1150 after overthrowing and murdering his predecessor,Emperor Xizong,in a coup d'état. During his reign,he moved the Jin capital from Shangjing to Yanjing,and introduced a policy of sinicisation. In 1161,after the Jin dynasty lost the Battle of Caishi against the Southern Song dynasty,Digunai's subordinates rebelled against him and assassinated him. After his death,even though he ruled as an emperor during his lifetime,he was posthumously demoted to the status of a prince –"Prince Yang of Hailing" (海陵煬王) –in 1162 by his successor,Emperor Shizong. However,in 1181,Emperor Shizong further posthumously demoted him to the status of a commoner,hence he is also known as the "Commoner of Hailing" (海陵庶人).
The Wanyan,alternatively rendered as Wanggiya,was a clan of the Heishui Mohe tribe living in the drainage region of the Heilong River during the time of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. Of the Heishui Mohe,the clan was counted by the Liao dynasty among the "uncivilized Jurchens" (生女真),indicating that the clan was not subject to the direct rule of the Liao emperors. Those Heishui Mohe clans ruled by the Liao dynasty were referred to as "civilized Jurchens" (熟女真). The Wanyan clan later founded the Jin dynasty.
Helibo,alternatively rendered as Horimbo (1039—1092),was a chieftain of the Wanyan tribe,the most dominant among the Jurchen tribes which later founded the Jin dynasty (1115–1234). He was the second son of Wugunai. Like his grandfather,Shilu,Horimbo was appointed chieftain of the Wanyan tribe by the Khitan-led Liao dynasty,which ruled northern China between the 10th and 11th centuries.
Emperor Xuanzong of Jin,personal name Wudubu,sinicized names Wanyan Xun and Wanyan Congjia,was the eighth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He was the second Jin emperor to be defeated by the Mongol Empire,and the first after they crossed the Great Wall in 1211 during the Jin campaign.
Emperor Aizong of Jin,personal name Ningjiasu,sinicized names Wanyan Shouxu and Wanyan Shouli,was the ninth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He was considered an able emperor who made several reforms beneficial to the Jin dynasty,such as the removal of corrupt officials and the introduction of more lenient tax laws. He also ended the wars against the Southern Song dynasty,and canceled the Treaty of Shaoxing,free of obligation,instead focusing the Jin dynasty's military resources on resisting the Mongol invasion. Despite his efforts,the Jin dynasty,already weakened by the flawed policies of his predecessors,eventually fell to the Mongol Empire. He escaped to Caizhou when the Mongols besieged Bianjing,the Jin capital,in 1232. When Caizhou also came under Mongol attack in 1234,he passed the throne to his army marshal Wanyan Chenglin and then committed suicide.
The Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty,also known as the Mongol–Jin War,was fought between the Mongol Empire and the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in Manchuria and North China. The war,which started in 1211,lasted over 23 years and ended with the complete conquest of the Jin dynasty by the Mongols in 1234.
The Battle of Yehuling,also known as the Battle of Wild Fox Ridge,or the Battle of Badger Mouth,was a major decisive battle fought between the Mongol Empire and Jurchen-led Jin dynasty during the first stage of the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty. The battle was fought between August and October 1211 at Yehuling,which is located northwest of present-day Wanquan District,Zhangjiakou,Hebei Province. The battle concluded with a total Mongol victory that allowed them to overrun and conquer the northern part of the Jin. It also hastened the weakening and decline of the Jin dynasty.
Consort Li may refer to:
In the Mongol siege of Kaifeng from 1232 to 1233,the Mongol Empire captured Kaifeng,the capital of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. The Mongol Empire and the Jin dynasty had been at war for nearly two decades,beginning in 1211 after the Jin Dynasty refused the Mongol offer to submit as a vassal. Ögedei Khan sent two armies to besiege Kaifeng,one led by himself,and the other by his brother Tolui. Command of the forces,once they converged into a single army,was given to Subutai who led the siege. The Mongols arrived at the walls of Kaifeng on April 8,1232.
Eastern Liao was a 13th-century kingdom in what is now Northeast China,established by the Khitan Yelüclan in an attempt to resurrect the Liao dynasty. Its capital was situated in modern-day Kaiyuan,Liaoning.
Empress Tudan was the empress of the fourth emperor of the Jurchen-led Chinese Jin dynasty,Digunai. After his murder,she was demoted to commoner status. She was one of three Jin empresses from the Tudan clan.
Empress Mingde of the Wulinda clan,also known by her first posthumous name Empress Zhaode,was the wife of Emperor Shizong of Jin,the fifth emperor of the Jurchen-led Chinese Jin dynasty. Although she committed suicide before her husband became emperor,he proclaimed her empress upon his ascension and never gave the title to any other of his consorts.
Empress Qinhuai of the Pucha clan was the wife of Emperor Zhangzong of Jin,the sixth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. She died before he ascended the throne and was made empress posthumously.
Princess Consort Shao of Wei,also known as Empress Tudan,was the wife of the seventh emperor of the Jurchen-led Chinese Jin dynasty,Wanyan Yongji. After her husband was killed,she was stripped of her title and banished to Zhengzhou.
Wanyan Yungong,Jurchen name Hutuwa,was an imperial prince of China's Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. He was the son of the Emperor Shizong an Empress Mingde. He was the father of the Emperor Zhangzong and Emperor Xuanzong.
References
- ↑ Franke, Herbert (1994). The Cambridge History of China Vol. 6. Cambridge University Press. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5.
- Toqto'a (c. 1345). "Volume 13: Biography of Prince Shao of Wei". History of Jin . China.