Zaki Khan Zand

Last updated
Zaki Khan Zand
زکی‌خان زند
Shah of Iran
Predecessor Karim Khan Zand
Successor Abol-Fath Khan Zand
Born Malayer
Died1779
Izadkhast
Issue Akbar Khan Zand، Mohammad Khan Zand
Dynasty Zand dynasty
FatherBodegh Khan Zand
MotherAgha Beygom

Zaki Khan Zand (died June 6, 1779) was an Iranian military commander and contender for the throne. A member of the Zand Dynasty of Iran, Zaki Khan, though he never became the ruler of Iran, managed to exert power over the country during the three months between the death of his half-brother Karim Khan, on March 2, 1779, and his own brutal death.

Contents

Origins and early years

Zaki Khan was born into the Zand tribe, who had been uprooted by Nader Shah from their ancestral lands near Hamadan, in the central Iranian region of Lorestan, and settled in Northern Khorasan. At Nader's death in 1747, the Zand returned to Lorestan, and their leader Karim Khan managed to gain vast political power, taking control of Isfahan in 1750, where they installed a puppet underage shah, Ismail III. Karim Khan never took the title of shah but had himself addressed as "wakil" (deputy) [1] even as he was the ruler over most of Central and Western Iran. Zaki Khan was doubly related to Karim Khan: he was his first cousin through their fathers, and his half-brother on the mother's side. The fortunes of Zaki Khan followed those of his half-brother and protector, and he was considered of his main generals.

First rebellion and years as a general (1763-1779)

However, Iranian sources note that Zaki Khan was by then already infamous for his cruelty and opportunism. In 1763, returning from the last campaign against Azad Khan Afghan in Azerbaijan, seemingly disappointed by a lack of recognition from the ruler, Zaki Khan seized the former Safavid capital of Isfahan for himself, and exploited mercilessly its population. When Karim Khan learned of these exactions, he personally marched on Isfahan. Zaki Khan fled from him to Dezful, in Khuzestan, recruiting Bakhtiari warriors on the way, and then allying himself with the rebellious governor of Dezful. After a year of unsuccessful fighting and negotiations, Zaki Khan eventually begged for the mercy of his brother, and received it.

During the next fifteen years, Zaki Khan remained one of the main generals of Karim Khan. He led forces to submit principalities on the Persian Gulf coast, the main one a naval expedition against Oman in 1773, that ended in total failure and Zaki's disgrace. Two years later however, he was assigned a punitive expedition against the Qajar stronghold of Mazandaran, by the Caspian Sea. There, he succeeded, and left a reputation of brutal terror.

Three months of power

Zaki Khan was a major participant in the struggles for political power that followed the death of Karim Khan on March 2, 1779. Karim Khan died naturally after a long illness, so Zaki Khan, as well as many others, was not caught off guard. He had managed in the previous years to marry his daughter to Muhammad Ali Khan, Karim Khan's second son, who was still a child. By the time of Karim Khan's death, he was logically at the head of the faction pushing for Muhammad Ali to be proclaimed nominal ruler. The elder son, Abol Fath Khan, only 13 years old, also had supporters among the main members of the royal family. However, as soon as Karim Khan was dead, Zaki Khan had most of them killed, and Abol Fath imprisoned. Among Abol Fath's supporters, only Sadiq Khan Zand managed to escape the capital, Shiraz. Muhammad Ali was proclaimed nominal ruler, [2] and Zaki Khan regent with full power over the Empire. But the children's mother intervened in favor of Abol Fath, and Zaki Khan, to win her support, had to accept that both sons of Karim Khan would be invested with the supreme honor.

The rule of Zadik Khan was contested from the start. First, the Qajar prince Agha Muhammad Khan, whom Karim Khan had retained as a hostage in Shiraz to prevent further rebellions from his powerful Northern clan, escaped and headed for his stronghold. To catch him, Zaki Khan sent his nephew, Ali Murad Khan. However, as soon as he reached Isfahan, Ali Murad Khan mutinied against his uncle and gave his allegiance to Abol Fath. Sadiq Khan was gathering an army in the South-East with a similar purpose. Zaki Khan decided to deal with Ali Murad Khan first, and led an army towards Isfahan. [3]

Death and legacy

On his way to Isfahan, Zaki Khan committed the atrocities at the settlement of Izadkhvast. [3] But this time, he went so far that even his own men were shocked. A group of tribal leaders among them eventually murdered him as he was resting in his tent still in the village of Izadkhwast. [3] [4] After his elimination, the war would carry on between Sadiq Khan and Ali Murad Khan, who would both claim the throne in the following years.

His youngest son Akbar Khan Zand, that he had left in charge of Shiraz, tried to pursue his father's career and ambition after Zaki Khan's death, but was blinded and killed in 1782 by his cousin, the future shah Jafar Khan.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar</span> Founder of the Sublime State of Persia

Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, also known by his regnal name of Agha Mohammad Shah, was the founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran, ruling from 1789 to 1797 as Shah. Originally a chieftain of the Quwanlu branch of the Qajar tribe, Agha Mohammad Khan was enthroned as the king of Iran in 1789, but was not officially crowned until March 1796, having deposed Lotf Ali Khan of the Zand dynasty in 1794. Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar was famously the eunuch Monarch, being castrated as a young adult upon his capture by Adel Shah Afshar, and hence was childless. He was assassinated on 17 June 1797, and was succeeded by his nephew, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karim Khan Zand</span> Founder of the Zand Dynasty (c. 1705 – 1779)

Mohammad Karim Khan Zand was the founder of the Zand Dynasty, ruling from 1751 to 1779. He ruled all of Iran (Persia) except for Khorasan. He also ruled over some of the Caucasian lands and occupied Basra for some years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zand dynasty</span> Iranian royal dynasty, 1751–1794

The Zand dynasty was an Iranian dynasty, founded by Karim Khan Zand that initially ruled southern and central Iran in the 18th century. It later quickly came to expand to include much of the rest of contemporary Iran as well as parts of Iraq. The lands of present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia were controlled by khanates which were de jure part of the Zand realm, but the region was de facto autonomous. The island of Bahrain was also held for the Zands by the autonomous Al-Mazkur sheikhdom of Bushire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karabakh Khanate</span> Khanate under Iranian and Russian control

The Karabakh Khanate was a khanate under Iranian and later Russian suzerainty, which controlled the historical region of Karabakh, now divided between modern-day Armenia and Azerbaijan. In terms of structure, the Karabakh Khanate was a miniature version of Iranian kingship. The administrative and literary language in Karabakh until the end of the 19th century was Persian, with Arabic being used only for religious studies, despite the fact that most of the Muslims in the region spoke a Turkic dialect.

Abol-Fath Khan Zand was the third Shah of the Zand dynasty, ruling from March 6, 1779, until August 22, 1779.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jafar Khan</span> Shah of Iran, 1785 to 1789

Jafar Khan Zand, was the seventh shah (king) of the Zand dynasty of Iran from 1785 to 1789. He was the son of Sadiq Khan Zand, who was removed from the throne in Shiraz by Ali Murad Khan, who had previously taken Isfahan for himself.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sadeq Khan Zand</span> Iranian Shah

Sadeq Khan Zand, also known as Mohammad Sadeq, was the fourth Shah of the Zand dynasty of Iran from August 22, 1779 until March 14, 1781.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ali-Morad Khan Zand</span> 18th-century Iranian Khan

Ali-Morad Khan Zand was fifth ruler of the Zand dynasty of Iran, ruling from March 15, 1781, until February 11, 1785.

Mohammad Ali Khan Zand was the second shah of the Zand dynasty, ruling from March 6, 1779 until June 19, 1779.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nakhichevan Khanate</span> Khanate in Nakhichevan under Iranian rule

The Nakhichevan Khanate was a khanate under Iranian suzerainty, which controlled the city of Nakhichevan and its surroundings from 1747 to 1828.

Mirza Abol-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam Farahani, also known as Qa'em-Maqam II, was an Iranian official and prose writer, who played a central role in Iranian politics in first half of the 19th-century, as well as in Persian literature.

Azād Khān Afghān, or Azād Shāh Afghān, was a Pashtun military commander and a major contender for supremacy in western Iran after the death of Nader Shah Afshar in 1747. Azad rose to power between 1752 and 1757, and had his power base in the Azarbaijan region. Azad was a contemporary of Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founder of the Durrani Empire.

Fath-Ali Khan Afshar, was a chieftain from the Afshar tribe of Urmia, and one of the four contenders for supremacy in Iran between 1751–1763. He was ultimately defeated and captured in February 1763 by one of the contenders, the Zand ruler Karim Khan Zand. The latter had Fath-Ali Khan executed the following year, in July 1764.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi</span> First Grand vizier of Qajar Iran

Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi, also known by his honorific title E'temad ol-Dowleh, was an Iranian statesman who served as the kalantar of the city of Shiraz during the late Zand era and later as the first grand vizier of Qajar Iran.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shaykh Ali Khan Zand</span>

Shaykh Ali Khan Zand was a Zand nobleman, who was a close associate and prominent lieutenant of his cousin Karim Khan Zand. However, he later clashed with the latter, who had him blinded. He afterwards lived the rest of his life as an honored representative of the court, until a civil war occurred after Karim Khan's death in 1779, where Shaykh Ali Khan was killed by his cousin, Zaki Khan Zand.

Hossein Qoli Khan Qajar was the Qajar chieftain of the Qoyunlu branch from 1759 till his death in 1777 and brother of the founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar.

Hedayat-Allah Khan was a Gilaki prince, who was the semi-independent ruler of Gilan from 1753 to 1786.

Jamal al-Din Khan was the first khan of the Talysh Khanate under Iranian suzerainty, ruling from 1747 to 1786.

Mohammad Khan Zand was the son of Zaki Khan and the last claimant of the Zand dynasty in Iran during the 18th century..

Ali-Qoli Khan Qajar was a son of Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar and half-brother of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, the founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran. Unlike Agha Mohammad Khan's full brothers, Ali-Qoli Khan served loyally from the outset and supported, for around twenty years, Agha Mohammad Khan's conquest for control over all of Iran. Following Agha Mohammad Khan's assassination in 1797, he unsuccessfully tried to claim himself as his brother's rightful successor. Ali-Qoli Khan was eventually blinded and exiled by his nephew Baba Khan, who would ascend the Iranian throne as Fath-Ali Shah Qajar.

References

  1. Perry, John (2016). "Zand Dynasty". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  2. The young children of Karim Khan Zand were neither designated Shah nor Wakil, but called in Persian sources "Khan", in European sources "King"; cf Perry, Zand Dynasty
  3. 1 2 3 W. William Bayne Fisher; P. Avery; G. R. G. Hambly; C. Melville (10 October 1991). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. VII. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN   978-0-521-20095-0 . Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  4. Kaveh Farrokh (20 December 2011). Iran at War: 1500-1988. Osprey Publishing. pp. 349–. ISBN   978-1-78096-221-4 . Retrieved 28 July 2013.

Sources