Colombians

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Colombians
Colombianos
Map of the Colombian Diaspora in the World.svg
Map of the Colombian Diaspora in the World
Total population
c.57 million(2022 estimate)
Diaspora c.5 million
0.8% of world's population
Regions with significant populations
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 52,156,254 (2021 estimate) [1]
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 1,606,238 [2]
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 721,791 [3]
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 566,214 [4]
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 173,804 (2021) [5]
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 89,931 [6]
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 81,036 [7]
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 76,580 [8]
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama 41,885 [9]
Flag of France.svg  France 40,000 [10] [11]
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 39,540 [12]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 39,066 [13]
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 36,234 [14]
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica 28,015 [15]
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 27,714 [16]
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 20,705 [17]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 20,515 [18]
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 19,848 [19]
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 13,411 [20]
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 2,701 [21]
Languages
Primarily Colombian Spanish and Indigenous Languages, as well as other minority languages
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholic; [22]
Protestant minority
See Religion in Colombia
Related ethnic groups
Other Latin Americans

Colombians (Spanish : Colombianos) are people identified with the country of Colombia. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Colombians, several (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Colombian.

Contents

Colombia is considered to be one of the most multiethnic societies in the world, home to people of various ethnic, religious and national origins. Many Colombians have varying degrees of European, Indigenous, African, Arab ancestry. [23]

The majority of the Colombian population is made up of immigrants from the Old World and their descendants, mixed in part with the original populations, especially Iberians and to a lesser extent other Europeans. [24] Following the initial period of Spanish conquest and immigration, different waves of immigration and settlement of non-indigenous peoples took place over the course of nearly six centuries and continue today. Elements of Native American and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Colombia and thus a modern Colombian identity. [25]

Ethnic groups

Colombian diversity in a concert in Bogota. Gente Colombiana.jpg
Colombian diversity in a concert in Bogotá.

Ethnic groups of Colombia according to Latinobarómetro 2023 [26]

   Mestizo (50.3%)
   White (26.4%)
   Amerindian (9.5%)
   Black (9.0%)
   Mulatto (4.4%)
   Asian (0.4%)

European Colombians

The singer Juanes is notable example of a European-Colombian, descended from Basque migrants. Juanes 2008.06.25 002.jpg
The singer Juanes is notable example of a European-Colombian, descended from Basque migrants.

Most part of Colombia's population descends from European immigration in the mid 16th to late 20th centuries. The greatest waves of European immigration to Colombia can generally be divided into three time periods: the 1820s-1850's, which brought hundreds of immigrants mainly from Spain, Italy, Germany (including Ashkenazi Jewish); the 1880s-to 1910s, which brought many immigrants from France, Portugal, Belgium, Astro-Hungary, Denmark, Croatia, and Switzerland; and the 1920s-1960s, the last great wave of European immigration to Colombia, which brought many British (including Irish) immigrants, as well as other European groups such as the Dutch, Polish, Russian, Scandinavian, and other Eastern European immigrants who primarily settled in Colombia's great urban centers. These immigrants came to Colombia attracted by the country's growing population and business opportunities. In addition to these waves of immigration, a great number of Jews fled to Colombia during and after the Second World War, seeking to escape violence in Europe. Immigrants mostly to the Caribbean and Andean regions. [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] There are smaller numbers of Dutch, Swiss, Austrians, Danish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Belgian, Russian, Polish, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Lithuanian, Ukrainian, Czech, Greek and Croatian communities that immigrated during the Second World War and the Cold War. [32] [33] [34]

Mestizo Colombians

Estimates of the Mestizo or Mixed population in Colombia vary, as Colombia's national census does not distinguish between White and Mestizo Colombians. According to the 2018 census, the White and Mestizo population combined make up approximately 90% of the Colombian population, while an estimated 40% of Colombians are Mestizo or mixed race. [35] A study by Rojas et al reported an average of 50.6% Amerindian, 41% European, and 8.4% African for Mestizo Colombians. [36]

Native American Colombians

Originally, Colombia's territory was inhabited entirely by Amerindian groups. Colombia's indigenous cultures evolved from three main groups—the Quimbayas, who inhabited the western slopes of the Cordillera Central; the Chibchas; and the Kalina (Caribs). The Muisca culture, a subset of the larger Chibcha ethnic group and famous for their use of gold, were responsible for the legend of El Dorado. Today Native American people comprise roughly 4.4%-10% of the population in Colombia. [37] [38] More than fifty different indigenous ethnic groups inhabit Colombia. Most of them speak languages belonging to the Chibchan and Cariban language families.[ citation needed ]

The Wayuu represent the largest indigenous Native American ethnic group in Colombia. Mujer Wayuu woman Guajira Colombia by Jenni Contreras.png
The Wayuu represent the largest indigenous Native American ethnic group in Colombia.

Historically there are 567 reserves (resguardos) established for Native American peoples and they are inhabited by more than 800,000 people. The 1991 constitution established that their native languages are official in their territories, and most of them have bilingual education systems teaching both native languages and Spanish. Some of the largest indigenous groups are the Wayuu, [39] the Zenú, the Pastos, the Embera and the Páez. The departments (departamentos) with the biggest indigenous population are Cauca, La Guajira, Nariño, Cordoba and Sucre. [37]

Arab and Asian Colombians

The singer Shakira is of Lebanese, Spanish and Italian descent. Shakira.JPG
The singer Shakira is of Lebanese, Spanish and Italian descent.

Colombia's Asian community is generally made up of people of West Asian descent, particularly the Lebanese, Syrian, and Palestinian, though there are also smaller communities of East Asian, South Asian and Southeast Asian ancestry. West Asians, particularly Levantine immigrants from the Ottoman Empire came in the late 19th and 20th centuries. In 1928, several Japanese families settled in Valle del Cauca where they came as farmers to grow crops. Between 1970 and 1980, it was estimated that there were more than 6,000 Chinese immigrants in Colombia.[ citation needed ] In 2014, it was estimated that there were 25,000 Chinese living in Colombia. [40] Their current communities are found in Bogotá, Barranquilla, Cali, Cartagena, Medellín, Santa Marta, Manizales, Cucutá and Pereira. There are additional Asian populations that immigrated to Colombia in smaller numbers, such as Iranians, Indians, Koreans, Filipinos and Pakistanis.

West Asian Colombians

Many Colombians have origins in the Western Asian countries of Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and Palestine, It is estimated that Arab Colombians represent 3.2 million people. [41] Many moved to Colombia to escape the repression of the Turkish Ottoman Empire and/or financial hardships. When they were first processed in Colombia's ports, they were classified as "Turks". It is estimated that Colombia has a Lebanese population of 700,000 direct descendants and 1,500,000 who have partial ancestry. Meanwhile, the Palestinian population is estimated between 100,000 and 120,000. [42] Most Syrian-Lebanese immigrants established themselves in the Caribbean Region of Colombia in the towns of Santa Marta, Santa Cruz de Lorica, Fundación, Aracataca, Ayapel, Calamar, Ciénaga, Cereté, Montería and Barranquilla near the basin of the Magdalena River, in La Guajira Department, notably in Maicao and in the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina. Many Arab-Colombians adapted their names and surnames to the Spanish language to assimilate more quickly in their communities. Some Colombian surnames of Arab origin include: Guerra (originally Harb), Domínguez (Ñeca), Durán (Doura), Lara (Larach), Cristo (Salibe), among other surnames.

There are about 8,000 Colombians of Jewish origin who practice Judaism, most of them live in Bogotá. Colombia's Jewish community includes Sephardi Jews from countries such as Syria and Turkey also immigrated to the country and run their independent religious organizations. The Confederación de Comunidades Judías de Colombia coordinates Jews and institutions that practice the religion.

Consequently, there were other immigrants from the Western Asia, including a number of Armenian, Turkish, Georgian and Cypriot immigrants who arrived in the country during the early 20th century.

Afro-Colombian children Afro Colombianos by Alejandra Quintero Sinisterra.png
Afro-Colombian children

Afro-Colombians

Also known as "Afro", or "Afro-colombianos" (in Spanish). According to the 2018 census, they are 5.34% of country population, [43] [44] while genetic studies have obtained between 6.6% [45] 9.2 [46] and 11% [24] of African DNA in the Colombian population. Also the % and numbers of Afro Colombians can vary depending on the region, being the majority population in the Pacific Region, frequently found in the Caribbean Region but a minority in the Andean Region, Orinoquia Region and Amazon Region. [47] [48] Colombia has the fourth-largest African diaspora on the planet after the Brazil, USA and Haiti. [49] [50]

Genetic Composition

Genetic ancestry of Colombians according to a study published on the American Journal of Physical Anthropology. [36]

   Amerindian (47%)
   European (42%)
   African (11%)
DepartmentAmerindian contributionEuropean contributionAfrican contribution
Antioquia 26%63.5%10.3%
Antioquia (Peque)62.2%31.1%5.8%
Bolívar 32.9%23.3%43.8%
Caldas 36.4%59.6%4.3%
Casanare 74.7%24.5%0.8%
Cauca 56.9%19.6%23.5%
Chocó (Afro Colombians)10.8%21.1%68.1%
Chocó (Mestizos)44.8%46.6%8.6%
Cundinamarca 51.6%45.4%3%
Huila 60.8%39.6%0%
Magdalena 21.8%50%28.2%
Nariño 65.2%32.1%2.7%
Norte de Santander 53%42.2%4.7%
Quindío 38.3%57.3%4.4%
Santander 42.4%56.2%1.4%
Valle del Cauca 39.3%39.2%21.5%
Colombia 47%42%11%

Immigrant groups

Because of its strategic location Colombia has received several immigration waves during its history. Most of these immigrants have settled in the Caribbean Coast; Barranquilla (the largest city in the Colombian Caribbean Coast) and other Caribbean cities have the largest population of Lebanese, German, British, French, Italian, Irish and Romani descendants. There are also important communities of American and Chinese descendants in the Andean Region and Caribbean Coast especially in Medellin, Bogota, Cali, Barranquilla and Cartagena. Most immigrants are Venezuelans, they are evenly distributed throughout the country. [51]

Languages

There are 101 languages listed for Colombia in the Ethnologue database, of which 80 are spoken today as living languages. There are currently more than 850,000 speakers of native languages. [52] [53]

Education

The educational experience of many Colombian children begins with attendance at a preschool academy until age five (Educación preescolar). Basic education (Educación básica) is compulsory by law. [54] It has two stages: Primary basic education (Educación básica primaria) which goes from first to fifth grade – children from six to ten years old, and Secondary basic education (Educación básica secundaria), which goes from sixth to ninth grade. Basic education is followed by Middle vocational education (Educación media vocacional) that comprises the tenth and eleventh grades. It may have different vocational training modalities or specialties (academic, technical, business, and so on.) according to the curriculum adopted by each school.

After the successful completion of all the basic and middle education years, a high-school diploma is awarded. The high-school graduate is known as a bachiller, because secondary basic school and middle education are traditionally considered together as a unit called bachillerato (sixth to eleventh grade). Students in their final year of middle education take the ICFES test (now renamed Saber 11) in order to gain access to higher education (Educación superior). This higher education includes undergraduate professional studies, technical, technological and intermediate professional education, and post-graduate studies.

Bachilleres (high-school graduates) may enter into a professional undergraduate career program offered by a university; these programs last up to five years (or less for technical, technological and intermediate professional education, and post-graduate studies), even as much to six to seven years for some careers, such as medicine. In Colombia, there is not an institution such as college; students go directly into a career program at a university or any other educational institution to obtain a professional, technical or technological title. Once graduated from the university, people are granted a (professional, technical or technological) diploma and licensed (if required) to practice the career they have chosen. For some professional career programs, students are required to take the Saber-Pro test, in their final year of undergraduate academic education. [55]

Public spending on education as a proportion of gross domestic product in 2012 was 4.4%. This represented 15.8% of total government expenditure. In 2012, the primary and secondary gross enrolment ratios stood at 106.9% and 92.8% respectively. School-life expectancy was 13.2 years. A total of 93.6% of the population aged 15 and older were recorded as literate, including 98.2% of those aged 15–24. [56]

Religion

The National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) does not collect religious statistics, and accurate reports are difficult to obtain. However, based on various studies and a survey, about 90% of the population adheres to Christianity, the majority of which (70.9%) are Roman Catholic, while a significant minority (16.7%) adhere to Protestantism (primarily Evangelicalism)[ citation needed ]. Some 4.7% of the population is atheist or agnostic, while 3.5% claim to believe in God but do not follow a specific religion. 1.8% of Colombians adhere to Jehovah's Witnesses and Adventism and less than 1% adhere to other religions, such as Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, Mormonism, Hinduism, Hare Krishna movement, Rastafari movement, Eastern Orthodox Church, and spiritual studies. The remaining people either did not respond or replied that they did not know. In addition to the above statistics, 35.9% of Colombians reported that they did not practice their faith actively. [57] [58] [59] 1,519,562 people in Colombia, or around 3% of the population reported following an Indigenous religion.

While Colombia remains a mostly Roman Catholic country by baptism numbers, the 1991 Colombian constitution guarantees freedom and equality of religion. [60]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colombia</span> Country in South America

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Costa Rica</span> Ethnic group

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Mexico</span>

With a population of about 129 million in 2022, Mexico is the 10th most populated country in the world. It is the largest Spanish-speaking country in the world and the third-most populous country in the Americas after the United States and Brazil. Throughout most of the 20th century Mexico's population was characterized by rapid growth. Although this tendency has been reversed and average annual population growth over the last five years was less than 1%, the demographic transition is still in progress; Mexico still has a large youth cohort. The most populous city in the country is the capital, Mexico City, with a population of 8.9 million (2016), and its metropolitan area is also the most populated with 20.1 million (2010). Approximately 50% of the population lives in one of the 55 large metropolitan areas in the country. In total, about 78.84% of the population of the country lives in urban areas, and only about 21.16% in rural ones.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antioquia Department</span> Department of Colombia

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Latin Americans are the citizens of Latin American countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caribbean region of Colombia</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethnic groups in Central America</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Afro-Colombians</span> Colombian people of African descent

Afro-Colombians or African-Colombians are Colombians of full or partial sub-Saharan African descent.

Emigration from Colombia is a migratory phenomenon that started in the early 20th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Immigration to Colombia</span> Overview of immigration to Colombia

Immigration to Colombia during the early 19th and late 20th Century, is what makes it one of the most diverse countries in the world, above other countries in the Latin region. Colombia inherited from the Spanish Empire harsh rules against immigration, first in the Viceroyalty of New Granada and later in the Colombian Republic. The Constituent Assembly of Colombia and the subsequent reforms to the national constitution were much more open to the immigrants and the economic aperture. However naturalization of foreigners, with the exception of those children of Colombians born abroad, it is still difficult to acquire due 'Jus soli' law is not allowed by the government, and only 'Jus sanguinis' law is accepted. Immigration in Colombia is managed by the "Migración Colombia" agency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European emigration</span> European-descended people living outside Europe

European emigration is the successive emigration waves from the European continent to other continents. The origins of the various European diasporas can be traced to the people who left the European nation states or stateless ethnic communities on the European continent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Venezuelans</span> Citizens or residents of Venezuela

Venezuelans are the citizens identified with the country of Venezuela. This connection may be through citizenship, descent or cultural. For most Venezuelans, many or all of these connections exist and are the source of their Venezuelan citizenship or their bond to Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Colombia</span>

The demographics of Colombia consist of statistics regarding Colombians' health, economic status, religious affiliations, ethnicity, population density, and other aspects of the population. Colombia is the second-most populous country in South America after Brazil, and the third-most populous in Latin America, after Brazil and Mexico.

White Colombians are the Colombian descendants of European and Middle Eastern people living in Colombia. According to the 2018 census, 87.58% of Colombians do not identify with any ethnic group, thus being either white or mestizo, which are not categorized separately.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Argentines</span> People of the country of Argentina or who identify as culturally Argentine

Argentines are the people identified with the country of Argentina. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Argentines, several of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Argentine. In the past the National Gentilic for Citizens of Argentina was mistakenly translated as Argentinians, a term that is no longer considered accurate.

Race and ethnicity in Colombia descend mainly from three racial groups—Europeans, Amerindians, and Africans—that have mixed throughout the last 500 years of the country's history. Some demographers describe Colombia as one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the Western Hemisphere and in the World, with 900 different ethnic groups. Most Colombians identify themselves and others according to ancestry, physical appearance, and sociocultural status. Social relations reflect the importance attached to certain characteristics associated with a given racial group. Although these characteristics no longer accurately differentiate social categories, they still contribute to one's rank in the social hierarchy. A study from Rojas et al involving 15 departments determined that the average Colombian has a mixture of 47% Amerindian 42% European, and 11% African. These proportions also vary widely among ethnicities.

Latin American migration to Europe is the diaspora of Latin Americans to the continent of Europe, dating back to the first decades of the Spanish and Portuguese empires in the Americas. Latin Americans in Europe are now a rapidly growing group consisting of immigrants from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay and Venezuela. It may also include individuals from certain French-speaking territories depending on the definition of Latin America used.

References

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  2. ↑ "Colombian Immigrants in the United States". Migration Policy Institute. 11 July 2023. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  3. ↑ INE (2011). "Población nacida en el exterior, por año llegada a Venezuela, según país de nacimiento, Censo 2011" (PDF). Ine.gob.ve (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  4. ↑ Población (españoles/extranjeros) por país de nacimiento y sexo Archived 28 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine INE
  5. ↑ "Estimación población extranjera en Chile 2021". INE. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
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  10. ↑ "Relations bilatérales de la Colombie et France". France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères. Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
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  15. ↑ 385.899 extranjeros viven en Costa Rica Archived 26 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine La Nación
  16. ↑ Estadisticas Radicaciones 2014 [Residencies 2014](PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. 1. Buenos Aires: Ministry of Internal Affairs of Argentina. 2014. ISBN   978-950-896-420-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
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  24. 1 2 Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Acuña-Alonzo, Victor; Quinto-Sanchez, Mirsha; Jaramillo, Claudia; Arias, William; Fuentes, Macarena; Pizarro, María; Everardo, Paola; Avila, Francisco de; Gómez-Valdés, Jorge (25 September 2014). "Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals". PLOS Genetics. 10 (9): e1004572. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572 . ISSN   1553-7404. PMC   4177621 . PMID   25254375.
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  26. ↑ "Raza/Etnia a la que pertenece". Latinobarómetro 2023 Colombia. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  27. ↑ "News & Events - Irlandeses en Colombia y Antioquia - Department of Foreign Affairs". www.dfa.ie. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
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  29. ↑ Vidal Ortega, Antonino; D’Amato Castillo, Giuseppe (1 December 2015). "Los otros, sin patria: italianos en el litoral Caribe de Colombia a comienzos del siglo XX". Caravelle. Cahiers du monde hispanique et luso-brésilien (in French) (105): 153–175. doi: 10.4000/caravelle.1822 . ISSN   1147-6753. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  30. ↑ "Conozca a los inmigrantes europeos que se quedaron en Colombia". Revista Diners | Revista Colombiana de Cultura y Estilo de Vida (in Spanish). 2 July 2020. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  31. ↑ Salamanca, Helwar Figueroa; Espitia, Julián David Corredor (31 July 2019). ""En una ciudad gris y silenciosa": la migración francesa en Bogotá (1900-1920)". Anuario de Historia Regional y de las Fronteras (in Spanish). 24 (2): 75–100. doi:10.18273/revanu.v24n2-2019003. ISSN   2145-8499. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  32. ↑ "Del este de Europa, al Sur de América: Migraciones Soviéticas y Post Soviéticas a la Ciudad de Bucaramanga, Santander" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  33. ↑ "Inmigración lituana en Colombia. La migración de los lituanos a Colombia tuvo lugar por primera vez durante la década de 1940, cuando la mayoría de los ciudadan". ww.es.freejournal.org (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  34. ↑ "Colombia y Europa Oriental en la serie documental Inmigrantes". Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  35. ↑ "Geoportal del DANE - Geovisor CNPV 2018". geoportal.dane.gov.co. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  36. 1 2 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45822469_Genetic_Make_Up_and_Structure_of_Colombian_Populations_by_Means_of_Uniparental_and_Biparental_DNA_Markers [ bare URL ]
  37. 1 2 "Poblacion Indigena de Columbia" (PDF). dane.gov.co. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  38. ↑ "Raza/Etnia a la que pertenece". Latinobarómetro 2023 Colombia. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  39. ↑ EPM (2005). "La etnia Wayuu". Empresas Publicas de Medellin (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 February 2008. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
  40. ↑ Gómez, Diana A.; Díaz, Luz M.; Gómez, Diana A.; Díaz, Luz M. (June 2016). "Las organizaciones chinas en Colombia". Migración y desarrollo (in Spanish). 14 (26): 75–110. doi: 10.35533/myd.1426.dag.lmd . ISSN   1870-7599.
  41. ↑ S.A.S, Editorial La República (26 April 2022). "Colombia y Medio Oriente". Diario La República (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  42. ↑ Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (7 March 2019). "Los palestinos que encontraron un segundo hogar en el centro de Bogotá". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  43. ↑ "La visibilización estadística de los grupos étnicos colombianos" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  44. ↑ "Colombia: People 2019, DANE" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  45. ↑ Mooney, Jazlyn A.; Huber, Christian D.; Service, Susan; Sul, Jae Hoon; Marsden, Clare D.; Zhang, Zhongyang; Sabatti, Chiara; Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Bedoya, Gabriel; Freimer, Nelson; Lohmueller, Kirk E. (1 November 2018). "Understanding the Hidden Complexity of Latin American Population Isolates". American Journal of Human Genetics. 103 (5): 707–726. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.09.013. ISSN   0002-9297. PMC   6218714 . PMID   30401458.
  46. ↑ Homburger, Julian R.; Moreno-Estrada, Andrés; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Nelson, Dominic; Sanchez, Elena; Ortiz-Tello, Patricia; Pons-Estel, Bernardo A.; Acevedo-Vasquez, Eduardo; Miranda, Pedro; Langefeld, Carl D.; Gravel, Simon (4 December 2015). "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12): e1005602. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602 . ISSN   1553-7390. PMC   4670080 . PMID   26636962.
  47. ↑ "Afro-Colombians". Minority Rights Group. 19 June 2015. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  48. ↑ "lb1". ImgBB. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  49. ↑ Yelvington, Kevin A. (2005), "African Diaspora in the Americas", in Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (eds.), Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 24–35, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-29904-4_3, ISBN   978-0-387-29904-4 , retrieved 31 December 2022
  50. ↑ Kale, Esmeralda. "Research Guides: African Diaspora in the Americas and the Caribbean: Resistance, Culture and Survival: Getting Started". libguides.northwestern.edu. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  51. ↑ "Aumenta El Numero De Inmigrantes Venezolanos En Colombia 017591". Ntn24.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  52. ↑ "The Languages of Colombia". Ethnologue.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
  53. ↑ "Native languages of Colombia" (in Spanish). lenguasdecolombia.gov.co. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  54. ↑ Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title II - Concerning rights, guarantees, and duties - Chapter 2 - Concerning social, economic and cultural rights - Article 67)
  55. ↑ "Ministerio de Educación de Colombia, Estructura del sistema educativo". 29 June 2007. Archived from the original on 29 June 2007.
  56. ↑ "UNESCO Institute for Statistics Colombia Profile". Uis.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  57. ↑ Beltrán Cely, William Mauricio (2013). Del monopolio católico a la explosión pentecostal' (PDF) (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Centro de Estudios Sociales (CES), Maestría en Sociología. ISBN   978-958-761-465-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  58. ↑ Beltrán Cely, William Mauricio. "Descripción cuantitativa de la pluralización religiosa en Colombia" (PDF). Universitas humanística 73 (2012): 201–238. – bdigital.unal.edu.co. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  59. ↑ "Religion in Latin America, Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region". Pewforum.org. Pew Research Center. 13 November 2014. Archived from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  60. ↑ Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title II – Concerning rights, guarantees, and duties – Chapter I – Concerning fundamental rights – Article 19)
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