Drip coffee

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Water seeps through the ground coffee and the paper filter and is then collected in a container placed below a holder used for drip brewing. TEDxAMS2011 044.JPG
Water seeps through the ground coffee and the paper filter and is then collected in a container placed below a holder used for drip brewing.

Drip coffee is made by pouring hot water onto ground coffee beans, allowing it to brew while seeping through. There are several methods for doing this, including using a filter. Terms used for the resulting coffee often reflect the method used, such as drip-brewed coffee, or, somewhat inaccurately, filtered coffee in general. Manually brewed drip coffee is typically referred to as pour-over coffee. [1] [2] Water seeps through the ground coffee, absorbing its constituent chemical compounds, and then passes through a filter. The used coffee grounds are retained in the filter, while the brewed coffee is collected in a vessel such as a carafe or pot.

Contents

History

Commercial paper coffee filters were invented in Germany by Melitta Bentz in 1908 [3] [4] and are commonly used for drip brew all over the world. In 1944, Willy Brand developed an automatic drip-brewer utilizing circular paper filters in Switzerland. [5] : 144  In 1954, one of the first electric drip brewers, the Wigomat invented by Gottlob Widmann, was patented in Germany. [6] Drip brew coffee makers largely replaced the coffee percolator (a device combining boiling, drip-brewing and steeping) in the 1970s due to the percolator's tendency to over-extract coffee, thereby making it bitter. [7] One benefit of paper filters is that the used grounds and the filter may be disposed together, without a need to clean the filter. Permanent filters are also common, made of thin perforated metal sheets, fine plastic mesh, porous ceramics or glazed porcelain sieves that restrain the grounds but allow the coffee to pass, thus eliminating the need to have to purchase separate filters which sometimes cannot be found in some parts of the world. These add to the maintenance of the machine but reduce overall cost and produce less waste.

Characteristics

Brewing with a paper filter produces clear, light-bodied coffee. While free of sediments, such coffee is lacking in some of coffee's oils and essences; they have been trapped in the paper filter. [8] Metal, nylon or porcelain mesh filters do not normally remove these components. [9]

It may be observed, especially when using a tall, narrow carafe, that the coffee at the bottom of the coffeepot is stronger than that at the top. This is because less flavor is available for extraction from the coffee grounds as the brewing process progresses. A mathematical argument has been made that delivering comparable strength in two cups of coffee is nearly achieved using a Thue–Morse sequence of pours. [10] This analysis prompted a whimsical article in the popular press. [11]

Cultural impact

Coffee drips through coffee grounds and filters into several jars in a specialty coffee shop. Drip Coffee Bangkok.jpg
Coffee drips through coffee grounds and filters into several jars in a specialty coffee shop.

Filter coffee is central to Japanese coffee culture and connoisseurship. [12]

In South India, filter coffee brewed at home is known as Kaapi and is a part of local culture. Most houses have a stainless-steel coffee filter and most shops sell freshly roasted and ground coffee beans. Some popular filter coffee brands include Mysore café, Hill coffee (Suresh healthcare), Cothas Coffee (Bangalore) and Narasu's Coffee (Salem). It is common in South India and Louisiana to add chicory to coffee to give it a unique taste and flavour. [13]

Methods

There are a number of methods and pieces of equipment for making drip-brewed coffee.

Manual pour-over coffee preparation

Manual drip (pour-over) coffee Manual drip (pour-over) coffee.jpg
Manual drip (pour-over) coffee
A set-up used to brew coffee, featuring (from left to right) a coffee dosing tray on a small scale, a small spritzing bottle, a V60 pour over with paper filter on a digital scale, a gooseneck kettle, and a coffee grinder. Coffee Pour Over Setup.jpg
A set-up used to brew coffee, featuring (from left to right) a coffee dosing tray on a small scale, a small spritzing bottle, a V60 pour over with paper filter on a digital scale, a gooseneck kettle, and a coffee grinder.

Pour-over methods are popular ways of making specialty drip coffee. The method involves pouring water over a bed of coffee (sometimes also called cake) in a filter-lined conical or cylindrical chamber typically consisting of a filter and a suitable filter holder. The filtering can be with paper, cloth, plastic, ceramics, or metal. [14] [15]

The quality of the resulting coffee is extremely dependent on the technique of the user, with pour-over brewing being a popular method used in the World Brewers Cup. [15] [16]

The pour-over coffee preparation method typically starts by pouring a small amount of hot water over the coffee grounds and allow it to sit for about half a minute before continuing the pouring. This pre-wetting, called blooming, [nb 1] will cause carbon dioxide to be released in bubbles or foam from the coffee grounds and helps to improve the taste.

There are several manual drip-brewing devices on the market, offering more control over brewing parameters than automatic machines, and which incorporate stopper valves and other innovations that offer greater control over steeping time and the proportion of coffee to water. There also exist small, portable, single-serving drip brew makers that only hold the filter and rest on top of a mug or cup, making them a popular option for backcountry campers and hikers. Hot water is poured in and drips directly into the cup.

Different filter shapes and sizes exist, most notable the (paper) coffee filter systems introduced by Melitta (1908, 1932, 1936, 1965), Chemex (1941) and Hario (2004).

Manual drip-coffee makers

Cafetière du Belloy and similar coffee makers

Enameled metal French drip coffee pot Cafetiere orange - gauche.jpg
Enameled metal French drip coffee pot
Porcelain French drip coffee pot, with round drilled holes of the filter visible Cafetiere a percolation en faience creme 16.jpg
Porcelain French drip coffee pot, with round drilled holes of the filter visible

Manual drip coffee makers include the so-called French drip coffee pot (invented in 1795 by François Antoine Henri Descroizilles  [ de ] and manufactured by a metal-smith in Rouen, [17] [18] then popularized by bishop Jean-Baptiste de Belloy [17] [18] for why it became known as Cafetière du Belloy  [ de ] in Paris since 1800 [19] [20] to the point that it was sometimes incorrectly attributed to the bishop himself [21] [20] ), the Grègue  [ fr ] (café grègue, café coulé, etc.) [22] originating from La Réunion and also common in Louisiana, and the so-called Arndt'sche Caffee-Aufgussmaschine (Quedlinburg, Germany, c. 1900). French drip devices emerged from the earlier coffee biggins where cloth filters would be fully inserted into the pot for steeping instead of drip filtering. [23] French drip coffee pots don't use paper filters but a permanent filter featuring many small round drilled holes made out of (enameled) metal, ceramics or porcelain. A cafetière du Belloy was originally made out of tin, later versions were made out of silver, copper, ceramics or porcelain. The Grègue and the Arndt'sche Caffee-Aufgussmaschine are built out of (enameled) metal. To avoid sediments in the coffee, coarsely ground coffee has to be used.

Around 1895, skyblue enameled metal coffee pots named Madam Blå  [ da ] were introduced in Denmark by Glud & Marstrand. They looked similar to French drip coffee pots, but used cotton filters and were available in 18 sizes for up to 50 cups of coffee.

A complete Drip-O-lator unit Dripolator014.jpg
A complete Drip-O-lator unit

The Drip-O-lator is an American coffee pot for making drip coffee patented in 1921 and in 1930 and manufactured in Massillon, Ohio, [24] or Macon, Georgia, [25] United States. The production of Drip-O-lators ceased in the middle of the twentieth century. The pots have become collectibles similar to bric-à-brac. [26]

In the 1930s, the German company Melitta produced a series of manual coffee makers called Kaffeefiltriermaschine ("coffee filtering machine"). They worked on the principle of French drip coffee pots, but used a paper filter and allowed to pour the whole amount of water at once instead of having to pour several times. [27]

Flip coffee pots

A less familiar form of drip brewing is the reversible or "flip" pot commonly known as Napoletana (1819) and late-19th century variants like the Russian reversible pot aka Russian egg, the reversible Potsdam cafetière aka Potsdam boiler, or the Arndt'sche Sturzmaschine (c. 1920).

Karlsbad-style coffee makers

A variant of the category of French drip coffee pots is the group of "Bohemian" coffee pots including the original Karlsbad coffee makers, historically produced by several mostly Bohemian porcelain manufacturers since 1878 up into the first half of the 20th century, and variants produced by Siegmund Paul Meyer  [ de ] (SPM) / Walküre  [ de ] since 1910, [28] [29] [30] [31] now Friesland  [ de ] (FPM). [32] [33] In contrast to French drip coffee pots which feature round holes, they all use a special double-layered cross-slitted strainer made from through-glazed porcelain. [34] [35] Before World War I, they were very popular in the Viennese coffee house culture. The special kind of drip coffee they produce is called a Karlsbader ("Karlsbad coffee"). [34] [36]

System Büttner coffee makers

System Büttner coffee makers are a type of coffee makers featuring a special permanent through-glazed porcelain filter with triangularly-arranged slits and a valving mechanism to combine steeping with drip-brewing. They were invented in 1926 by the coffee roaster Carl A. Büttner (Berlin, Germany) [37] and produced up into, at least, the 1940s by the porcelain manufacturer Bauscher  [ de ] (Weiden, Germany) for various German coffee roasters and distributors.

Automatic drip-coffee makers

The full process of brewing a cup of coffee with Moccamaster drip coffee maker takes around four minutes.

Electric drip-coffee makers

One of the first electrical drip coffee makers was the German Wigomat, patented in 1954. In the early 1970s electrical drip coffee makers became more common, causing a decline in manual drip coffee preparation methods until the 2010s, and the almost extinction of coffee percolators. Among the early electrical drip coffee machines was a machine designed by two former Westinghouse engineers and sold under the brand Mr. Coffee in the early 1970s.

It normally works by admitting water from a cold-water reservoir into a flexible hose in the base of the reservoir leading directly to a thin metal tube or heating chamber (usually, of aluminium), where a heating element surrounding the metal tube heats the water. The heated water moves through the machine using the thermosiphon principle. Thermally induced pressure and the siphoning effect move the heated water through an insulated rubber or vinyl riser hose, into a spray head, and onto the ground coffee, which is contained in a brew basket mounted below the spray head. The coffee passes through a filter and drips down into the carafe. A one-way valve in the tubing prevents water from siphoning back into the reservoir. The carafe, usually made of glass, rests on a warming plate that keeps the brewed coffee warm. A thermostat attached to the heating element turns off the heating element as needed to prevent overheating the water in the metal tube (overheating would produce only steam in the supply hose), then turns back on when the water cools below a certain threshold. For a standard 10–12 cup drip coffeemaker, using a more powerful thermostatically controlled heating element (in terms of wattage produced), can heat increased amounts of water more quickly using larger heating chambers, generally producing higher average water temperatures at the spray head over the entire brewing cycle. This process can be further improved by changing the aluminium construction of most heating chambers to a metal with superior heat transfer qualities, such as copper.[ citation needed ]

Throughout the latter part of the 20th century, a number of inventors patented various coffeemaker designs using an automated form of the drip brew method. Subsequent designs have featured changes in heating elements, spray head, and brew-basket design, as well as the addition of timers and clocks for automatic-start, water filtration, filter and carafe design, drip stop, and even built-in coffee grinding mechanisms.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Blooming is sometimes incorrectly also called preinfusion, a term used in espresso-making.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Melitta</span> German coffee company

Melitta is a German company selling coffee, paper coffee filters, and coffee makers, part of the Melitta Group, which has branches in other countries. The company is headquartered in Minden, North Rhine-Westphalia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">French press</span> Coffee brewing device

A French press, also known as a cafetière, cafetière à piston, caffettiera a stantuffo, press pot, coffee press, or coffee plunger, is a coffee brewing device, although it can also be used for other tasks. The earliest known device was patented in 1852 in France by Jacques-Victor Delforge and Henri-Otto Mayer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coffee filter</span> Coffee brewing utensil

A coffee filter is a filter used for various coffee brewing methods including but not limited to drip coffee filtering. Filters made of paper (disposable), cloth (reusable), or plastic, metal or porcelain (permanent) are used. Paper and cloth filters require the use of some kind of filter holder, whereas filters made out of other materials may present an integral part of the holder or not, depending on construction. The filter allows the liquid coffee to flow through, but traps the coffee grounds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coffee percolator</span> Coffee brewing device

A coffee percolator is a type of pot used for the brewing of coffee by continually cycling the boiling or nearly boiling brew through the grounds using gravity until the required strength is reached. The grounds are held in a perforated metal filter basket.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mr. Coffee</span> American coffee machine brand

Mr. Coffee is a brand of automatic drip-brew kitchen coffee machines and other kitchen appliances owned by Newell Brands. Founded in the early 1970s to make a pioneering coffeemaker, Mr. Coffee established itself as the industry's top-selling brand through a promotional relationship with former New York Yankee great Joe DiMaggio, a Major League Baseball Hall of Famer held in high regard by that era's consumers. It subsequently expanded into other kitchen products, such as a related tea maker, juicer, and food dehydrator, and integrated wireless technology into a "smart" version of its coffeemaker. Mr. Coffee is a registered trademark.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neapolitan flip coffee pot</span> Flip-over coffeemaker that relies on gravity

The Neapolitan flip coffee pot is a drip brew coffeemaker for the stove top that was very popular in Italy until the 20th century. Unlike a moka express, a napoletana does not use the pressure of steam to force the water through the coffee, relying instead on gravity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coffee preparation</span> Process of turning coffee beans into a beverage

Coffee preparation is the process of turning coffee beans into liquid coffee. While the particular steps vary with the type of coffee and with the raw materials, the process includes four basic steps: raw coffee beans must be roasted, the roasted coffee beans must then be ground, and the ground coffee must then be mixed with hot or cold water for a specific time (brewed), the liquid coffee extraction must be separated from the used grounds, and finally, if desired, the extracted coffee is combined with other elements of the desired beverage, such as sweeteners, dairy products, dairy alternatives, or toppings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vacuum coffee maker</span> Device used to brew coffee

A vacuum coffee maker brews coffee using two chambers where vapor pressure and gravity produce coffee. This type of coffee maker is also known as vac pot, siphon or syphon coffee maker, and was invented by Loeff of Berlin in the 1830s. These devices have since been used for more than a century in many parts of the world. Design and composition of the vacuum coffee maker varies. The chamber material is borosilicate glass, metal, or plastic, and the filter can be either a glass rod or a screen made of metal, cloth, paper, or nylon. The Napier Vacuum Machine by James Robert Napier, presented in 1840, was an early example of this technique. While vacuum coffee makers generally were excessively complex for everyday use, they were prized for producing a clear brew, and were quite popular until the middle of the twentieth century. Vacuum coffee makers remain popular in some parts of Asia, including Japan and Taiwan. The Bauhaus interpretation of this device can be seen in Gerhard Marcks' Sintrax coffee maker of 1925.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moka pot</span> Device used for brewing coffee

The moka pot is a stove-top or electric coffee maker that brews coffee by passing hot water driven by vapor pressure through ground coffee. Named after the Yemeni city of Mocha, it was invented by Italian engineer Luigi Di Ponti in 1933 who sold the patent to Alfonso Bialetti, an aluminum vendor. It quickly became one of the staples of Italian culture. Bialetti Industries continues to produce the original model under the trade name "Moka Express".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Melitta Bentz</span> German entrepreneur and inventor of the coffee filter

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">AeroPress</span> Manual coffee brewer (developed 2004)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Single-serve coffee container</span> Soft or hard container filled with a single portion of coffee grounds for brewing

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chemex Coffeemaker</span> Pour-over style glass coffeemaker

The Chemex Coffeemaker is a manual pour-over style glass coffeemaker, invented by Peter Schlumbohm in 1941, manufactured by the Chemex Corporation in Chicopee, Massachusetts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coffeemaker</span> Cooking appliance used to brew coffee

A coffeemaker, coffee maker or coffee machine is a cooking appliance used to brew coffee. While there are many different types of coffeemakers, the two most common brewing principles use gravity or pressure to move hot water through coffee grounds. In the most common devices, coffee grounds are placed into a paper or metal filter inside a funnel, which is set over a glass or ceramic coffee pot, a cooking pot in the kettle family. Cold water is poured into a separate chamber, which is then boiled and directed into the funnel and allowed to drip through the grounds under gravity. This is also called automatic drip-brew. Coffee makers that use pressure to force water through the coffee grounds are called espresso makers, and they produce espresso coffee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chorreador</span> Coffee-making device in Costa Rica

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teapot effect</span> Phenomenon in fluid dynamics

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karlsbad-style coffee maker</span> Special drip coffee maker utilizing a slitted through-glazed porcelain filter

A variant of the category of French drip coffee pots is the group of "Bohemian" coffee pots, manual zero-bypass flat bottom coffee makers made out of porcelain only, including Karlsbad coffee makers, Bayreuth coffee makers, the Walküre cup filter (2010) and the Walküre aroma-pot (2015). In contrast to French drip coffee pots they all use a special double-layered cross-slitted strainer made from through-glazed porcelain as well as a water spreader with six large round holes to ensure an even water distribution and reduce the agitation of the coffee bed, a method sometimes also called cake filtration. In particular before World War I, but still up to the advent of the Espresso machine in the 1950s, they were very popular in the Viennese coffee house culture. The special kind of drip coffee they produce is called a Karlsbader. In Vienna, the Kleiner Schwarzer, a black coffee without milk or sugar, was often prepared in Karlsbad coffee makers as well.

French coffee maker may refer to:

"System Büttner" coffee makers have been a type of manual and semi-automatic coffee makers combining coffee steeping with drip-filtering (percolation).

References

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  17. 1 2 Duval, Clément (October 1951). American Chemical Society ACS (ed.). "François Descroizilles, the Inventor of Volumetric Analysis". Journal of Chemical Education. 28 (10). ACS Publications: 508–519. Bibcode:1951JChEd..28..508D. doi:10.1021/ed028p508. ISSN   0021-9584.
  18. 1 2 de Lérue, Jules-Adrien (1875). Notice sur Descroizilles (François-Antoine-Henri) - chimiste, né à Dieppe, et sur les membres de sa famille (in French). C.-F. Lapierre Rouen. pp. 14–16. une cafetière qu'il avait fait fabriquer par un petit ferblantier de Rouen
  19. ↑ Ukers, William Harrison [at Wikidata] (1922). "Chapter 34. The Evolution of Coffee Apparatus". All About Coffee (1 ed.). New York, USA: The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal Company. pp. 621–622. De Belloy's (or Du Belloy's) coffee pot appeared in Paris about 1800. It was first made of tin; but later, of porcelain and silver
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  25. ↑ U.S. patent 1,743,925 (direct link)
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  34. 1 2 "Preisabbau der weltbekannten Karlsbader Kanne Marke Rosenthal in weißer Ausführung" (in German). Kronach, Germany: Rosenthal. Archived from the original on 2023-01-08. Retrieved 2024-01-01. (4 pages)
  35. ↑ "Tassenfilter - Der neue Tassenfilter Marke Rosenthal" [The new cup filter] (in German). Nürnberg, Germany: Rosenthal. Archived from the original on 2023-12-31. Retrieved 2023-12-31. Der Kaffee kommt mit keinem Metall in Berührung, behält daher sein natürliches Aroma. […] Durch Verwendung des doppelt geschlitzten, durchaus glasierten Siebes, kommt das lästige Filtrierpapier, das dem Kaffeearoma schädlich ist, in Fortfall.
  36. ↑ Gloess, Alexia N.; Schönbächler, Barbara; Klopprogge, Babette; D'Ambrosio, Lucio; Chatelain, Karin; Bongartz, Annette; Strittmatter, André; Rast, Markus; Yeretzian, Chahan (April 2013) [2012-06-05, 2013-01-08, 2013-01-10, 2013-01-30]. "Comparison of nine common coffee extraction methods: instrumental and sensory analysis" (PDF). European Food Research and Technology  [ d ]. 236 (4). Wädenswil & Zürich, Switzerland: Springer Science+Business Media: 607–627. doi: 10.1007/s00217-013-1917-x . eISSN   1438-2385. ISSN   1438-2377. S2CID   31366362. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-12-31. Retrieved 2023-12-31. (21 pages) (Supplemental material)
  37. ↑ Velten, Tom (2018). "Historie der Gebrüder Büttnerkaffeeröstereien". Written at Celle, Germany. Im Kalten Krieg. Bankgeflüster: Realitäten nahe gebracht (in German). Vol. 3 (1 ed.). Berlin, Germany: epubli. pp. 30–38. ISBN   978-3-746743-19-6. (251+3 pages)
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