 | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source .(August 2007) |
| Yuzhou | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 豫州 | ||||||
| |||||||
Yuzhou or Yu Province was one of the Nine Provinces [1] of ancient China,later to become an administrative division around the reign of Emperor Wu (r. 141 BC - 87 BC) of the Western Han dynasty (206 BC-AD 9).
Pre-Qin dynasty (221 BC–206 BC) historical texts such as the Yu Gong or Tribute of Yu chapter of the Book of History , Erya , Rites of Zhou and Lüshi Chunqiu all refer to the Nine Provinces. Yuzhou appears in all of these texts even though different names are provided for the Nine Provinces. The Rites of Zhou states that Yuzhou was Henan Province,while the Lüshi Chunqiu records:"Yuzhou was between the Yellow and Han rivers. That was where Zhou was located."
In 106 BC during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Western Han dynasty (206 BC-AD 9),China was divided into thirteen administrative divisions (excluding the area under the central government's control),each governed by an Inspector (刺史). Yuzhou was one of the thirteen. The areas it governed included:north of the Huai River,east of the Ru River basin,and Feng and Pei counties in Jiangsu. However Yuzhou did not have a provincial capital and was only an administrative division in name.
In 188 during the reign of Emperor Ling of the Eastern Han dynasty (25-220),Yuzhou's capital was established in Qiao County (譙縣;present-day Bozhou,Anhui). The area under Yuzhou's jurisdiction included parts of eastern Henan,western Anhui. It was in charge of two commanderies - Yingchuan (潁川) and Runan (汝南) - and four states - Liang (梁),Pei (沛),Chen (陳) and Lu (魯).
During the Three Kingdoms period (220-280),Yuzhou was in the state of Cao Wei (220–265) and its capital was designated in Ancheng County (northeast of present-day Zhengyang County,Henan,on the southwestern bank of the south Ru River). Under its jurisdiction were nine commanderies - Yingchuan (潁川),Chen (陳),Lu (魯),Runan (汝南),Qiao (譙),Yiyang (弋陽),Yang'an (陽安),Xiangcheng (襄城) and Ruyin (汝陰) - and two states - Liang (梁) and Pei (沛).
During the Western Jin dynasty (266-316),Yuzhou's capital was in Chen County (陳縣;present-day Huaiyang County,Henan),and it governed ten commanderies and states.
Its capital constantly changed during the Eastern Jin dynasty (317-420) and its boundaries were not fixed. Yuzhou controlled the Huai River delta and parts of Anhui and Jiangsu along the Yangtze River when its land area was greatest during Eastern Jin. In 329 Yuzhou's capital was set up in Wuyang County (蕪湖縣;east of present-day Wuyang,Anhui). After 338 the capital kept changing,and its locations included:Zhucheng (邾城;northwest of present-day Huanggang,Hubei);Wuhu (蕪湖);Niuzhu (牛渚;present-day Caishi Subdistrict,Ma'anshan,Anhui);Liyang (歷陽;present-day He County,Anhui);Matou (馬頭;southern bank of the Huai River at south of Huaiyuan County,Anhui);Qiao (譙;present-day Bozhou,Anhui);Gushu (姑孰;present-day Dangtu County,Anhui). From 416 onwards its capital was in Shouchun (壽春;present-day Shou County,Anhui).
During the Sixteen Kingdoms period (304-439),Yuzhou was under Later Zhao,and its capital was moved to Xuchang County (許昌縣;east of present-day Xuchang,Henan). The Former Qin kingdom later renamed it Dongyuzhou (東豫州;Eastern Yu Province) and designated its capital in Luoyang County (洛陽縣;northeast of present-day Luoyang,Henan).
During the Southern and Northern dynasties period (420-589),China was further divided into many administrative divisions so the land area in each division was reduced. Yuzhou fell under the control of several dynasties and experienced a series of renaming and changes to its capital.
During the early Daye era (605-618) of the Sui dynasty (589–618),Yuzhou was renamed Caizhou (蔡州) and its capital designated in Luoyang (洛陽;present-day Luoyang,Henan). In 607 it was renamed to Henan Commandery (河南郡).
Yuzhou was restored in the early Tang dynasty (618–907) and its capital set up in Ruyang County (汝陽縣;present-day Runan County,Henan). In 742 it was renamed Runan Commandery (汝南郡),and in 758 it was renamed back to Yuzhou. Around 762 and 763 it was renamed to Caizhou (蔡州) again.
During the Khitan-led Liao dynasty (907–1125),Yuzhou was under the control of the Prince of Chen (陳王) lineage. It was established as a military division of the capital Shangjing (上京;present-day Baarin Left Banner,Inner Mongolia). Its capital was near northwest of present-day Jarud Banner,Inner Mongolia.
Yuzhou was abolished during the Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty (1115–1234).
The Yellow Turban Rebellion,alternatively translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion,was a peasant revolt during the late Eastern Han dynasty of ancient China. The uprising broke out in c. March 184 CE,during the reign of Emperor Ling. Although the main rebellion was suppressed by 185 CE,it took 21 years for full suppression of resistant areas and emerging rebellions by 205 CE. The weakening of the imperial court and the rising political influence of ultra-autonomous regional military-governors,who helped suppress the rebellion,eventually led to rampant warlord dominance and the resultant Three Kingdoms period.
Cao Xiu,courtesy name Wenlie,was a Chinese military general of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period of China. A distant younger relative of the warlord Cao Cao,Cao Xiu started his career in the late Eastern Han dynasty as a military officer under Cao Cao. In the early stages of the Hanzhong Campaign of 217–219,he outwitted Zhang Fei and defeated his subordinate officer Wu Lan (吳蘭). Later in his career,he became a provincial-level military commander and fought in various battles against Wei's rival state,Eastern Wu. He died in 228 shortly after the Wei defeat at the Battle of Shiting.
Man Chong,courtesy name Boning,was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under the warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty. He is best known for defending the city of Hefei from a series of invasions by Wei's rival state,Eastern Wu,between 230 and 235.
Runan County is a county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Zhumadian,in the southeast of Henan Province,China.
Chen Dao,courtesy name Shuzhi,was a military general of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under the warlord Liu Bei,the founding emperor of Shu Han,in the late Eastern Han dynasty.
Yuan Yi,courtesy name Boye,was an official and minor warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.
Xu Shao (150–195),courtesy name Zijiang,was a Chinese philosopher and politician who lived in the Eastern Han dynasty.
Zhang Ji was a military general serving under the warlord Dong Zhuo during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.
Jingzhou or Jing Province was one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China referenced in Chinese historical texts such as the Tribute of Yu,Erya,Rites of Zhou,and Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Yangzhou,Yangchow or Yang Province was one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China mentioned in historical texts such as the Tribute of Yu,Erya and Rites of Zhou.
Xuzhou as a historical toponym refers to varied area in different eras.
Cao Biao,courtesy name Zhuhu,was an imperial prince of the Cao Wei state in the Three Kingdoms period of China.
Han Ji,courtesy name Gongzhi,was a Chinese politician who served in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under the warlords Liu Biao and Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty.
Henan Commandery was a commandery in China from Han dynasty to Tang dynasty,located in modern northern Henan province.
Runan Commandery was a Chinese commandery from Han dynasty to Tang dynasty,located in modern Henan and Anhui provinces. The name referred to its location to the south of Ru River (汝水),a historical river that flowed into the Huai.
Wang Mi,courtesy name Zigu,was a Chinese bandit leader and military general of Han Zhao during the Western Jin dynasty. He participated in a rebellion led by Liu Bogen during the War of the Eight Princes but after it was quelled,he fled to Mount Zhangguang where he became a notorious outlaw and was given the nickname "Flying Leopard". After two years of banditry,he joined the Xiongnu king,Liu Yuan and his state of Han Zhao in 308. He became one of the state's most important commanders in their war against Jin,playing a crucial role in capturing Luoyang during the Disaster of Yongjia. However,Wang Mi's career was cut short after he was assassinated by his peer and rival Shi Le in 311.
Zu Ti (266–321),courtesy name Shizhi,was a Chinese military general of the Jin dynasty. Between 313 and 321,he commanded an expeditionary force to reclaim territory in northern China that were lost during the Upheaval of the Five Barbarians. Although Zu Ti received little support from the Jin court in Jiankang,he was able to push all the way to the south of the Yangtze River,battling local warlords,the Han Zhao dynasty and then the Later Zhao dynasty. Zu Ti fought Later Zhao to a truce before having his authority diminished in 321 due to concerns of a civil war between Emperor Yuan of Jin and Wang Dun. He soon died in disappointment,and his gains were quickly overturned by Zhao following his death.
Zhu Xu,courtesy name Cilun,was a military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He was most famous for his involvement in the crucial Battle of Fei River in 383,in which he set up a ruse that caused the disastrous retreat of the Former Qin army. Prior to Fei River,Zhu put down the rebellion of Sima Xun and defended Xiangyang from Qin for more than a year before he was captured and served a brief stint under Qin. After Fei River,Zhu Xu returned to Jin and continued to serve the state. He guarded the northern borders and fought against the states of Zhai Wei and Western Yan before retiring in 392.
Yuan Zhen,courtesy name Yanren,was a Chinese military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He had a long career serving the Jin dynasty but he was mostly known for his rebellion in 370. After failing to build a canal to secure the Jin forces' supply route during Huan Wen's campaign against Former Yan,Huan Wen was quick to blame Yuan Zhen after he returned defeated. In response,Yuan Zhen revolted in Shouchun in 369 but would die not long after. His son Yuan Qin continued the rebellion,but he was defeated and executed in 371.
Liu Qiao,courtesy name Zhongyan,was a military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He participated in the conquest of Wu and the subjugation of Zhang Chang's rebellion,and was active during the War of the Eight Princes. In 305,he sided with the Prince of Hejian,Sima Yong,against the Prince of Donghai,Sima Yue and was a central figure in their conflict. His defeat allowed Sima Yue to overcome Sima Yong and win the civil war,but Yue pardoned him and appointed him into the new regime. He was captured and executed by the Han Zhao general,Shi Le following the Battle of Ningping in 311.
| Sili |  Han provinces and commanderies in 219 CE | |
|---|---|---|
| Yu Province | ||
| Ji Province | ||
| Yan Province | ||
| Xu Province | ||
| Qing Province | ||
| Jing Province | ||
| Yang Province | ||
| Yi Province | ||
| Liang Province | ||
| Bing Province | ||
| Shuofang Province | ||
| You Province | ||
| Jiaozhi Province | ||
Full list (202 BC – 220 AD) | ||