Brachychiton rupestris

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Queensland bottle tree
Queensland Bottle Tree 2.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Brachychiton
Species:
B. rupestris
Binomial name
Brachychiton rupestris
Synonyms

Delabechea rupestrisT.Mitch. ex Lindl.
Brachychiton delabechei F.Muell.
Sterculia rupestris(T.Mitch. ex Lindl.) Benth .
Brachychiton rupestre orth. var. K.A.W.Williams

Contents

Brachychiton rupestris (commonly known as the narrow-leaved bottle tree or Queensland bottle tree) is a tree in the family Malvaceae, [lower-alpha 1] endemic to Queensland, Australia. Described by Sir Thomas Mitchell and John Lindley in 1848, it earned its name from its bulbous trunk, which can be up to 3.5 metres (11 ft) in diameter at breast height (DBH). Reaching around 10–25 metres (33–82 ft) high, the Queensland bottle tree is deciduous, losing its leaves seasonally, between September and December. The leaves are simple or divided, with one or more narrow leaf blades up to 11 centimetres (4 in) long and 2 centimetres (0.8 in) wide. Cream-coloured flowers appear from September to November, and are followed by woody, boat-shaped follicles that ripen from November to May. No subspecies are recognised.

As a drought deciduous succulent tree, much like the baobab (Adansonia) of Madagascar, B. rupestris adapts readily to cultivation, and is quite tolerant of a range of soils and temperatures. It is a key component and emergent tree in the endangered central semi-evergreen vine thickets (also known as bottletree scrub) of the Queensland Brigalow Belt. Remnant trees are often left by farmers on cleared land for their value as shade and fodder trees, and as homes for various birds and animals.

Description

Largest bottle tree in Roma, Queensland, where the species is used extensively for street plantings. Roma's largest bottle tree.jpg
Largest bottle tree in Roma, Queensland, where the species is used extensively for street plantings.

Brachychiton rupestris grows as a succulent tree reaching 10–20 metres (33–66 ft) (rarely 25 metres (82 ft)) in height, [3] though plants in cultivation are usually shorter. [4] The thick trunk is 5–15 metres (16–49 ft) tall, with a 1–3.5 metres (3.3–11.5 ft) diameter at breast height (DBH). It has dark grey bark and is marked by shallow tessellation and deeper fissures. Smaller branches are light green or grey, as are the trunks of immature trees. Like those of all members of the genus, the leaves are alternately arranged along the stems. [3]

B. rupestris is deciduous. Trees in their native habitat are typically leafless between September and December; the timing, duration and extent of leaf drop may be affected by extremes of rainfall or drought. [3] Sometimes trees shed leaves from only some branches. [5] On every tree, the leaves vary in shape, ranging from narrow and elliptic to deeply divided. [6] The upper surface is glossy, contrasting with a pale undersurface. The adult leaf blades are 4–11 centimetres (1.6–4.3 in) long and 0.8–2 centimetres (0.3–0.8 in) wide with pointed (acuminate or apiculate) tips. They have a raised midrib on the upper and lower surface, with 12–25 pairs of lateral veins that are more prominent on the upper surface, arising at 50–60 degrees from the midrib. The compound juvenile leaves have 3–9 spear-shaped (lanceolate) or linear lobes. These each measure 4–14 centimetres (1.6–5.5 in) long and 0.3–1 centimetre (0.1–0.4 in) wide. [3]

Panicles of creamy-yellow flowers with red markings [6] appear from September to November in the species' native range. These arise from axillary buds on end branches. Each panicle contains 10–30 flowers and is 3–8 centimetres (1.2–3.1 in) long, and each flower is 0.5–1 centimetre (0.2–0.4 in) long and 1.3–1.8 centimetres (0.5–0.7 in) wide. The length of the lobes of the perianth is more than half the perianth diameter. [3] Like all Brachychiton species, B. rupestris is monoecious—each plant has distinct male and female flowers. [3] Male flowers have 15 stamens, with pale yellow anthers, while female flowers have cream or white stigmas surrounded by rudimentary stellate (star-shaped) carpels, which sit atop the ovaries. [3]

Groups of 3 to 5 woody boat-shaped follicles, [6] each containing 4 to 8 (or occasionally up to 12) seeds, develop from November to May. The follicles, smooth on the outer surface and hairy inside, split along their length to reveal seeds. The seeds, which are ovoid with a smooth surface, and 6–7 millimetres (0.24–0.28 in) long by 3.5–4.5 millimetres (0.14–0.18 in) wide, are covered by a hairy coating known as the exotesta. [3]

The closely related Proserpine bottle tree ( Brachychiton compactus ) that occurs only in the vicinity of the town of Proserpine can be distinguished by its more oval leaves, more compact flower heads, and longer ellipsoid follicles. [7] The undescribed Ormeau bottle tree has brighter lime-green new foliage and leaves but is otherwise similar to the Proserpine bottle tree. [8]

Taxonomy and naming

Leaves
Brachychiton rupestris juvenile leaf 4167.jpg
Juvenile
Brachychiton rupestris adult leaves 4209.jpg
Adult

The species came to the attention of the scientific community when explorer Sir Thomas Mitchell observed the trees on his expedition through Queensland in 1848 and published an account in Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical Australia in the same year. He came across them as he ascended Mount Abundance near present-day Roma, remarking that "The trunk bulged out in the middle like a barrel, to nearly twice the diameter at the ground, or of that at the first springing of the branches above. These were small in proportion to their great girth, and the whole tree looked very odd [9] In the same publication, English botanist John Lindley provided the first formal description. [10] Lindley placed it in the genus Delabechea as the sole representative—Delabechea rupestris. [3] The genus name was selected by Mitchell to honour the director of the British Geological Survey, Henry De la Beche, while the Latin specific epithet rupestris (meaning living among rocks) alludes to the rocky hilltop habitat of specimens observed by Mitchell. [11] Ferdinand von Mueller, the Government Botanist in Victoria, renamed it Brachychiton delabechei in 1862, [12] incorporating the genus Delabechea into Brachychiton. [3]

In his landmark Flora Australiensis , English botanist George Bentham published the first key for the nine described species of Brachychiton, and relegated them to a section of Sterculia . [3] Hence the Queensland bottle tree became Sterculia rupestris. [13] Von Mueller maintained his recognition of Brachychiton as a separate genus. [3] German botanist Otto Kuntze challenged the generic name Sterculia in 1891, on the grounds that the name Clompanus took precedence. He republished the Queensland bottle tree as Clompanus rupestris. [14] German botanist Karl Moritz Schumann gave it its current binomial name in 1893, [15] which was accepted by Achille Terraciano of the Orto botanico di Palermo [16] and subsequent authorities, and remains current. [1]

In 1988, Gordon Guymer of the Queensland Herbarium published a taxonomic revision of Brachychiton; he classified B. rupestris in the section Delabechea along with the related and newly described Proserpine bottle tree. [3] A third species, from southeast Queensland, has been recognised but not yet described. [8] Unique to the section, all three species have bulbous trunks and can have large cavities in the vertical wood parenchyma. [7] The genus Brachychiton lies within an Australasian clade within the subfamily Sterculioideae (previously family Sterculiaceae) in a large broadly defined Malvaceae. It is only distantly related to Sterculia, belonging to a different clade within the Sterculioideae. [17]

The name of the genus is derived from the Greek brachys, short, and chiton, tunic, a reference to the loose seed coats. Brachychiton was for many years misconstrued as being of neuter gender—first by the genus describers Heinrich Wilhelm Schott and Stephan Endlicher and later by von Mueller and others—with the specific names then incorrectly amended. [3] Thus the bottle tree's binomial was recorded as Brachychiton rupestre, now regarded as an orthographical variant. [18] Besides "Queensland bottle tree", common names for the species include "narrow-leaved bottle tree" and "bottle tree". [1]

Brachychiton × turgidulus is a naturally occurring hybrid cross of B. rupestris with the kurrajong B. populneus subsp. populneus. [3] It is particularly prevalent east of Boonah. [3]

Distribution and habitat

Female flower Brachychiton rupestris flower 4443.jpg
Female flower

Brachychiton rupestris is found in central Queensland from latitude 22° S to 28° S, with the western limits of its range defined by the 500 mm rainfall isohyet. It grows on the tops and slopes of hills or ridges in low hilly country, in clay, shale, or basalt soils. It is an emergent tree in forests dominated by brigalow ( Acacia harpophylla ), hoop pine ( Araucaria cunninghamii ), or ooline ( Cadellia pentastylis ). [3] It is always present in the Central semi-evergreen vine thicket—also known as Bottletree Scrub—of the Brigalow Belt. Other common species include broad-leaved bottle tree ( Brachychiton australis ) and belah ( Casuarina cristata ). The bottle tree is replaced by the kurrajong in similar communities in New South Wales. [19]

Conservation

Although the species status under Queensland's Nature Conservation Act is "least concern", [20] it is an emergent tree species in an endangered ecosystem known as "semi-evergreen vine thickets of the Brigalow Belt (North and South) and Nandewar bioregions", listed under the Commonwealth EPBC Act, [21] and is declining across its range. [5] Furthermore, the health of trees in cleared areas may be compromised. [22] The species is conserved within its natural habitat in a number of National Parks including Auburn River, [23] Benarkin, [22] Bunya Mountains, [24] Coalstoun Lakes, [25] Dipperu, [3] Good Night Scrub, [26] Humboldt, [27] Isla Gorge [28] and Tregole. [29]

Ecology

Brachychiton rupestris has been recorded as a host plant for the mistletoe species Dendrophthoe glabrescens . [30] Insects hosted by the species include the pale cotton stainer bug, a pest of cotton crops, and the kurrajong leaf roller caterpillar that chews on the foliage and rolls individual leaves, within which it then pupates. [31] [32] [33] [34] Bottle tree scrub is a key habitat of the near threatened black-breasted buttonquail. [35] Brachychiton rupestris can withstand bushfires and responds by flowering and putting forth new foliage afterwards. [5]

Uses

Aboriginal people made use of the trees through eating the roots of young plants and by consuming secretions from the trunk that were induced by wounds. [36] Fibre obtained from the species was used to make nets. [37] The leaves have also been used for fodder, [36] and Queensland farmers often leave bottle trees as a potential food source when land is cleared. [3] During drought conditions, whole trees have been felled to feed stock. The soft edible pulp inside the trunk is exposed by removing the bark. [36] The pulp is energy-rich but protein-poor, and occasional cases of nitrate poisoning have led to cattle deaths. [36]

Cultivation

Open follicles split longitudinally to reveal seeds inside. The follicle interior is lined with hairs that can irritate skin. Brachychiton rupestris fruits.jpg
Open follicles split longitudinally to reveal seeds inside. The follicle interior is lined with hairs that can irritate skin.

Bottle trees are commonly found planted in streets and parks, on farms, and as features in gardens. An avenue in Roma, Queensland, was planted between 1918 and 1920, each tree representing one of 93 local men killed in World War I. [38] The species has been cultivated as an indoor plant and a bonsai subject. [39] [40]

Bottle trees grow best in well-drained, slightly acidic soil, in full sunshine. They are suited to cultivation in regional climates equivalent to USDA hardiness zones 9 to 12. [41] In the first stages of growth, the bottle tree is very slow-growing, and the formation of the unique bottle shape is not visible until the tree is about 5 to 8 years old. [42] Mature trees transplant easily, and can withstand intervals of up to three months between digging and replanting without detriment. [4] Bottle trees grown from seed may take up to 20 years to flower. Flowering takes place after adult leaves have appeared. [43]

Plants are readily propagated from seed. As seed is surrounded by irritating hairs within the pod, extraction requires care. [4] Stem cuttings of semi-mature growth can be taken in late summer and require the application of rooting hormones and bottom heat. [44]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The genus Brachychiton was traditionally placed in the family Sterculiaceae, but that family, along with Bombacaceae and Tiliaceae, has been found to be polyphyletic and is now sunk into a more broadly-defined Malvaceae [2]

Related Research Articles

Sterculiaceae was a family of flowering plant based on the genus Sterculia. Genera formerly included in Sterculiaceae are now placed in the family Malvaceae, in the subfamilies: Byttnerioideae, Dombeyoideae, Helicteroideae and Sterculioideae.

<i>Brachychiton</i> Genus of flowering plants

Brachychiton is a genus of 31 species of trees and large shrubs, native to Australia and New Guinea. Fossils from New South Wales and New Zealand are estimated to be 50 million years old, corresponding to the Paleogene.

<i>Sterculia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Sterculia is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae: subfamily Sterculioideae. Members of the genus are colloquially known as tropical chestnuts. Sterculia may be monoecious or dioecious, and its flowers unisexual or bisexual.

<i>Brachychiton acerifolius</i> Species of tree in the family Malvaceae

Brachychiton acerifolius is a large tree of the family Malvaceae endemic to tropical and subtropical regions on the east coast of Australia. It is famous for the bright red bell-shaped flowers that often cover the whole tree when it is leafless. It is commonly known as the flame tree, Illawarra flame tree, lacebark tree, or kurrajong.

<i>Sterculia quadrifida</i> Species of plant in the family Malvaceae

Sterculia quadrifida, also known as the peanut tree, monkey nut or red-fruited kurrajong is a small tree that grows in the rainforests, vine thickets, and gallery forests of New Guinea and northern Australia.

<i>Brachychiton populneus</i> Species of tree

Brachychiton populneus, commonly known as the kurrajong, is a small to medium-sized tree found naturally in Australia in a diversity of habitats from wetter coastal districts to semi-arid interiors of Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. Carrejun and carrejan were the indigenous names of trees in the foothills of the Blue Mountains near Sydney, and the bark was used for twine and fishing lines. The extended trunk is a water storage device for survival in a warm dry climate. The bell-shaped flowers are variable in colour while the leaves vary considerably in shape. The leaves are either simple and pointed, or may be 3–9 lobed. Saplings grow from a drought and fire resistant tap-rooted tuber.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sterculioideae</span> Subfamily of trees and shrubs

Sterculioideae is a subfamily of the family Malvaceae containing evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs.

<i>Brachychiton discolor</i> Species of tree

Brachychiton discolor is a rainforest tree of eastern Australia. It grows in drier rainforest areas. Scattered from Paterson, New South Wales to Mackay, Queensland. There is also an isolated community of these trees at Cape York Peninsula.

<i>Brachychiton bidwillii</i> Species of tree

Brachychiton bidwillii, commonly known as the dwarf kurrajong or little kurrajong, is a small tree of the genus Brachychiton found in tropical areas of eastern Australia. It was originally classified in the family Sterculiaceae, which is now within Malvaceae.

<i>Brachychiton gregorii</i> Species of plant

Brachychiton gregorii, commonly known as the desert kurrajong, is a small tree of the genus Brachychiton found in northern and western Australia. It was originally classified in the family Sterculiaceae, which is now within Malvaceae.

<i>Sterculia apetala</i> Species of tree

Sterculia apetala, commonly known as the Panama tree, camoruco, manduvi tree or anacagüita, is a species of flowering plants in the family Malvaceae. It is found in Central and South America, as well as the Caribbean islands. Sterculia apetala is recognized as the national tree of the Republic of Panama.

Brachychiton paradoxus, commonly known as the red-flowered kurrajong, is a small tree of the genus Brachychiton found in northern Australia. It was originally classified in the family Sterculiaceae, which is now within Malvaceae.

<i>Brachychiton diversifolius</i> Species of tree

Brachychiton diversifolius, commonly known as the northern kurrajong, is a small tree of the genus Brachychiton found in northern Australia. It was originally classified in the family Sterculiaceae, which is now within Malvaceae.

Franciscodendron is a monotypic genus in the subfamily Sterculioideae within the family Malvaceae. The single species, Franciscodendron laurifolium, commonly known as tulip sterculia, tulip kurrajong or cabbage crowsfoot, is a tree native to Australia.

Brachychiton compactus is a tree of the genus Brachychiton found in northeastern Australia. It is only found in the vicinity of Proserpine in Central Queensland.

<i>Brachychiton megaphyllus</i> Species of tree

Brachychiton megaphyllus, commonly known as the red-flowering kurrajong, is a tree of the genus Brachychiton found in northern Australia.

<i>Sterculia balanghas</i> Species of flowering plant

Sterculia balanghas is a species of plant in the family Malvaceae. It is native to India and Sri Lanka. Leaves are simple, alternate; swollen at base and tipped; lamina elliptic, obovate, oblong, elliptic-ovate or oblong-ovate; base subcordate or round; apex acuminate; with entire margin. Flowers may be unisexual or polygamous are yellow or greenish-purple in color. Inflorescence show terminal or axillary panicles. Orange to red colored fruit is oblong and seeds are black in color.

<i>Brachychiton</i> sp. Ormeau Species of tree

Brachychiton sp. Ormeau is a rare and endangered rainforest tree found in Queensland, Australia.

<i>Brachychiton viscidulus</i> Species of plant

Brachychiton viscidulus is a plant in the Malvaceae family, native to Western Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rainforests and vine thickets</span>

Rainforests and vine thickets are a major vegetation group in Australia. It consists of temperate to tropical rainforests, monsoon forests, and vine thickets. Rainforests and vine thickets are generally found in small pockets across the eastern and northern portions of the continent, including western Tasmania, eastern New South Wales, eastern Queensland, the northern portion of the Northern Territory, and the Kimberley Region of northeastern Western Australia.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Brachychiton rupestris". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  2. ↑ Stevens, Peter F. (29 January 2015). "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website" . Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Guymer, Gordon Paul (1988). "A taxonomic revision of Brachychiton (Sterculiaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 1 (3): 199–323 [243–45]. doi:10.1071/SB9880199.
  4. 1 2 3 Cheung, Puiyee. "Brachychiton rupestris". Growing Native Plants. Australian National Botanic Gardens and Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Canberra. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 Kapitany, Attila (2007). Australian Succulent Plants. Boronia, Victoria: Kapitany Concepts. pp. 214–16. ISBN   978-0-646-46381-0.
  6. 1 2 3 Rowell, Raymond J. (1980). Ornamental Flowering Trees in Australia. Wellington, New Zealand: AH & AW Reed Pty Ltd. p. 59. ISBN   0-589-50178-X.
  7. 1 2 Rathie 2014, p. 24.
  8. 1 2 Rathie 2014, p. 26.
  9. ↑ Mitchell,Thomas Livingstone (1848). Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical Australia, in Search of a Route from Sydney to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 153–55.
  10. ↑ "Delabechea rupestris". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  11. ↑ Annals of Horticulture. 1850. pp. 154–56.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Von Mueller, Ferdinand (1862). The Plants Indigenous to the Colony of Victoria. Vol. 1. John Ferres, Government Printer. p. 157.
  13. ↑ Bentham, George (1863). "Sterculia". Flora Australiensis: Volume 1: Ranunculaceae to Anacardiaceae. Vol. 1. London, United Kingdom: L. Reeve & Co. p. 230.
  14. ↑ Kuntze, Otto (1891). Revisio generum plantarum:vascularium omnium atque cellularium multarum secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum in itinere mundi collectarum. Vol. 1. Leipzig, Germany: A. Felix. p. 78.
  15. ↑ Schumann, Karl Moritz (1893). "Brachychiton". Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (in German). 3 (6): 96.
  16. ↑ Terraciano, Achille (1897). "Le Specie del Genere Brachychiton". Bollettino del R. Orto Botanico di Palermo (in Italian). 1: 50–64 [64].
  17. ↑ Wilkie, Peter; Clark, Alexandra; Pennington, R. Toby; Cheek, Martin; Bayer, Clemens; Wilcock, Chris C. (2006). "Phylogenetic Relationships within the Subfamily Sterculioideae (Malvaceae/Sterculiaceae-Sterculieae) Using the Chloroplast Gene ndhF". Systematic Botany. 31 (1): 160–70. doi:10.1600/036364406775971714. S2CID   85676723.
  18. ↑ "Brachychiton rupestre". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  19. ↑ Department of the Environment (19 February 2014). "Semi-evergreen vine thickets of the Brigalow Belt (North and South) and Nandewar Bioregions". Threatened Species & Ecological Communities. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  20. ↑ "Brachychiton rupestris". WetlandInfo. Queensland Government. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  21. ↑ "National recovery plan for the "Semi-evergreen vine thickets of the Brigalow Belt (North and South) and Nandewar Bioregions" ecological community". Department of the Environment. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  22. 1 2 "Benarkin National Park Management Statement 2013" (PDF). The State of Queensland (Department of National Parks, Recreation, Sport and Racing). Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  23. ↑ "Auburn River National Park". Queensland Government. 19 October 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  24. ↑ "Bunya Mountains National Park". Queensland Government. 20 October 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  25. ↑ "Wildlife of Coalstoun Lakes National Park". WetlandInfo. Queensland Government. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  26. ↑ "Wildlife of Good Night Scrub National Park". WetlandInfo. Queensland Government. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  27. ↑ "Wildlife of Humboldt National Park". WetlandInfo. Queensland Government. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  28. ↑ Bean, Tony. "The trees of Isla Gorge". Society for Growing Australian Plants (Queensland). Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  29. ↑ "South West Queensland Visitor Guide" (PDF). Queensland Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  30. ↑ Downey, Paul O. (1998). "An inventory of host species for each aerial mistletoe species (Loranthaceae and Viscaceae) in Australia" (PDF). Cunninghamia. 5 (3): 685–720. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012.
  31. ↑ Cassis, Gerasimos; Gross, Gordon F. (2002). Hemiptera. CSIRO Publishing. p. 681. ISBN   978-0-643-06875-9.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  32. ↑ "Pale cotton stainers". Cotton Catchment Communities CRC. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  33. ↑ "Brachychiton rupestris". Australian Plant Image Index. Australian National Herbarium. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
  34. ↑ McKeown, Keith C. (1942). Australian insects. Sydney, New South Wales: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales. pp. 253–54.
  35. ↑ McGowan, Phil; Madge, Steve (2010) [2002]. Pheasants, Partridges & Grouse: Including buttonquails, sandgrouse and allies. London, United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 429–30. ISBN   978-1-4081-3565-5.
  36. 1 2 3 4 Anderson, E.R. (2003). Plants of Central Queensland: Their Identification and Uses. Department of Primary Industries. ISBN   978-0-7345-0249-0.
  37. ↑ Thozet, A. (1867). List of Some of the Roots, Tubers, Bulbs and Fruits Used as Vegetable Food by the Aboriginals of Northern Queensland, Australia. Blundell & co., printers. p. 259.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  38. ↑ "Roma War Memorial Heroes Avenue". Queensland War Memorial Register. The State of Queensland (Department of Environment and Heritage Protection). 23 June 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  39. ↑ Wrigley, John W.; Fagg Murray (1979). Australian Native Plants. William Collins Publishers Sydney, Australia. p. 314. ISBN   0-00-216416-7.
  40. ↑ Squire, David (2008). Bonsai Bible. New Holland Publishers, Limited. p. 145. ISBN   978-1-84773-230-9.
  41. ↑ "Queensland bottle tree: Brachychition rupestris". SelecTree. Urban Forest Ecosystems Institute, California Polytechnic State University. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  42. ↑ "Brachychiton rupestris". Australian Native Plants Society (Australia). Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  43. ↑ Rathie 2014, p. 196.
  44. ↑ Koenig, Odile (2005). Encyclopédie visuelle des plantes d'intérieur (in French). Editions Artemis. p. 125. ISBN   978-2-84416-268-7.

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