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The Ku Klux Klan, commonly shortened to the KKK or the Klan, is the name of several historical and current American white supremacist, far-right terrorist organizations and hate groups. The Klan was "the first organized terror movement in American history." Their primary targets are African Americans, Hispanics, Jews, Latinos, Asian Americans, Native Americans, Italian Americans, Irish Americans, and Catholics, as well as immigrants, leftists, homosexuals, Muslims, atheists, and abortion providers.
The Reconstruction era was a period in United States history following the American Civil War, dominated by the legal, social, and political challenges of abolishing slavery and reintegrating the former Confederate States of America into the United States. During this period, three amendments were added to the United States Constitution to grant equal civil rights to the newly freed slaves.
John Tyler Morgan was an American politician was served as a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War and later was elected for six terms as the U.S. Senator (1877–1907) from the state of Alabama. A prominent slaveholder before the Civil War, he became the second Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan in Alabama during the Reconstruction era. Morgan and fellow Klan member Edmund W. Pettus became the ringleaders of white supremacy in Alabama and did more than anyone else in the state to overthrow Reconstruction efforts in the wake of the Civil War. When President Ulysses S. Grant dispatched U.S. Attorney General Amos Akerman to prosecute the Klan under the Enforcement Acts, Morgan was arrested and jailed.
Following the end of Reconstruction, African Americans created a broad-based independent political movement in the South: Black Populism.
White Citizens Parties were autonomous local parties in the Southern United States, that served as the public face and often directly as what would today be considered Political Action Committees for racist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan. These groups flourished after Reconstruction when the Union withdrew its troops from the South and the Democratic Party regained control from Republicans. The Citizens Parties were pivotal in establishing and maintaining Jim Crow legislation at the local level. They offered coordinated support of Democrats through the one-party South until it began opposing segregation in the later 20th century.
This is a list of topics related to racism:
The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation, "Jim Crow" being a pejorative term for an African American. Such laws remained in force until 1965. Formal and informal segregation policies were present in other areas of the United States as well, even if several states outside the South had banned discrimination in public accommodations and voting. Southern laws were enacted by white "Redeemers"-dominated state legislatures to disenfranchise and remove political and economic gains made by African Americans during the Reconstruction era. Such continuing racial segregation was also supported by the successful Lily-White Movement of Southern Republicans.
Samuel Green was a Grand Wizard of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in the late 1940s, organizing its third and final reformation in 1946.
Crime rates in Alabama overall have declined by 17% since 2005. Trends in crime within Alabama have largely been driven by a reduction in property crime by 25%. There has been a small increase in the number of violent crimes since 2005, which has seen an increase of 9% In 2020, there were 511 violent crime offenses per 100,000 population. Alabama was ranked 44th in violent crime out of a total 50 states in the United States.
The Meridian race riot of 1871 was a race riot in Meridian, Mississippi in March 1871. It followed the arrest of freedmen accused of inciting riot in a downtown fire, and blacks' organizing for self-defense. Although the local Ku Klux Klan (KKK) chapter had attacked freedmen since the end of the Civil War, generally without punishment, the first local arrest under the 1870 act to suppress the Klan was of a freedman. This angered the black community. During the trial of black leaders, the presiding judge was shot in the courtroom, and a gunfight erupted that killed several people. In the ensuing mob violence, whites killed as many as 30 blacks over the next few days. Democrats drove the Republican mayor from office, and no person was charged or tried in the freedmen's deaths.
Elias Hill was a Baptist minister and leader of a York County, South Carolina congregation that emigrated to Arthington, Liberia. In May 1871, during the Reconstruction era, he was among the victims in a series of attacks in York County against local blacks by members of the Ku Klux Klan. His situation received wide attention on account of his condition, as Hill had been stricken by an illness while a child which had left him crippled with his arms and legs in a withered state. He was known for preaching about rights and equality, and taught local children how to read and write.
Jim Williams was an African-American soldier and militia leader in the 1860s and 1870s in York County, South Carolina. He escaped slavery during the US Civil War and joined the Union Army. After the war, Williams led a black militia organization which sought to protect black rights in the area. In 1871, he was lynched and hung by members of the local Ku Klux Klan. As a result, a large group of local blacks immigrated to Liberia, West Africa.
Alexander Stone was a member of Georgia's constitutional convention held in 1867 and 1868 and was an elected member of the Georgia Legislature in 1868. He was a Republican.
Eli Barnes was an American politician. He was a representative in the Georgia Assembly as a Republican during the Reconstruction Era. A former slave who worked as a mechanic, he was African American. He was elected in 1868 and represented Hancock County, Georgia in the 80th Georgia General Assembly. He was appointed to the Committee on Manufactures. He only served one term.
Thomas M. Allen was an American Baptist preacher who served as a representative in the Georgia Assembly during the Reconstruction Era. He was African American. He was elected in 1868, representing Jasper County as a Republican. Allen escaped assassination by the Ku Klux Klan after they murdered his brother-in-law by mistake during their attempt on his life.
The "Original 33" were the first 33 African-American members of the Georgia General Assembly. They were elected to office in 1868, during the Reconstruction era. They were among the first African-American state legislators in the United States. Twenty-four of the members were ministers. Upon taking office, white Democrats, then a minority in the Assembly, conspired with enough white Republicans to expel the African-American legislators from the Assembly in September 1868. The next year, the Supreme Court of Georgia ruled that African Americans had the right to hold office in Georgia. The expelled legislators were reinstated and took office in January 1870.
Laura Martin Rose, known professionally as Mrs. S. E. F. Rose, was a historian and propagandist for the Ku Klux Klan employed by the United Daughters of the Confederacy.
Remembering Reconstruction: Struggles over the Meaning of America's Most Turbulent Era, published in 2017 by Louisiana State University Press, edited by Carole Emberton and Bruce E. Baker, with an introduction by W. Fitzhugh Brundage, is a collection of ten essays by historians of the Reconstruction era who examine the different collective memories of different social groups from the time of Jim Crow through the post-Civil Rights period.
The Freeman's Press or Free Man's Press was the first African American newspaper in Texas. Established by a white carpetbagger journalist named James Pearson Newcomb in Austin, the newspaper had an African American editor and several black journalists working for it. Due to high costs, it opened in July 1868 and closed that October.
The First Klan is a neologism or retronym used to describe the first of three distinct operational eras of the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist domestic terrorist group of the United States. The First Klan, or Reconstruction Klan, was followed by the Second Klan, which had its peak in the 1920s, and finally by the Third Klan, extant since the 1960s. According to historian Carl Degler, "Aside from the name, about the only common trait that the three Klans possess is vigilantism."
References
- ↑ Foner, Eric (1996). Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 98–99. ISBN 9780807120828.
- 1 2 3 Spencer, Leslie (June 2017). "Insurrection in Hancock County: Revolt Forges a State Leader" (PDF). Reflections. Georgia African American Historic Preservation Network, published on Georgia Department of Natural Resources - Historic Preservation Division website. pp. 1, 6. Archived from the original on May 24, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ↑ Schultz, M.R. (2010). The Rural Face of White Supremacy: BEYOND JIM CROW. University of Illinois Press. p. 175. ISBN 9780252092367 . Retrieved 2018-03-18.
- ↑ Donald Lee Grant (1993). The Way it was in the South: The Black Experience in Georgia. University of Georgia Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-8203-2329-9.
- 1 2 Schultz, M.R. (2010). The Rural Face of White Supremacy: BEYOND JIM CROW. University of Illinois Press. p. 158. ISBN 9780252092367 . Retrieved 2018-03-18.
- ↑ Kent Anderson Leslie (15 April 2010). Woman of Color, Daughter of Privilege: Amanda America Dickson, 1849-1893. University of Georgia Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-8203-3717-3.
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