Boletaceae

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Boletaceae
Boletus edulis EtgHollande 041031 091.jpg
Cep, Boletus edulis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Boletaceae
Chevall. (1826)
Type genus
Boletus
Fr. (1821)
Subfamilies [1]
Synonyms
  • Strobilomycetaceae E.-J.Gilbert (1931)
  • Octavianiaceae Locq. ex Pegler & T.W.K.Young (1979)
  • Boletellaceae Jülich (1981)
  • Chamonixiaceae Jülich (1981)
  • Xerocomaceae Pegler & T.W.K.Young (1981)
  • Hapalopilaceae Jülich (1982)

The Boletaceae are a family of mushroom-forming fungi, primarily characterised by small pores on the spore-bearing hymenial surface (at the underside of the mushroom), instead of gills as are found in most agarics. Nearly as widely distributed as the agarics, the family is renowned for hosting some prime edible species highly sought after by mushroom hunters worldwide, such as the cep or king bolete (Boletus edulis). A number of rare or threatened species are also present in the family, that have become the focus of increasing conservation concerns. As a whole, the typical members of the family are commonly known as boletes.

Contents

Boletes are a group of mushrooms reasonably safe for human consumption, as none of them are known to be deadly to adults. Edible bolete species are especially suitable for novice collectors, since they pose little danger of being confused with deadly poisonous mushrooms, such as deadly Amanita species which bear gills instead of pores in their hymenial surface. Some boletes are toxic and may cause gastrointestinal poisoning if consumed, but these are unlikely to be confused with popular edible species in the family.

The family has been the subject of extensive systematic revisions in recent years, as some of the early established genera (particularly Boletus , Leccinum and Xerocomus ), have revealed to be highly polyphyletic, and the original number of genera within the family had been underestimated. As a result, several new species and genera have been described from Asia, Europe and North America, while many existing species have been transferred to different genera, in concordance with phylogenetic results.

Description

Most species of Boletaceae produce large, fleshy mushrooms, with a more or less central stipe. The fruit bodies typically have tubular hymenophores, although a small number of species (e.g. Phylloporus ) are lamellate. The spore deposit colours are commonly olivaceous (yellowish-green), yellowish, brownish, or vinaceous (red-wine coloured), and when viewed under the microscope spores are usually fusiform or subfusiform. In many species, parts of the fruit body will turn blue, red, or black when bruised or exposed to the air, as a result of the oxidation of pulvinic acid derivatives, like variegatic, xerocomic, and atrotomentinic acids. [2]

Taxonomy

Boletaceae were first described by the French botanist François Fulgis Chevallier in 1826, as a family distinct from Agaricaceae. Five genera were initially included in Chevallier's circumscription: Boletus (which is the type genus of the family), Cladoporus (now synonymous with Laetiporus [3] ), Physisporus (now Perenniporia [4] ), Polyporus , and Fistulina . [5] However, all of the original genera except Boletus have since been transferred to different families, [6] [7] and several new Boletaceae genera have been described.

Genera

Rolf Singer, in the 4th edition (1986) of his Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy, included 26 genera and 415 species in Boletaceae. [7] In the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), 35 Boletaceae genera were recognised, which collectively contained 787 species. [8] Molecular phylogenetic studies in the 2000s have revised the concept of the family; in a highly cited 2006 publication, Manfred Binder and David Hibbett recognised 38 genera within the family, many of which had remained at the time undescribed. [9] The number of Boletaceae genera increased significantly in the following years, as some of the early-established genera ( Boletus , Leccinum , Xerocomus ), further revealed to be highly polyphyletic. [10] In the comprehensive work of Wu and colleagues (2014), [1] seven major clades at subfamily level and 59 generic lineages were uncovered, including four new subfamilies (Austroboletoideae, Chalciporoideae, Leccinoideae, and Zangioideae) and 22 potential new genera. To formally name the generic lineages unravelled by molecular phylogenies, several new genera have since been described from Asia, Europe and North America including, among others, Baorangia , [11] Butyriboletus , [12] Cacaoporus , [13] Caloboletus , [14] Exsudoporus , [15] Imperator [16] and Rubroboletus . [17]

Some characters traditionally emphasised in morphology-based taxonomy, such as basidiospore ornamentation and "stuffed" pore morphology, revealed to be incongruent with molecular taxonomy, suggesting that certain traits evolved more than once within the family. [1] [18]

GenusAuthority YearNo. of speciesDistribution
Afroboletus Pegler & T.W.K.Young19817tropical Africa
Alessioporus [19] Gelardi, Vizzini & Simonini20141southern Europe
Aureoboletus Pouzar 195717 [20] widespread
Australopilus [21] Halling & Fechner20121Australia
Austroboletus Wolfe1980~30America, Australasia
Baorangia [11] G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang2015>2East Asia, North America
Boletellus Murrill 1909~50widespread
Boletochaete Singer 19443Africa, Southeast Asia
Boletus Fr. 1821 ~300* widespread
Borofutus [22] Hosen & Zhu L.Yang20121Bangladesh
Bothia Halling, T.J.Baroni, & Binder20071North America
Buchwaldoboletus Pilát 19623Europe, Australia
Butyriboletus [12] D.Arora & J.L.Frank201418widespread
Cacaoporus [13] Raspé & Vadthanarat20192Thailand
Caloboletus [14] Vizzini201413widespread
Chalciporus Bataille190825widespread
Chamonixia Rolland18998widespread
Corneroboletus [23] N.K.Zeng & Zhu L.Yang20121Singapore, Malaysia, tropical China
Crocinoboletus [24] N.K. Zeng, Zhu L. Yang & G. Wu20152East Asia, South Asia
Cyanoboletus [25] Gelardi, Vizzini & Simonini20143widespread
Durianella [26] A.W.Wilson & Manfr.Binder20081Malaysia, Borneo
Erythrophylloporus [27] Raspé, Vadthanarat & Lumyong20193China, Thailand
Exsudoporus [15] Vizzini, Simonini & Gelardi20143North America, Europe
Fistulinella Henn. 190115pantropical
Gastroboletus Lohwag196213widespread
Gastroleccinum Thiers 19891North America
Harrya [21] Halling, Nuhn & Osmundson20122Asia, North America, Central America
Heimioporus E.Horak 2004~15widespread
Heliogaster [28] (Kobayasi) Orihara & Iwase20101Japan
Hemileccinum [29] Šutara20083 [20] Europe, North America [20]
Hortiboletus [30] Simonini, Vizzini & Gelardi20154Europe, North America
Imleria [31] Vizzini20144 [32] Europe, Asia, North America [32]
Imperator Assyov et al.20153Europe, West Asia
Kaziboletus [33] Iqbal Hosen, Zhu L.Yang20211South Asia
Lanmaoa [11] G. Wu, Zhu L. Yang, Halling2015>5East Asia, North America
Leccinellum Bresinsky & Manfr. Binder200310widespread
Leccinum Gray 1821 135 widespread
Mucilopilus [1] Wolfe19794 [34] North America, New Zealand [34]
Mycoamaranthus Castellano, Trappe & Malajczuk19923Australasia, Africa, Southeast Asia
Neoboletus Gelardi et al.20149Europe, Asia
Nigroboletus [35] Gelardi, Vizzini, E. Horak, T.H. Li & Ming Zhang20151China
Octaviania Vittad. 183115widespread
Parvixerocomus [11] G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang,20152East Asia
Paxillogaster E.Horak 19661South America
Phylloboletellus Singer 19521Central and South America
Phyllobolites Singer 19421South America
Phylloporus Quel. 1888~50cosmopolitan
Pseudoaustroboletus [36] Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang20141East Asia, South Asia
Pseudoboletus Šutara19912north temperate regions
Pulchroboletus [19] Vizzini, Simonini & Gelardi20141southern Europe
Pulveroboletus Murrill 190925cosmopolitan
Retiboletus Manfr. Binder & Bresinsky20025north temperate regions
Rheubarbariboletus [30] Vizzini, Simonini & Gelardi20152Europe
Rhodactina Pegler & T.W.K.Young19892India, Thailand
Rossbeevera [37] T.Lebel & Orihara20119Asia, Australia
Royoungia Castellano, Trappe & Malajczuk19921Australia
Rubroboletus [17] Kuan Zhao & Zhu L.Yang20148Widespread
Rugiboletus [11] G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang20152East Asia
Setogyroporus Heinem. & Rammeloo19991tropical Africa
Singerocomus [38] T.W.Henkel & M.E.Sm.20163 ??
Singeromyces M.M.Moser 19661Argentina
Sinoboletus M.Zang199210China
Solioccasus [39] Trappe, Osmundson, Manfr.Binder, Castellano & Halling20131Australasia
Spongiforma [40] Desjardin, Manf. Binder, Roekring & Flegel20092Thailand, Malaysia
Strobilomyces Berk. 1851~20cosmopolitan
Suillellus Murrill 190911North America, Europe
Sutorius [41] Halling, Nuhn & Fechner20123North America, Costa Rica, Africa, S.E. Asia, Australia
Tubosaeta E.Horak 19675Africa, Asia
Tylopilus P.Karst 1881111widespread
Veloporphyrellus L.D.Gómez & Singer 19841Central America
Wakefieldia Corner & Hawker19522Asia, Europe
Xanthoconium Singer 19447cosmopolitan
Xerocomellus [29] Šutara200824North and South America, Europe
Xerocomus [29] Quel1887>20widespread
Zangia [42] Yan C.Li & Zhu L.Yang20116China

(*) Note that the phylogenetic and taxonomic position of many taxa currently remaining in genus Boletus has not yet been clarified. The number of species in this genus will therefore significantly reduce in the following years, as more taxa will be transferred to different genera, or found to be synonyms.

Many other genera formerly part of this family have been moved into other, smaller families, as work with molecular phylogeny shows that they are more distantly related, even if morphologically similar. Representative of this adjustment, is the move of the slimy-capped genus Suillus to the family Suillaceae.

Distribution

Phylloporus sp. Wielangta Forest, Tasmania Weilangta Phylloporus sp.jpg
Phylloporus sp. Wielangta Forest, Tasmania

Boletes are found worldwide, on every continent except Antarctica. Well-known and well-described in the temperate latitudes in the northern hemisphere, newer research has shown significant diversity in tropical and southern hemisphere regions as well. E. J. H. Corner found evidence of at least 60 species on the island of Singapore alone. In 1972 he described 140 species from the Malay Peninsula and Borneo and estimated there were at least as many yet to be documented. [43] Over 100 species belonging to 52 genera have been reported from China, which has emerged as one of the worldwide hotspots of Boletaceae diversity. [18] The family is also reasonably well-represented in the Mediterranean region, where many rare or range-restricted species can be found. [44]

Ecology

As heterotrophic organisms, the majority Boletaceae species are symbiotic, and form mutually beneficial ectomycorrhizal associations with various trees and shrubs. [45] [46] [47] However, a number of ancestral species in genera Buchwaldoboletus and Pseudoboletus , are saprotrophic or parasitic. [48] [9] [46] Evidence suggests that some, if not all, species of Chalciporus might also have a mycoparasitic interaction with other fungi. [46] [10] The exact trophic status of some South American and African boletes, such as species of Phylloboletellus , is nonetheless not yet fully clarified, as fruit bodies are often found without the presence of ectomycorrhizal vegetation. [7] [46]

Most frequently associated tree-hosts are members of the Fagaceae, particularly oak (Quercus), beech (Fagus) and chestnut (Castanea). [49] [50] [51] Fewer species are associated with conifers, mostly spruce (Picea) and fir (Abies). In the Mediterranean region, most boletes are strongly associated with evergreen oaks, particularly members of the "Ilex" group, such as the holm oak (Quercus ilex), the kermes oak (Q. coccifera), or the golden oak (Q. alnifolia). [44] Some boletes are also known to grow in association with Cistaceae shrubs, mainly Cistus [52] and Helianthemum , [53] and at least one species ( Leccinellum corsicum ) is exclusively associated with rockrose. [50] [54]

Most boletes are sensitive to cold and fruit during warm spells in the summer and early months of the autumn, while some have very specific preferences with regards to substrate. For instance, the highly sought after Boletus aereus is mostly found on acidic soils, [55] [50] whereas the poisonous Rubroboletus satanas is predominantly calciphilous and mostly occurs on chalk. [56] [57] Other species, such as Hemileccinum impolitum or Leccinellum lepidum , are indifferent to the substrate and frequently occur on both calcareous and acidic soil. [44]

Conservation

A number of Boletaceae species are considered rare, vulnerable or endangered, and some have been included in regional or national Red Lists. Rubroboletus dupainii is listed among the 33 threatened fungi of Europe, as part of Appendix I of the Bern Convention. [58] Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus is considered extinct in England [59] and critically endangered in the Czech Republic. [60] Also critically endangered in the Czech Republic are Aureoboletus moravicus , Buchwaldoboletus sphaerocephalus , Butyriboletus fuscoroseus , Imperator rhodopurpureus , Leccinum roseotinctum and Rubroboletus rubrosanguineus . [60] Eleven species of Boletaceae, Boletus aereus , Boletus pinophilus , Butyriboletus regius , Hemileccinum impolitum , Imperator luteocupreus , I. rhodopurpureus , I. torosus , Rubroboletus dupainii , R. lupinus , R. pulchrotinctus and R. satanas , are considered vulnerable or endangered in North Macedonia and have been included in the national Red List of fungi. [61] Similarly, twenty species of Boletaceae are included in the Red List of fungi in Bulgaria. [62]

Research from the Mediterranean region suggests that many boletes might be under threat from accelerated climate changes and long-term drought. In a ten-year study from the island of Cyprus, most bolete species were found to be rare, highly restricted by low soil moisture and exhibited very erratic fruiting patterns strongly correlating to annual, late summer and early autumn precipitation. [44]

Edibility

A large number of boletes are edible, few are delicious and some are considered to be true culinary delicacies. The much sought after king bolete ( Boletus edulis ), in particular, is a species of high commercial value and has been described as "the wild mushroom par excellence". [63] In the Province of Parma in northern Italy, the four most sought after boletes, Boletus edulis, B. aereus, B. reticulatus and B. pinophilus, have been collected and commercially exploited for centuries. [64] Boletes are widely collected and sold in markets throughout Spain, particularly the province of Aragon. [65] Scandinavian cuisine praises boletes. [ citation needed ] They are a regular feature of Finnish cuisine and, especially the king bolete, is considered an unsurpassed culinary mushroom, widely used in various soups, sauces, casseroles and hotpots.[ citation needed ] Bolete mushrooms are sometimes also used as pizza topping, not unlike champignons, shiitake, or portobellos.

Two species of Butyriboletus , the royal bolete ( B. regius ) and the butter bolete ( B. appendiculatus ) are also culinary valued, though much less common than the ceps. In northern Europe, two of the commonest and most frequently collected edible boletes are the bay bolete ( Imleria badia ), whose pores bruise blue-green, and the orange birch bolete, which is a Leccinum with an orange cap and which bruises a bluish grey.[ citation needed ]

Several guidebooks recommend avoiding all red-pored boletes, but both Neoboletus luridiformis (= Neoboletus erythropus) and Suillellus luridus are edible when well-cooked and widely consumed in certain parts of Europe.

Lookalikes

Poisonous or otherwise inedible species are also present in the family, however, such as the unpalatable bitter species Caloboletus calopus and the aptly named bitter bolete ( Tylopilus felleus ), with a taste compared to bile, as well as some orange-capped species of Leccinum . As the bitter bolete resembles somewhat the king bolete, it can produce literally a bitter disappointment to the mushroom hunter. The rule of thumb is that the bitter bolete has pink pores, and a brownish stipe with a dark brown (sometimes approaching black) reticulum, while the cep has whitish pores, which in maturity become yellowish or sometimes with a faint olivaceous tint, a light-colored (white and/or similar in color to the rest of the stipe) reticulum and white hyphae tufts at the base of the stipe. The bitter bolete also lacks the stuffed or plugged pore appearance (caused by a hyphal mat of cheilocystidia) that is common in the cep and its allies. If uncertain, tasting a small piece of cap context should clinch the identification, since Tylopilus felleus has a strong, foul bitter taste.

Toxicity

Devil's bolete (Rubroboletus satanas) Boletus satanas.JPG
Devil's bolete ( Rubroboletus satanas )

Rubroboletus satanas has long been considered to be poisonous, though it is not known to have been responsible for any fatalities and the symptoms are predominantly gastrointestinal in nature. A glycoprotein, bolesatine, is thought to be responsible for the poisonings. [66] When given to mice, Bolesatine causes massive thrombosis, [67] while at lower concentrations it is a mitogen, inducing cell division to human T lymphocytes. [68] A similar compound, bolevenine, has been isolated from the poisonous Neoboletus venenatus in Japan. [69]

More recent studies have associated the poisoning caused by R. satanas with hyperprocalcitonemia, [70] and classified it as a distinct syndrome among fungal poisonings. [71] Several other boletes are known to cause varying degrees of gastrointestinal symptoms, especially if eaten raw or insufficiently cooked.

One incident of death associated with Rubroboletus pulcherrimus was reported in 1994; a couple developed gastrointestinal symptoms after eating this fungus, with the husband finally succumbing. An autopsy revealed infarction of the midgut. [72]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boletales</span> Order of fungi

The Boletales are an order of Agaricomycetes containing over 1300 species with a diverse array of fruiting body types. The boletes are the best known members of this group, and until recently, the Boletales were thought to only contain boletes. The Boletales are now known to contain distinct groups of agarics, puffballs, and other fruiting-body types.

<i>Boletus</i> Genus of fungus

Boletus is a genus of mushroom-producing fungi, comprising over 100 species. The genus Boletus was originally broadly defined and described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, essentially containing all fungi with hymenial pores instead of gills. Since then, other genera have been defined gradually, such as Tylopilus by Petter Adolf Karsten in 1881, and old names such as Leccinum have been resurrected or redefined. Some mushrooms listed in older books as members of the genus have now been placed in separate genera. These include such as Boletus scaber, now Leccinum scabrum, Tylopilus felleus, Chalciporus piperatus and Suillus luteus. Most boletes have been found to be ectomycorrhizal fungi, which means that they form a mutualistic relationship with the roots system of certain kinds of plants. More recently, Boletus has been found to be massively polyphyletic, with only a small percentage of the over 300 species that have been assigned to Boletus actually belonging there and necessitating the description and resurrection of many more genera.

<i>Tylopilus</i> Genus of fungi

Tylopilus is a genus of over 100 species of mycorrhizal bolete fungi separated from Boletus. Its best known member is the bitter bolete, the only species found in Europe. More species are found in North America, such as the edible species T. alboater. Australia is another continent where many species are found. All members of the genus form mycorrhizal relationships with trees. Members of the genus are distinguished by their pinkish pore surfaces.

<i>Suillellus luridus</i> Species of edible fungus of the bolete family, found in Asia, Europe, and eastern North America

Suillellus luridus, commonly known as the lurid bolete, is a fungus of the family Boletaceae, found in calcareous broadleaved woodlands in Europe. Fruit bodies appear in summer and autumn and may be locally abundant. It is a firm bolete with an olive-brown cap up to 20 cm (8 in) in diameter, with small orange or red pores on the underside. The stout ochre stem reaches 8–14 cm (3–6 in) high and 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) wide, and is patterned with a red network. Like several other red-pored boletes, it stains blue when bruised or cut.

<i>Hortiboletus rubellus</i> Species of fungus

Hortiboletus rubellus, commonly known as the ruby bolete, is a small, dainty, brightly coloured member of the family Boletaceae, with a reddish cap and stipe, and yellow pores. Like many boletes, it stains blue when cut or bruised. It is found in deciduous woodland in autumn. There is some question over its edibility, and it is reportedly of poor quality with a taste of soap. Until 2015, the species was known as Boletus rubellus.

<i>Chalciporus</i> Genus of fungi

Chalciporus is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae. There are approximately 25 species in the genus.

<i>Exsudoporus frostii</i> Species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in North America

Exsudoporus frostii, commonly known as Frost's bolete or the apple bolete, is a bolete fungus first described scientifically in 1874. A member of the family Boletaceae, the mushrooms produced by the fungus have tubes and pores instead of gills on the underside of their caps. Exsudoporus frostii is distributed in the eastern United States from Maine to Georgia, and in the southwest from Arizona extending south to Mexico and Costa Rica. A mycorrhizal species, its fruit bodies are typically found growing near hardwood trees, especially oak.

<i>Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus</i> Species of fungus

Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus is a species of bolete in the family Boletaceae, native to Europe. Previously known as Boletus rhodoxanthus, it was transferred in 2014 to the newly erected genus Rubroboletus, based on DNA data.

<i>Exsudoporus permagnificus</i> Species of fungus

Exsudoporus permagnificus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae, native to Southern Europe and Western Asia. Described as new to science in 1981, the fungus was originally placed in genus Boletus. Following molecular studies outlining a new phylogenetic framework for Boletaceae, the fungus was transferred to the newly erected genus Exsudoporus in 2014, to which it is the type species. Nevertheless, Wu and colleagues (2016) were reluctant to accept the newly proposed genus due to a lack of sufficient sequences and regarded it a synonym of Butyriboletus. Following studies reinstated the status of Exsudoporus as a monophyletic genus sister to Butyriboletus, following additional collections and extended phylogenetic and morphological analyses.

<i>Exsudoporus floridanus</i> Species of fungus

Exsudoporus floridanus is a species of edible bolete mushroom in the family Boletaceae. In 1945, American mycologist Rolf Singer described a species he found in Florida during his 1942–3 tenure of a Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship. He originally described it as a subspecies of the eastern North American species Boletus frostii, but later considered it worthy of distinct species status in a 1947 publication. Based on morphological and phylogenetic data, Vizzini and colleagues transferred this species to a newly described genus Exsudoporus in 2014. Due to lack of sufficient sequences, Wu et al. (2016) were reluctant to accept Exsudoporus and considered it a synonym of Butyriboletus, so they proposed a new combination Butyriboletus floridanus. However, following phylogenetic and morphological analyses clearly resolved Exsudoporus as a monophyletic, homogenous and independent genus that is sister to Butyriboletus.

<i>Xerocomus illudens</i> Species of fungus

Xerocomus illudens is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 1898, it is found in Asia and North America, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with oak.

<i>Imperator luteocupreus</i> Species of fungus

Imperator luteocupreus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It is native to southern Europe, where it is found under chestnut (Castanea) and oak (Quercus). Although it was originally described in genus Boletus, it was placed in the new genus Imperator in 2015, based on phylogenetic inferences.

Butyriboletus peckii is a fungus of the genus Butyriboletus native to eastern North America. It was first described by Charles Christopher Frost in 1878. Until 2014, it was known as Boletus peckii. Recent changes in the phylogenetic framework of the Boletaceae prompted the transfer of this species, along with several other related boletes, including Caloboletus calopus, to the genus Caloboletus. In 2015, Kuan Zhao and colleagues published analysis that demonstrated that the bolete belongs to Butyriboletus, closely related to Butyriboletus pulchriceps.

<i>Butyriboletus</i> Genus of fungi

Butyriboletus is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 2014 by mycologists David Arora and Jonathan L. Frank to accommodate "butter bolete" species that were shown by molecular analysis to be phylogenetically distinct from Boletus. Butyriboletus contains 24 ectomycorrhizal species found in Asia, Europe, North America and north Africa.

<i>Butyriboletus fuscoroseus</i> Species of fungus

Butyriboletus fuscoroseus is a pored mushroom in the family Boletaceae. It was formerly considered a species of Boletus, but in 2014 was transferred to the newly created genus Butyriboletus. Boletus pseudoregius, a European taxon originally described as a subspecies of Boletus appendiculatus in 1927, is a synonym. B. fuscoroseus is considered critically endangered in the Czech Republic.

<i>Neoboletus</i> Genus of fungi

Neoboletus is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae, native to holarctic regions. It was circumscribed in 2014 by Italian mycologists Matteo Gelardi, Giampaolo Simonini and Alfredo Vizzini, and further by Chinese mycologists Gang Wu and Zhu L. Yang in 2015. Closely related to the genus Sutorius, members of this genus differ by staining blue when bruised. They have brown pores and lack a reticulated pattern on their stipes. The erection of Neoboletus follows recent molecular studies that outlined a new phylogenetic framework for the Boletaceae. The type species is Neoboletus luridiformis. Five species were added to the genus by Gelardi and Vizzini in 2014.

<i>Hortiboletus</i> Genus of fungi

Hortiboletus is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae. It was circumscribed in 2015 by Giampaolo Simonini, Alfredo Vizzini, and Matteo Gelardi. The erection of Hortiboletus follows recent molecular studies that outlined a new phylogenetic framework for the Boletaceae. Hortiboletus is derived from the Latin word hortus "garden", referring to a typical habitat of the type species, Hortiboletus rubellus. The bolete H. bubalinus, originally described as a Boletus and later placed in Xerocomus, was transferred to the genus by Bálint Dima. In 2015, Alona Yu. Biketova transferred Boletus campestris and Boletus engelii to Hortiboletus.

<i>Hemileccinum impolitum</i> Species of fungus

Hemileccinum impolitum is a basidiomycete fungus of the family Boletaceae, native to Europe. It is commonly referred to as the iodine bolete, because its fruit bodies tend to emit an iodine odour when cut, more detectable in the stem base or overripe specimens.

<i>Exsudoporus</i> Genus of fungi

Exsudoporus is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae. It was circumscribed in 2014 by Alfredo Vizzini and colleagues, following a number of molecular studies that outlined a new phylogenetic framework for Boletaceae and revealed the genus Boletus in its traditional circumscription to be polyphyletic. However, due to lack of sufficient sequences, Wu and colleagues (2016) were reluctant to accept the newly proposed genus and considered it a synonym of Butyriboletus. Following additional phylogenetic sequencing and morphological analyses, Exsudoporus was clearly resolved as a monophyletic, homogenous and independent genus that is sister to Butyriboletus.

References

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  4. ↑ Kirk et al., (2008), p. 535.
  5. ↑ Chevallier FF. (1826). Flore Générale des Environs de Paris (in French). Vol. 1. p. 248.
  6. ↑ Donk MA (1964). "A conspectus of the families of Aphyllophorales". Persoonia. 3 (2): 199–324.
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