Guiana Space Centre

Last updated

Guiana Space Centre
Centre spatial guyanais
Guiana Space Centre logo.svg
CSG Panoramic.jpg
Panoramic view of Guiana Space Centre
Agency overview
Formed14 April 1964 (1964-04-14)
Jurisdiction Government of France
Headquarters Kourou, French Guiana, France
Employees1,700 direct (2020)
7,500 indirect (2011)
Agency executive
  • Philippe Lier, director
Parent agency ESA/EUSPA/CNES
Website www.cnes-csg.fr
Map
Plan Centre Spatial Guyanais-en.svg
Map of Guiana Space Centre
Detailed map
Detailed map of Carbet Toukan pads Detail site Kourou-en.svg
Detailed map of Carbet Toukan pads
Guiana Space Centre
Guiana Space Centre
Coordinates 5°10′08″N52°41′25″W / 5.169°N 52.6903°W / 5.169; -52.6903
Operator Arianespace, ESA
Total launches320
Launch pad(s)7
Launch history
StatusActive
First launch10 March 1970
Diamant B / Mika, Wika
Last launch9 October 2023
Vega (rocket) / THEOS-2, TRITON & Othres
ALFS launch history
StatusInactive
Launches412
First launch1968
Last launch1981
Associated
rockets		 Sounding rockets
ALD launch history
StatusInactive
Launches8
First launch10 March 1970
Diamant B / Mika, Wika
Last launch27 September 1975
Diamant BP4 / Aura
Associated
rockets		 Diamant (retired)
Spectrum (future) [1]
RFA One (future)
Miura 5 (future)
ELV launch history
StatusActive
Launches49
First launch5 November 1971
Europa II / STV-4
Last launch9 October 2023
Vega (rocket) / THEOS-2, TRITON & Othres
Associated
rockets		 Europa II (retired)
Ariane 1 (retired)
Ariane 2 (retired)
Ariane 3 (retired)
Vega (rocket) (current)
ELA-2 launch history
StatusInactive
Launches119
First launch28 March 1986
Ariane 3 / GStar-2
Last launch15 February 2003
Ariane 4 / Intelsat 907
Associated
rockets		 Ariane 3 (retired)
Ariane 2 (retired)
Ariane 4 (retired)
ELA-3 launch history
StatusInactive
Launches117
First launch4 June 1996
Ariane 5 / Cluster FM1
Last launch5 July 2023
Ariane 5 / Syracuse 4B & Heinrich Hertz
Associated
rockets		 Ariane 5 (Retired)
ELS launch history
StatusInactive
Launches27
First launch21 October 2011
Soyuz ST-B / Galileo (satellite navigation)
Last launch10 February 2022
Soyuz ST-B / OneWeb L13
Associated
rockets		 Soyuz ST-A (Suspended)
Soyuz ST-B (Suspended) [2]
ELA-4 launch history
StatusActive
Launches0
First launch2024 (planned)
Ariane 6
Associated
rockets		 Ariane 6 (current)
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

The Guiana Space Centre (French: Centre spatial guyanais; CSG), also called Europe's Spaceport, [3] [4] is a European spaceport to the northwest of Kourou in French Guiana, a region of France in South America. Kourou is located approximately 310 mi (500 km) north of the equator at a latitude of 5°. In operation since 1968, it is a suitable location for a spaceport because of its equatorial location and open sea to the east.

Contents

The European Space Agency (ESA), the European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA), the French space agency CNES (National Centre for Space Studies), the Space Agency of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azercosmos) and the commercial company Arianespace conduct launches from Kourou. [5] [6] [7] It was used by the ESA to send supplies to the International Space Station using the Automated Transfer Vehicle.

History

In 1964, Guiana was selected to become the spaceport of France, [8] [9] replacing France's first launch site Centre interarmées d'essais d'engins spéciaux in Hammaguir, Algeria. [10] In 1975, France offered to share Kourou with the ESA, with ESA covering today two thirds of Guiana Space Centre's budget. [8] [9] Commercial launches are also bought by non-European companies. ESA pays two-thirds of the spaceport's annual budget and has also financed the upgrades made during the development of the Ariane launchers.

On 4 April 2017, the center was occupied by 30 labour unions and indigenous peoples leaders in the midst of the 2017 social unrest in French Guiana, but was taken back on 24 April 2017. [11]

Facilities

The location of the space centre was selected based on various factors. One of the primary benefits of this spaceport is its proximity to the equator, which makes it more efficient, requiring substantially less energy, to launch spacecraft into an near-equatorial, geostationary orbit compared to launching from spaceports at higher latitudes.

Additionally, the centre's location adjacent to the open sea to the east reduces the potential risk of rocket stages and debris from launch failures falling on or near human settlements, which enhances safety during spaceflight activities.

Furthermore, rockets typically launch towards the east to take advantage of Earth's rotation and the angular momentum it provides. The near-equatorial location of the Guiana Space Centre offers an advantage for launches to low-inclination or geostationary Earth orbits, as rockets can be launched into orbits with an inclination of as low as 6°. In contrast, a rocket launched from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, with a latitude of 28.5°, can only be launched to an inclination of 28.5°, requiring a significant amount of propellant to change the inclination.

The location of the Guiana Space Centre provides benefits for launching spacecraft into low-inclination or geostationary Earth orbits. Rockets of similar size to those used at other spaceports to place satellites into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), such as the Proton and Ariane 5 rockets, can send similar payloads to a low Earth orbit (LEO). For example, the Proton rocket, launched from high latitudes in Russia, can only send 6,270 kg to GTO, while the Kourou-launched Ariane 5 can send more than 10,000 kg to GTO. [12] [13]

BEC/ELA-1/ELV

Originally built in the 1960s under the name of Base Équatoriale du CECLES (English: ELDO Equatorial Base), the pad located at 5°14′10″N52°46′30″W / 5.236°N 52.775°W / 5.236; -52.775 was designed for the Europa-II launch vehicle. One Europa-II was launched from the site in 1971, which ended in failure due to a guidance problem, before the program was cancelled. [14]

The pad at Giunana was demolished and subsequently rebuilt as the first launch complex for Ariane as ELA (Ensemble de Lancement Ariane). Redesignated later as ELA-1, it was used for Ariane 1 and Ariane 2 and 3 launches until being retired in 1989. [15]

In November 2001, it was refurbished again for the Vega rocket and renamed ELV (Ensemble de Lancement Vega). The first launch was on 13 February 2012. [16]

ELA-2

An Ariane 4 rocket at ELA-2 Ariane42P rocket.png
An Ariane 4 rocket at ELA-2

The ELA-2 pad (Ensemble de Lancement Ariane-2), located at 5°13′55″N52°46′34″W / 5.232°N 52.776°W / 5.232; -52.776 , built in 1986, had been used for Ariane 4 launches from 1988 until 2003. Before 1988, although purpose-built for Ariane 4, the pad hosted an Ariane-2 and two Ariane-3 launches. The complex consisted of two areas: the launcher preparation zone and the launch pad, separated by one kilometre, allowing a launcher to be assembled in the preparation zone while another launch from the pad. A mobile service tower at the launch pad provided a protected environment for payload installation and final preparation of the rocket. [17] Following the retirement of the Ariane 4 in favor of the Ariane 5, In September 2011, the pad's service tower was demolished using explosives. [18]

ELA-3

ELA-3 (Ensemble de Lancement Ariane-3) has been active, launching Ariane 5 rockets since 1996. This facility is located at 5°14′20″N52°46′05″W / 5.239°N 52.768°W / 5.239; -52.768 and covers an area of 21 km2 (8.1 sq mi). [19]

ELA-4

ELA4 is located along the Route de l'Espace in the Roche Christine site at 5°15′45″N52°47′27″W / 5.26258°N 52.79074°W / 5.26258; -52.79074 , between ELA-3 and ELS launch facilities. CNES was responsible for the construction of the Ariane 6 ground segments including the new launch pad. Earthworks on the 150 hectare launch site began at the end of June 2015 and was completed at the start of 2016. Four platforms were levelled to accommodate the launch pad, the liquid oxygen and hydrogen tanks and the assembly building. Civil engineering works on the flame trench and other buildings began in the summer of 2016 and ended in 2019. [20] [21] The new launch facility was inaugurated on 28 September 2021 with first flight of the Ariane 6 scheduled in 2024. [22]

ELS / Soyuz at CSG

ESA has built ELS (Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz) at 5°18′18″N52°50′02″W / 5.305°N 52.834°W / 5.305; -52.834 for launching Russian-built Soyuz-2 rockets. The first Soyuz launch from ELS was postponed several times, but launched on 21 October 2011. [23]

ELS is located on the territory of Sinnamary commune, 27 km (17 mi) from Kourou harbor. [24] It is 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of the site used for the Ariane 5 launches. Under the terms of the Russo-European joint venture, ESA will augment its own launch vehicle fleet with Soyuz rockets – using them to launch ESA or commercial payloads – and the Russians will get access to the Kourou spaceport for launching their own payloads with Soyuz rockets. Russia will use the Guiana Space Centre in addition to Baikonur Cosmodrome. The Guiana location has the significant benefit of greatly increased payload capability, owing to the near equatorial position. A Soyuz rocket with a 1.7 tones to geostationary transfer orbit performance from Baikonur will increase its payload potential to 2.8 tones from the Guiana launch site. [25]

The ELS project is being co-funded by Arianespace, ESA, and the European Union, with CNES being the prime contractor. The project has a projected cost of approximately €320 million, where €120 million are allocated for modernizing the Soyuz vehicle. [26] The official opening of the launch site construction occurred on 27 February 2007.

On 13 September 2010, Spaceflight Now reported that after several delays in the construction of a mobile gantry the launch pad had been finished, and the first flight of the Soyuz was expected to occur in early 2011. [27] By October 2010, 18 launch contracts were signed. Arianespace has ordered 24 launchers from Russian industry. [28]

On 21 October 2011, two Galileo IOV-1 and IOV-2 satellites were launched using a Soyuz-ST rocket, in the "first Russian Soyuz vehicle ever launched from Europe's Spaceport in French Guiana.". [29]

On 26 February 2022, Roscosmos announced that it was suspending operations at ELS as a reaction to international sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War. [30] According to Stephane Israël, CEO of Arianespace, "there will no longer be Soyuz launches" from the Guiana Space Center. [31]

Final assembly building

Astrium assembles each Ariane 5 launcher in the Launcher Integration Building. The vehicle is then delivered to the Final Assembly Building for payload integration by Arianespace. [32] The Final Assembly Building is located 2.8 km (1.7 mi) from the ELA-3 launch zone. The mobile launch table completes the trip with an Ariane 5 in about one hour. It is then secured in place over the launch pad's flame ducts. [33]

Launches

Launch safety

Fire safety is ensured by a detachment of the Paris Fire Brigade, a branch of the French Army. Security around the base is ensured by French Gendarmerie forces, assisted by the 3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment of the French Foreign Legion.[ citation needed ] Before and during launch windows, CSG facility security is significantly enhanced by anti-personnel and anti-aircraft measures, the exact configurations of which are classified by the French military. All entrants to the launch complex are also subject to checks for proof of permission to enter the facility.[ citation needed ]

The Guiana Space Centre (as per CNES) also contains the Îles du Salut , a former penal colony including the infamous Devil's Island. Now a tourist site, the islands are under the launching trajectory for geosynchronous orbit and have to be evacuated during launches.

Early launches

Recent launches

Launch statistics

As of 10 October 2023 [50] [51]

As of 2017, Kourou counts amongst the spaceports with the highest percentage of successful launches, both successive and overall. Here is a chronology of all orbital launches from the Kourou spaceport since 1970, under the French and European space programmes.

Flights by launcher

3
6
9
12
15
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
In development: 
  •    Ariane 6
Active: 

Retired: 

Flights by mission outcome

3
6
9
12
15
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020

  Success    Failure    Partial Failure    Scheduled

Local impact

The space sector was responsible for about 15% of French Guiana's GDP in 2014, around half of the 28% it was in 1990. This reduction is mostly due to expansion in other sectors, rather than decreasing space activity. As of 2020, the space sector employed 4,620 people in Guiana, meaning the industry was responsible for just under 10% of salaried jobs in the overseas department, [52] though there are estimates that as many as 9,000 people are employed directly and indirectly as a result of activities at the spaceport. [53] The Guiana Space Centre (or CSG) is one of the spaceports in the world that receives the most traffic, and it receives large amounts of funding from the European Space Agency (ESA), with the organisation covering around 66% of the spaceport's annual budget, as well as financing new facilities. [54] Indigenous and local activist groups argue that mainland France is only interested in French Guiana as far as the space centre is concerned, and the funding that the space centre receives is symbolic given the inequity in living standards seen between the department and mainland France. [55] [56] For example, despite there being high poverty levels and unemployment rates of over 20% in the department, the cost of living remains high due to a dependence on mainland France for imported food and resources, yet large amounts of funding are invested in the space programme, rather than in public services for the department. [57]

The department became the site of strikes and protests throughout March and April 2017, which were held to highlight the insecurity and infrastructural issues facing French Guiana. Alongside 30 labour unions who launched strikes, the Collective of 500 Brothers led protests in Kourou, which spread across the entire country, and resonated in mainland France. [58] [59] On 21 March 2017, the launch of an Ariane 5 rocket carrying a Brazilian satellite and a South Korean satellite was prevented due to protesters and workers on strike from the CSG blockading the centre. [60] Further strikes and occupation of the space centre meant that the satellites were not launched until May 2017. [61] Negotiations between the French government and Guianese protesters resulted in a rejection of a €1.1 billion offer made by the French, with the Guianese demanding at least €3 billion in aid. [56] Since the protests, CNES (National Centre for Space Studies), the French government space agency that operates the spaceport, added an additional €10 million to the €40 million it had already pledged to fund economic and social programmes in French Guiana. [53]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ariane 5</span> European heavy-lift space launch vehicle (1996–2023)

Ariane 5 is a retired European heavy-lift space launch vehicle developed and operated by Arianespace for the European Space Agency (ESA). It was launched from the Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG) in French Guiana. It was used to deliver payloads into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), low Earth orbit (LEO) or further into space. The launch vehicle had a streak of 82 consecutive successful launches between 9 April 2003 and 12 December 2017. Since 2014, Ariane 6, a direct successor system, is in development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arianespace</span> European commercial space transportation company

Arianespace SA is a French company founded in 1980 as the world's first commercial launch service provider. It undertakes the operation and marketing of the Ariane programme. The company offers a number of different launch vehicles: the heavy-lift Ariane 6 for dual launches to geostationary transfer orbit, and the solid-fueled Vega series for lighter payloads.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ariane 4</span> Rocket

The Ariane 4 was a European expendable launch vehicle, developed by the Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES), the French space agency, for the European Space Agency (ESA). It was manufactured by ArianeGroup and marketed by Arianespace. Since its first flight on 15 June 1988 until the final flight on 15 February 2003, it attained 113 successful launches out of 116 total launches.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vega (rocket)</span> European Space Agency launch system

Vega is an expendable launch system in use by Arianespace jointly developed by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and the European Space Agency (ESA). Development began in 1998 and the first launch took place from the Guiana Space Centre on 13 February 2012.

HYLAS is a British satellite in geostationary orbit. HYLAS, which is an acronym for Highly Adaptable Satellite, is a communications satellite and was launched by the European Ariane 5 launch vehicle from the Guyana Space Centre at Kourou in French Guiana. It is located at the orbital location of 33.5 degrees west and will provide new and innovative services including High Definition Television (HDTV) and interactive satellite delivered broadband services. The satellite will help address the issue of poor broadband coverage in many parts of Europe which have less developed ground infrastructure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ELA-1</span> Launch pad at the Centre Spatial Guyanais

ELA-1, short for Ensemble de Lancement Ariane 1, now named Ensemble de Lancement Vega, is a launch pad at the Centre Spatial Guyanais in French Guiana. It has been used to support launches of the Europa rocket, Ariane 1, Ariane 3, and is currently used to launch Vega rockets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz</span>

The Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz (ELS) is a launch complex at the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou/Sinnamary, French Guiana. It was used by Soyuz-ST rockets: modified versions of the Soyuz-2 optimised for launch from Kourou under Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre programme.

The French space program includes both civil and military spaceflight activities. It is the third oldest national space program in the world, after the Soviet and American space programs, and the largest space program in Europe.

Hot Bird 7 was a communications satellite that was lost in a launch failure in 2002. Intended for operation by Eutelsat, it was to have provided direct-to-home broadcasting services from geostationary orbit as part of Eutelsat's Hot Bird constellation at a longitude of 13° East. Hot Bird 7 was intended to replace the Hot Bird 3 satellite, which had been launched in 1997.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre</span> Russian-European launch vehicle programme

Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre was a European Space Agency (ESA) programme for operating Soyuz-ST launch vehicles from Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG), providing medium-size launch capability for Arianespace to complement the light Vega and heavy-lift Ariane 5. The Soyuz vehicle was supplied by the Roscosmos with TsSKB-Progress and NPO Lavochkin, while additional components were supplied by Airbus, Thales Group and RUAG. Autor LV (ICBM) = NPO "Energia", Kaliningrad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ArianeGroup</span> European aerospace company

ArianeGroup is an aerospace company based in France. A joint venture between Airbus and Safran, the company was founded in 2015 and is headquartered in Issy-les-Moulineaux. It consists of three core groups: aerospace, defence and security. ArianeGroup has developed its next-generation two-stage Ariane 6 launch vehicle, which succeeded the Ariane 5 rocket, that had more than 110 launches. The new vehicle offers two variants that will be capable of carrying between 10,350 and 21,650 kilograms. The first launch of Ariane 6 is expected to occur in 2024.

ELA-4, is a launch pad and associated facilities at the Centre Spatial Guyanais in French Guiana located along the Route de l'Espace in the Roche Christine site, between ELA-3 and ELS launch facilities. The complex is composed of a launch pad with mobile gantry, an horizontal assembly building and a dedicated launch operations building. ELA-4 is operated by Arianespace as part of the Ariane 6 program. As of November 2022 the first launch is scheduled for the fourth quarter of 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vega flight VV16</span> Low Earth orbit rideshare commercial flight for 21 customers

Vega flight VV16, also called SSMS PoC Flight, was the 16th launch of the Vega rocket. The launch was also notable as it was the first Vega launch following the accident of the VV15 launch in July 2019 that caused the loss of FalconEye1 satellite.

STENTOR was a French communications satellite which was lost in a launch failure in 2002. Intended for operation by CNES, France Telecom, and Direction générale de l'armement (DGA). To validate, in flight, advanced technologies which would be integrated in the next generation of telecommunications spacecraft. It will also demonstrate new telecommunications services, including broadband and multimedia transmissions to small user terminals.

Eutelsat I F-2, also known as European Communications Satellite 2 (ECS-2) is a decommissioned communications satellite operated by the European Telecommunications Satellite Organisation (Eutelsat). Launched in 1984, it was operated in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 7° East, before moving to several other locations later in its operational life, before it was finally decommissioned in 1993. It was the second of five satellites launched to form the first-generation Eutelsat constellation.

Eutelsat I F-3, also known as European Communications Satellite 3 (ECS-3) is a decommissioned communications satellite operated by the European Telecommunications Satellite Organisation (Eutelsat). Launched in 1985, it was operated in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 10° East. It was the third of five satellites launched to form the first-generation Eutelsat constellation.

Eutelsat I F-4, also known as European Communications Satellite-4 (ECS-4) is a decommissioned communications satellite operated by the European Telecommunications Satellite Organisation (Eutelsat). Launched in 1987, it was operated in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 10° East, before moving to several other locations later in its operational life, before it was finally decommissioned in 2002. It was the fourth of five satellites launched to form the first-generation Eutelsat constellation.

Eutelsat I F-5, also known as European Communications Satellite-5 (ECS-5) is a decommissioned communications satellite operated by the European Telecommunications Satellite Organisation (Eutelsat). Launched in 1988, it was operated in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 10° East, before moving to several other locations later in its operational life, before it was finally decommissioned in 2000. It was the fifth of five satellites launched to form the first-generation Eutelsat constellation. First Eutelsat satellite to provide transatlantic connectivity.

References

  1. ↑ "Isar Aerospace to launch from French Guiana". Space News. 21 July 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  2. ↑ ""Il n'y aura pas de prochain lancement Soyouz depuis le Centre Spatial Guyanais"". Guyane la 1ère (in French). Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  3. ↑ "Europe's Spaceport". ESA.int. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  4. ↑ "CNES FACILITIES". CNES.fr. 23 April 2015.
  5. ↑ "CNES at Europe's Spaceport". European Space Agency. ESA.
  6. ↑ "ESA at Europe's Spaceport". European Space Agency. ESA.
  7. ↑ "Arianespace at Europe's Spaceport". European Space Agency. ESA.
  8. 1 2 "Installation of the Guiana Space Center in French Guiana" Archived 1 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Guiana Space Centre official website
  9. 1 2 "Europe's Spaceport" Archived 26 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine . European Space Agency official website
  10. ↑ Gorman, Alice (2009). "The Archaeology of Space Exploration". The Sociological Review. 57 (1_suppl). SAGE Publications: 132–145. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954x.2009.01821.x. ISSN   0038-0261. S2CID   142643666.
  11. ↑ "Guyane : le Centre spatial guyanais occupé par des manifestants" (in French). La Croix. 5 April 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
  12. ↑ "Ariane 5 - Arianespace". Arianespace. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  13. ↑ "Commercial Launch Vehicle | ILS Proton Breeze M | International Launch Services". ilslaunch.com. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  14. ↑ "EUROPA II (1971)". CNES. 21 August 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  15. ↑ "Pad List - World Launch Sites". Space Launch Report. Archived from the original on 22 October 2009.
  16. ↑ "Vega Liftoff". ESA.int. 13 February 2012. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  17. ↑ "Guiana Space Center - Site advantages". Arianespace . Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  18. ↑ "The Spaceport's ELA-2 launch facility is dismantled after an illustrious career". Arianespace. 26 September 2011. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019.
  19. ↑ "Europe's spaceport". ESA.
  20. ↑ "The Ariane 6 system: On board-ground interfaces and launch facility" (PDF) (in French). CNES. 4 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  21. ↑ "Ariane 6". ESA. 5 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  22. ↑ "ELA-4 launch complex inaugurated at Guiana Space Centre". CNES. 28 September 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  23. ↑ SpaceflightNow's VS01 flight status page Archived 14 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ↑ Harvey, Brian (10 August 2007). Space Exploration 2007. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 138. ISBN   978-0-387-48758-8.
  25. ↑ (in French) Le Port Spatial de l'Europe (CNES) Archived 30 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ↑ "Europe To Pay Russia To Build Soyuz Pad At Kourou: Russia". SpaceDaily.
  27. ↑ "Soyuz, Vega flights from French Guiana set for 2011".
  28. ↑ "Arianespace hosts meeting of launch system manufacturers" (Press release). Evry. 11 October 2010.
  29. ↑ Messier, Doug (22 October 2011). "Soyuz Launches From Kourou for First Time". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  30. ↑ "Russia halts Soyuz launches from French Guiana". 26 February 2022.
  31. ↑ ""Il n'y aura pas de prochain lancement Soyouz depuis le Centre Spatial Guyanais"". Guyane la 1ère (in French). Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  32. ↑ "Arianespace receives its fifth Ariane 5 of 2008". Arianespace. 28 July 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  33. ↑ "Ariane 5 rolls out for Arianespace's fifth launch of 2007". Arianespace. 8 November 2007. Archived from the original on 25 January 2008.
  34. ↑ "DIAL/MIKA - NSSDC ID: 1970-017B". NASA NSSDC.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  35. ↑ "DIAL/WIKA - NSSDC ID: 1970-017A". NASA NSSDC.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  36. ↑ Rosenberg, Zach. "First Soyuz launch from French Guiana". FlightGlobal. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  37. ↑ "Arianespace VSO2 mission: Soyuz STA orbits Pleiades 1A, ELISA and SSOT". Arianespace. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  38. ↑ "Successful lift-off for Vega rocket". News24.
  39. ↑ "Follow Ariane launch live". Centre National d'Études Spatiales. CNES. 23 April 2015.
  40. ↑ India launches first defence satellite GSAT-7 Archived 4 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ↑ Navy's first satellite GSAT-7 now in the Space Archived 1 November 2014 at archive.today The Hindu, 30 August 2013 by Madhumati D. S.
  42. ↑ "BepiColombo Spacecraft Launch on 7-Year Trek to Mercury for Europe and Japan". space.com. 20 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  43. ↑ "Ariane 5 launches Mission Extension Vehicle, two communications satellites to orbit". 14 August 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  44. ↑ Malik, Tariq (17 November 2020). "European Vega rocket suffers major launch failure, satellites for Spain and France lost". Space.com. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  45. ↑ "Launch Countdown Webb/NASA".
  46. ↑ "MTG-I1 Liftoff".
  47. ↑ Wall, Mike (21 December 2022). "Europe's Vega C rocket fails on 2nd-ever mission, 2 satellites lost". Space.com. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  48. ↑ Davenport, Justin (14 April 2023). "ESA launches JUICE to Jupiter's icy moons atop Ariane 5". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  49. ↑ Dinner, Josh (5 July 2023). "Farewell, Ariane 5! Europe's workhorse rocket launches 2 satellites on final mission (video)". Space.com. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  50. ↑ Clark, Stephen (26 October 2018). "Launch schedule". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  51. ↑ "Le Centre Spatial Guyanais - CNES". cnes-csg.fr.
  52. ↑ "Rapport Annuel Économoque Guyane 2020" (PDF). Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  53. 1 2 Henry, Caleb (27 July 2018). "French space agency pledges 10-million-euro boost to French Guiana economy". Space News. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  54. ↑ European Space Agency. "Europe's Spaceport". ESA. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  55. ↑ "Guyana: Protesters left the Guiana Space Center". La Croix. 5 April 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  56. 1 2 D'Auria, Peter (17 April 2017). "How a handful of South American protestors took Europe's space program hostage". Quartz. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  57. ↑ MacDonald, Scott (20 April 2021). "Has anything changed since French Guiana's 2017 social upheaval?". Global Americans. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  58. ↑ "French Guiana paralysed by general strike". AlJazeera. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  59. ↑ Breeden, Aurelien (27 March 2017). "Strikes Shut Down French Guiana, With Effects Resonating in Paris". New York Times. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  60. ↑ "Spaceport protest delays rocket launch in French Guiana". BBC News. 21 March 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  61. ↑ "Strike-delayed European rocket launches in French Guiana". Phys Org. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.