WildEarth Guardians operates primarily in the Rocky Mountain, Southwest, and Pacific Northwest regions of the United States. As of January 2015, WildEarth Guardians has over 67,000 members.[1] The headquarters are in Santa Fe, New Mexico, with field offices in Denver, Colorado; Portland, Oregon; Missoula, Montana; Boise, Idaho; and Tucson, Arizona. Their legal teams and conservation work are supported by membership donations, private foundations, and government grants and contracts. The 2014 annual budget was about $4.1 million, of which 31% came from 57 private foundations and 30% from individual donations.[1]
The libertarian/conservative political advocacy group Americans for Prosperity estimates that WildEarth Guardians have been winning about 77% of their lawsuits.[4]
History
WildEarth Guardians started as an environmental group calling itself Forest Guardians in 1989 to fight logging on New Mexico's Elk Mountain. Soon Forest Guardians took on other projects such as the public lands livestock grazing industry. They were able to buy leases for public land by outbidding local ranchers. Then they restored the landscape by keeping cattle out, restoring native plants, and removing non-native plants. In 1996 they expanded to take on river issues, particularly the Rio Grande silvery minnow, which was brought to the brink of extinction when drought caused the Rio Grande to dry up for 60 miles. An official endangered species program was launched in 2001, and in 2007 a climate and energy program was started.
Grey Wolf
Forest Guardians became WildEarth Guardians when they merged with Sinapu, a Boulder Colorado environmental group in 2008.[5]
WildEarth Guardians merged with two environmental groups during 2013, forming a greatly expanded organization that continues under the "WildEarth Guardians" name. Wildlands CPR was based in Montana, US, and had a 20-year history of protecting and resting healthy watersheds from the threats of roads and motorized recreation. The Utah Environmental Congress was Utah's statewide National Forest watchdog, with a 15-year history of activism with respect to logging and road building in National Forests. With these two mergers, the membership of WildEarth Guardians jumped from 20,000 to an estimated 60,000.
Programs
According to its 2014 annual report, the overall mission of WildEarth Guardians is to protect and restore the wildlife, wild places, wild rivers, and health of the American West.[1]
Climate and Energy
The goal of the Climate and Energy Program is reform that prioritizes energy efficiency and conservation, phases out fossil fuels, and embraces environmentally appropriate clean power sources. WildEarth Guardians activities are focused toward meeting the goal of returning to 350 ppm of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere.[6] WildEarth Guardians has been actively challenging coal mining in the western United States, especially in the Powder River Basin of northeastern Wyoming and southeastern Montana.[7] The Powder River Basin is the largest coal-producing region in the United States.[8] The efforts of the Climate & Energy Program to limit or prevent fracking has thwarted development of 20,000 acres in the Greater Chaco Region of New Mexico. The program is gearing up to defend further hundreds of thousands of acres throughout the American West.[1]
Mountain Bluebird
Wildlife
The Wildlife Program uses legal means to obtain formal listing under the Endangered Species Act for species nearing extinction, seeks to protect native carnivores in and restore native carnivores to their natural habitat, and seeks to end the systematic killing of wild animals by state and the federal governments.[3][9][10] At the local level within all of North America, this program promotes living with wildlife.
In 2013 this program opened up a new campaign ("Wild Oceans") to persuade the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service to grant protection to 81 imperiled marine species under the Endangered Species Act.[11]
In 2014 WildEarth Guardians succeeded in obtaining Endangered Species Act protection for the Canada lynx in all of the lower-48 states of the US.[1]
Wild Places
WildEarth Guardians Wild Places Program works to ensure that public lands are not destroyed by overdevelopment, overgrazing, or natural resource extraction. They also seek to ensure that these lands remain healthy for the many plants and animals that live on them.[12][13] In 2012, this program mobilized volunteers to plant 170,000 native trees along seven different rivers.[12] In 2014 volunteers from the Wild Places Program planted more than 100,000 trees on public lands to improve watershed health and wildlife habitat. WAG also completed the first voluntary grazing waiver for the Gila National Forest, giving wolves over 28,000 cow-free acres.[1]
Bosque of the Rio Grande
Wild Rivers
The main focus of WildEarth Guardians Wild River Program are the endangered rivers of New Mexico. This program seeks to ensure that the rivers contain enough water to ensure a healthy ecosystem in and along the rivers. It works to restore river banks with healthy vegetation in cities, counties, and on private lands.[14] The Wild River Program, working in concert with other organizations, reached an agreement in 2014 with the US Forest Service to safeguard 1.7 million acres of public lands in Utah from oil and gas drilling.[1]
Controversy
In 2009, Fox News commentator and tobacco lobbyist Steven Milloy took notice of the activities of WildEarth Guardians:[13]
WildEarth Guardians and others recently filed suit to block energy exploration on all leases in recent sales in Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. Last year, almost 50% of gas leases in the Rocky Mountain states were protested in court.[13]
In 2012, the GOP political advocacy group Americans for Prosperity issued a critical report on the WildEarth Guardians, entitled Monkeywrenching the Courts: How One Green Group Games the System for Headlines and Profit.[15]
[WildEarth Guardians] is relatively new to the green lobbying game, as compared to longer-established players like The Sierra Club or Audubon Society, but it stands out in its eagerness to use litigation as a tool of intimidation, influence and policy-making. In one recent year, as an example, the group cranked out lawsuits at a rate of roughly one per week. ... Equally disturbing is the fact that many of the group’s activities seem aimed at tying federal agencies in knots and generating even more paperwork, diverting funds that could go for conservation and preservation to defending lawsuits and complying with court orders. The direct government support the group receives thus represents only the tip of an extremely large iceberg, which remains largely submerged from public view.[15]
The Americans for Prosperity report concluded that WildEarth Guardians "will continue to present a clear and present danger not just to the court system, and to the Western economy and way of life, but to the taxpayers who unwittingly bankroll its monkey-wrenching of the West."[15]
An economic-impact study by Americans for Prosperity in 2012 said that a total of some $4 billion in economic impacts would result if the WildEarth Guardians were to achieve all of their stated goals with respect to the protection of wildlife through the complete elimination of grazing, coal mining, and drilling on public lands. The study found that these impacts would include:[4][16]
26,200 Western jobs in targeted counties and $1.57 billion in related economic activity due to the anti-drilling campaign;
an additional 26,104 jobs and $1.75 billion in economic activity due to the Powder River Basin campaign against coal mining;
and 37,237 farming and ranching jobs and $662 million in local economic activity due to the campaign against grazing cattle on public lands.
According to the US Bureau of Economic Analysis, the 2012 combined Gross State Product of the Rocky Mountain and Southwestern states amounted to $2.4 trillion.[17] In this context, the $4 billion estimated maximum economic impact would have constituted a reduction of just 0.17% ($4 billion / $2.4 trillion) of the total economic activity in the region.
The Wall Street Journal weighed in against the WildEarth Guardians in December 2012, with an opinion piece:[10]
Texas Land Commissioner Jerry Patterson testified to Congress in June that taxpayer money is being spent in litigation over these listings. For instance, the petition to list the Dunes Sagebrush Lizard was originally filed by a radical environmental group, the WildEarth Guardians. Interestingly, this group collected $680,492 in tax money (as grants and the like) from Fish and Wildlife between 2007 and 2011. During that time the group sued the federal agency 76 times over alleged environmental violations. The WildEarth Guardians are also behind the petition to list the Spot-Tailed Earless Lizard under the Endangered Species Act. Not coincidentally, the range of this particular lizard includes portions of the Eagle Ford Shale in Texas, which is emerging as one of the top oil- and gas-producing regions in the country.[10]
Environmental laws are laws that protect the environment. Environmental law is the collection of laws, regulations, agreements and common law that governs how humans interact with their environment. This includes environmental regulations; laws governing management of natural resources, such as forests, minerals, or fisheries; and related topics such as environmental impact assessments.Environmental law is seen as the body of laws concerned with the protection of living things from the harm that human activity may immediately or eventually cause to them or their species, either directly or to the media and the habits on which they depend.
In the United States, national forest is a classification of protected and managed federal lands that are largely forest and woodland areas. They are owned collectively by the American people through the federal government and managed by the United States Forest Service, a division of the United States Department of Agriculture. The U.S. Forest Service is also a forestry research organization which provides financial assistance to state and local forestry industry. There are 154 national forests in the United States.
The conservation movement, also known as nature conservation, is a political, environmental, and social movement that seeks to manage and protect natural resources, including animal, fungus, and plant species as well as their habitat for the future. Conservationists are concerned with leaving the environment in a better state than the condition they found it in. Evidence-based conservation seeks to use high quality scientific evidence to make conservation efforts more effective.
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior responsible for administering federal lands. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., and with oversight over 247.3 million acres (1,001,000 km2), it governs one eighth of the country's landmass.
This is an index of conservation topics. It is an alphabetical index of articles relating to conservation biology and conservation of the natural environment.
National Wildlife RefugeSystem (NWRS) is a system of protected areas of the United States managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), an agency within the Department of the Interior. The National Wildlife Refuge System is the system of public lands and waters set aside to conserve America's fish, wildlife, and plants. Since President Theodore Roosevelt designated Florida's Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge as the first wildlife refuge in 1903, the system has grown to over 568 national wildlife refuges and 38 wetland management districts encompassing about 856,000,000 acres (3,464,109 km2).
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is the primary law in the United States for protecting and conserving imperiled species. Designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation", the ESA was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 28, 1973. The Supreme Court of the United States described it as "the most comprehensive legislation for the preservation of endangered species enacted by any nation". The purposes of the ESA are two-fold: to prevent extinction and to recover species to the point where the law's protections are not needed. It therefore "protect[s] species and the ecosystems upon which they depend" through different mechanisms. For example, section 4 requires the agencies overseeing the Act to designate imperiled species as threatened or endangered. Section 9 prohibits unlawful ‘take,’ of such species, which means to "harass, harm, hunt..." Section 7 directs federal agencies to use their authorities to help conserve listed species. The Act also serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The Supreme Court found that "the plain intent of Congress in enacting" the ESA "was to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost." The Act is administered by two federal agencies, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). FWS and NMFS have been delegated by the Act with the authority to promulgate any rules and guidelines within the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) to implement its provisions.
Rangelands are grasslands, shrublands, woodlands, wetlands, and deserts that are grazed by domestic livestock or wild animals. Types of rangelands include tallgrass and shortgrass prairies, desert grasslands and shrublands, woodlands, savannas, chaparrals, steppes, and tundras. Rangelands do not include forests lacking grazable understory vegetation, barren desert, farmland, or land covered by solid rock, concrete and/or glaciers.
Mine reclamation is the process of modifying land that has been mined to ecologically functional or economically usable state. Although the process of mine reclamation occurs once mining is completed, the planning of mine reclamation activities occurs prior to a mine being permitted or started. Mine reclamation creates useful landscapes that meet a variety of goals ranging from the restoration of productive ecosystems to the creation of industrial and municipal resources. In the United States, mine reclamation is a regular part of modern mining practices. Modern mine reclamation reduces the environmental effects of mining.
The National Wildlife Federation (NWF) is the United States' largest private, nonprofit conservation education and advocacy organization, with over six million members and supporters, and 51 state and territorial affiliated organizations (including Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands).
Human impact on the environment refers to changes to biophysical environments and to ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans. Modifying the environment to fit the needs of society is causing severe effects including global warming, environmental degradation, mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and ecological collapse. Some human activities that cause damage to the environment on a global scale include population growth, neoliberal economic policies and rapid economic growth, overconsumption, overexploitation, pollution, and deforestation. Some of the problems, including global warming and biodiversity loss, have been proposed as representing catastrophic risks to the survival of the human species.
The National Wilderness Preservation System (NWPS) of the United States protects federally managed wilderness areas designated for preservation in their natural condition. Activity on formally designated wilderness areas is coordinated by the National Wilderness Preservation System. Wilderness areas are managed by four federal land management agencies: the National Park Service, the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Bureau of Land Management.
Environmentally, Colombia is a mega-diverse country from its natural land terrain to its biological wildlife. Its biodiversity is a result of its geographical location and elevation. It is the fourth largest South American country and only country in South America to have coasts on the Pacific and Caribbean Sea. Colombia's terrain can be divided into six main natural zones: The Caribbean, the Pacific, The Orinoco region, The Amazonia region, the Andean region, and the Insular region. 52.2% of the environment is predominately the Andes, Amazon, and Pacific Basins, followed by the Orinoco basin 13.9%, the Andes and the Caribbean. The Tropical Andes, Choco, and the Caribbean are considered biodiversity hotspots which puts these areas at high risk of concentration of colonizing activities. Colombia host over 1800 bird species and at least one new species are detected every year. Decades of civil war and political unrest have impeded biological and environmental research in Colombia. The political unrest in Colombia catalyzes the alteration of land patterns through the cultivation of coca and opium crops, the redirection of extractive activities, and land abandonment in some areas.
The Western Canada Wilderness Committee is a non-profit environmental education organization that aims to protect Canada's wild spaces and species. Paul George, along with Richard Krieger, were the founding directors, and formed the Wilderness Committee in the province of British Columbia in 1980. It now has a membership of over 30,000 people with its head office in Vancouver and field offices in Victoria, British Columbia; Winnipeg, Manitoba; and Toronto, Ontario.
The Center for Biological Diversity is a nonprofit membership organization known for its work protecting endangered species through legal action, scientific petitions, creative media and grassroots activism. It was founded in 1989 by Kieran Suckling, Peter Galvin, Todd Schulke and Robin Silver. The center is based in Tucson, Arizona, with its headquarters in the historic Owls club building, and has offices and staff in New Mexico, Nevada, California, Oregon, Illinois, Minnesota, Alaska, Vermont, Florida and Washington, D.C.
Respecting Aboriginal Values & Environmental Needs (RAVEN) is a charitable organization that provides financial resources to assist Aboriginal nations within Canada in lawfully forcing industrial development to be reconciled with their traditional ways of life, and in a manner that addresses climate change and other ecological sustainability challenges.
Susan Elizabeth "Liz" Birnbaum served as Director of the Minerals Management Service in the United States from July 15, 2009, to May 27, 2010. Birnbaum was in charge of administering "programs that ensure the effective management of renewable energy [...] and traditional energy and mineral resources on the nation's Outer Continental Shelf, including the environmentally safe exploration, development, and production of oil and natural gas, as well as the collection and distribution of revenues for minerals developed on federal and American Indian lands."
The concept of conservation considers the prudent utilization and preservation of Earth's resources, aiming to manage these resources based on precise inventory and assessment. Wildlife conservation is a deliberate endeavor aimed at safeguarding and maintaining the planet's biological diversity. It is an effort to responsibly manage and utilize wild populations to ensure their availability for future generations. It holds great significance because both wildlife and untouched natural environments have a crucial role in sustaining the ecological equilibrium, which, in turn, enhances the quality of human existence. It also plays a role in equilibrium within ecosystems and contributes to the continuity of various natural processes, including precipitation, temperature regulation, and soil fertility. Nigeria's diverse ecosystems, ranging from lush rainforests to vast savanna grasslands, are home to a rich variety of wildlife, including mammals, birds, and reptiles, while its northern border is marked by the Sahara Desert.
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