White-crowned manakin

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White-crowned manakin
Dixiphia pipra - male.jpg
Male
call recorded in Ecuador
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Pipridae
Genus: Pseudopipra
Kirwan et al, 2016
Species:
P. pipra
Binomial name
Pseudopipra pipra
Distribution.white.crowned.Manakin.png
Synonyms
  • Parus pipra

Linnaeus, 1758

  • Pipra pipra(Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Pipra leucocillaLinnaeus, 1766

The white-crowned manakin (Pseudopipra pipra) is a small passerine bird in the manakin family Pipridae. This common and extremely widespread manakin is one of the most easily identified, even in female plumage. It is a resident breeder in the tropical New World from Costa Rica to northeastern Peru and eastern Brazil. It was traditionally placed in the genus Pipra , but is now placed in its own monotypic genus Pseudopipra. It is a small, compact bird about 10 cm (3.9 in) long. Males have black plumage with a white crown which can be erected as a crest, the only member of the Pipridae to possess both an all-black body and a gleaming white crown. Females and juveniles are olive-green, with a grey head and throat, and greyish-green or olive underparts. At breeding time, males are involved in a lekking behaviour. This is a fairly common species with a wide range, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".

Contents

Taxonomy

The white-crowned manakin was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae and given the binomial name Parus pipra. [2] Linnaeus based his short description on that published by the Dutch collector Albertus Seba in 1735 in his Thesaurus and although Linnaeus specified the location as in Indiis, it is probable that Seba's specimen came from Surinam. [3] [4] The specific name pipra is the Ancient Greek word for a small unidentified bird mentioned by Aristotle. [5] The white-crowned manakin was subsequently placed in the genus Pipra . In 1992, the American ornithologist Richard Prum published a study of the syringeal morphology of birds in Pipra. He found that the genus was polyphyletic and proposed that it should be split with the white-crowned manakin placed in the resurrected genus Dixiphia that had originally been introduced by the German ornithologist Ludwig Reichenbach in 1850. [6] Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies confirmed that Pipra, as traditionally defined, was polyphyletic and most ornithologists followed Prum and placed the white-crowned manakin in Dixiphia. [7] [8] [9] However, in 2016 Guy Kirwan and colleagues showed that Dixiphia was actually a junior synonym of Arundinicola and erected the genus Pseudopipra as a replacement. [10] There are 13 recognised subspecies. [11]

Distribution and habitat

White-crowned Manakin is a widespread species, with populations in southern Central America, northern South America, and some parts of the Amazonia. There are reports for an extremely isolated population in a relatively small area of the Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil. It is common in mountain foothills, breeding mainly between 800 and 1600 m, although in northeastern Venezuela it apparently occurs down to sea level.

This is a species of the understory of wet forest and adjacent tall second growth. Occupies dense humid forest and adjacent tall secondary woodland, but is also found in younger secondary forest, sandy-belt and isolated ‘islands’ of forest in savannas in the Orinoco and Rio Negro drainage, including Amazonian caatingas or campinaranas. [12] In Ecuador, this manakins seems to be largely absent from level-ground terra firme forest, instead preferring hilly terra firme above 250 m. In the Colombian Andes it generally occurs at 600–1,200 m, although at their northernmost extremity, the species has occurred as low as 100 m.

Description

Female Dixiphia pipra.jpg
Female

The white-crowned manakin is 9–10 cm (3.5–3.9 in) in length. The male of the nominate subspecies has an average weight of 11.0 g (0.39 oz); the female is slightly heavier and on average weighs 12.8 g (0.45 oz). [13] It is a compact short-tailed bird with a stout hooked bill, dark legs, red eyes and striking male plumage.

The adult male is mostly black with a white crown which can be erected as a low crest. His call is a buzzy jeeeee, louder and preceded by a popping p-p-p chee when displaying.

The female and young males are olive-green with a grey head and throat, and grey-green or olive underparts. The female of the eastern Andean race coracina is brighter and greener above and below than nominate pipra, but the combination of a grey head and red eyes makes specific identification relatively easy for a female white-crowned manakin of any race.

Ecology

Like other manakins, this species has a fascinating breeding display at a communal lek, but the leks of this species are much more dispersed than the small cleared areas favoured by most manakins, with 3-4 males just within earshot of each other, and up to 100 m apart. Males fly between horizontal perches 3–12 m high and up to 50 m apart with a swooping flight, or, when a female is present, a slow butterfly-like flutter.

The white-crowned manakin feeds low in the trees on fruit and some insects, both plucked from the foliage in flight.

Breeding

Nests are generally sited within open forest with denser surrounding understory vegetation, often in treefall gaps or other openings. An open cup of brownish-yellow (or similarly colored) vegetable fibers, fungal hyphae (Marasmius sp.: Marasmiaceae), and sometimes fragments of palm fronds, covered on the outside with dead leaves and bound together and to the substrate using spider webs, built 1.0–9.8 m above ground in the horizontal fork of an understory shrub or small tree, up to c. 19 m tall. Clutch two dirty white eggs, virtually entirely covered by vinous-brown markings (85, 84), although there can be substantial variation in both the depth of the background color and extent of the markings, even within the same clutch, size 20.5 × 13.5 mm.

Incubation time and fledging periods are not known. All facets of the exclusively female (parental) care remain to be elucidated.

Status

This bird has a very wide range, is fairly common and is presumed to have a large total population. The population trend is thought to be downwards but nevertheless, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated the bird's conservation status as being of "least concern". [1] Predicted levels of climate change could have a near-catastrophic effect on this species’ habitat and range. [14]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manakin</span> Family of South American birds

The manakins are a family, Pipridae, of small suboscine passerine birds. The group contains 55 species distributed through the American tropics. The name is from Middle Dutch mannekijn "little man".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Striated pardalote</span> Species of bird

The striated pardalote is the least colourful and most common of the four pardalote species. Other common names include pickwick, wittachew and chip-chip. It is a very small, short-tailed bird that is more often heard than seen, foraging noisily for lerps and other small creatures in the treetops.

<i>Chiroxiphia</i> Genus of birds

Chiroxiphia is one of several genera of manakins, small song birds of South and Central America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Araripe manakin</span> Species of bird

The Araripe manakin is a species of critically endangered bird from the family of manakins (Pipridae). It was discovered in 1996 and scientifically described in 1998. The species epithet commemorates Brazilian zoologist and wildlife filmmaker Werner Bokermann, who died in 1995. Because of its helmet-like crown it has received the Portuguese name soldadinho-do-araripe which means "little soldier of Araripe". This name also associates it with the related, but more widespread, helmeted manakin, which is known simply as the soldadinho.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Helmeted manakin</span> Species of bird

The helmeted manakin is a species of small passerine bird in the manakin family Pipridae. Unlike most manakins, a family associated with tropical rainforests, the helmeted manakin inhabits the seasonally dry Cerrado savanna of Central Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-throated manakin</span> Species of bird

The white-throated manakin is a species of bird in the family Pipridae. It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hispaniolan euphonia</span> Species of bird

The Hispaniolan euphonia is a bird species in the finch family, Fringillidae that is endemic to the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pin-tailed manakin</span> Species of bird

The pin-tailed manakin is a suboscine species of bird within the manakin family, Pipridae. This species is endemic to the Eastern coast of Brazil within the humid Atlantic Forest, and its range extends from the State of Bahia to the State of Rio Grande Do Sul. The pin-tailed manakin is monotypic within the genus Ilicura, and has no known subspecies. It is a relatively small species that has pronounced sexual dimorphism. Male birds of this species have a bright white neck, chest, auriculars, and flanks. They have black and dark-green wings, with a signature pin shape tail that has a small fork near the tip, helping to give it its common name in English. The males are most easily identified by their characteristically vibrant red fore-crown and rump. The females of this species are a muted green, except for their neck and auriculars—which are light grey, and their cream-colored chest. Both male and female birds of this species share a slightly elongated head shape that gives them a distinguished raised forehead. The pin-tailed manakin's vocalizations are quiet, but resemble a high-pitched “see-see-see” in descending tones.

<i>Lepidothrix</i> Genus of birds

Lepidothrix is a genus of passerine birds in the manakin family Pipridae. Birds in the genus are predominantly found in South America, but one species, the velvety manakin, also ranges into Central America. The females of this genus have green plumage with yellow bellies, as do some of the males. The remaining males have black plumage with white or blue crowns. Some also have yellow bellies or blue rumps.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue-capped manakin</span> Species of bird

The blue-capped manakin is a species of bird in the family Pipridae. The males have a brilliant blue cap; some have black, others have green body plumage, but the relationship between the subspecies is not well understood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-fronted manakin</span> Species of bird

The white-fronted manakin is a species of bird in the family Pipridae, the manakins. It is native to French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and northeastern Brazil where it inhabits subtropical and tropical moist lowland forest. The male is mainly black, with a blue rump, yellow belly patches and a conspicuous patch of white feathers extending forwards from its forehead. The female is gray and black with a pale yellow belly and white eye ring. This is a fairly common species with a wide range, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kinglet manakin</span> Species of bird

The kinglet manakin or eastern striped manakin is a small South American species of passerine bird in the manakin family Pipridae. It is found in the Atlantic Forest of south eastern Brazil. It was formerly considered conspecific with the striolated manakin with the common name "striped manakin". Males have a bright red crown, which the females lack.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-capped manakin</span> Species of bird

The red-capped manakin is a species of bird in the family Pipridae. It is found in Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru and Panama. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest.

<i>Piprites</i> Genus of birds

Piprites is a genus of bird currently placed in the family Tyrannidae. Prior to 1971, the genus was placed in the family Pipridae; its designation was initially changed based on morphological evidence, and genetic evidence confirmed its placement in 2009. In 2013, it was proposed that Piprites was to be placed in the unique family Pipritinae. The proposition was declined by the Comité de Clasificación de Sudamérica, a part of the American Ornithological Society, and the proposed family was changed to be a unique subfamily of the genus. The genus is composed of three species native to the neotropical realm, with distributions ranging from the Caribbean coast of Guatemala, Central America, and southeastern Argentina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-and-gold cotinga</span> Species of bird

The black-and-gold cotinga is a species of bird in the family Cotingidae. It is endemic to humid Atlantic Forest in the highlands of the Serra do Mar in south-eastern Brazil. It is threatened by habitat loss, but remains common within several national parks, e.g. Serra dos Órgãos and Itatiaia. Males are highly vocal, and their loud, piercing whistle is frequently heard. It is strongly sexually dimorphic. Except for a bright yellow wing-speculum, males are superficially similar to the male common blackbird, while the far less conspicuous females are overall olive. The female resemble both sexes of the only other member of the genus, the grey-winged cotinga, but is larger, has a thicker bill, and yellowish-olive remiges.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tityridae</span> Family of birds

Tityridae is family of suboscine passerine birds found in forest and woodland in the Neotropics. The 45 species in this family were formerly spread over the families Tyrannidae, Pipridae and Cotingidae. As yet, no widely accepted common name exists for the family, although tityras and allies and tityras, mourners and allies have been used. They are small to medium-sized birds. Under current classification, the family ranges in size from the buff-throated purpletuft, at 9.5 cm (3.7 in) and 10 grams, to the masked tityra, at up to 24 cm (9.5 in) and 88 grams. Most have relatively short tails and large heads.

<i>Ceratopipra</i> Genus of birds

Ceratopipra is a genus of passerine birds in the family Pipridae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Striolated manakin</span> Species of bird

The striolated manakin or western striped manakin is a small South American species of passerine bird in the family Pipridae. It is found in west and north west Amazonia. The striolated manakin was formerly considered conspecific with the kinglet manakin with the common name "striped manakin". Males have a bright red crown, which the females lack.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Velvety manakin</span> Species of bird

The velvety manakin is a species of bird in the family Pipridae. It is found from Costa Rica to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest.

James A. Jobling is a British naturalist and author. Jobling is known for his work on the taxonomy of birds, writing and publishing one of the most comprehensive reference works on the etymology of the names of genera and species of birds around the world.

References

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  2. Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 190.
  3. Seba, Albertus (1735). Locupletissimi rerum naturalium thesauri accurata descriptio – Naaukeurige beschryving van het schatryke kabinet der voornaamste seldzaamheden der natuur (in Latin and French). Vol. 2. Apud J. Wetstenium, & Gul. Smith, & Janssonio-Waesbergios. p. 102, plate 96 fig 5.
  4. Traylor, Melvin A. Jr, ed. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 8. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 271.
  5. Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
  6. Prum, Richard O. (1992). "Syringeal morphology, phylogeny, and evolution of the Neotropical manakins (Aves: Pipridae)". American Museum Novitates (1): 1–65. hdl:2246/5008.
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  8. Tello, J.G.; Moyle, R.G.; Marchese, D.J.; Cracraft, J. (2009). "Phylogeny and phylogenetic classification of the tyrant flycatchers, cotingas, manakins, and their allies (Aves: Tyrannides)". Cladistics. 25 (5): 429–467. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00254.x . PMID   34879622. S2CID   85422768.
  9. Ohlson, J.I.; Fjeldså, J.; Ericson, P.G.P. (2013). "Molecular phylogeny of the manakins (Aves: Passeriformes: Pipridae), with a new classification and the description of a new genus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 69 (3): 796–804. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.024. PMID   23831559.
  10. Kirwan, G.M.; David, N.; Gregory, S.M.S.; Jobling, J.A.; Steinheimer, F.D.; Brito, G.R.R. (2016). "The mistaken manakin: a new genus-group name for Parus pipra Linnaeus, 1758 (Aves: Passeriformes: Pipridae)". Zootaxa. 4121 (1): 89–94. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4121.1.9. PMID   27395209.
  11. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Cotingas, manakins, tityras, becards". World Bird List Version 8.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  12. Hilty, Steven L. (1986). A guide to the birds of Colombia. Princenton University. ISBN   0-691-08372-X. OCLC   778164327.
  13. Snow, D. (2017). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "White-crowned Manakin (Pseudopipra pipra)" . Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  14. Anciães, Marina; Peterson, A. Townsend (2006). "Climate Change Effects on Neotropical Manakin Diversity Based on Ecological Niche Modeling". The Condor. 108 (4): 778. doi:10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[778:cceonm]2.0.co;2. hdl: 1808/16620 . ISSN   0010-5422. S2CID   24461937.

Further reading