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Psychology is the study of mind and behavior. Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans,both conscious and unconscious phenomena,and mental processes such as thoughts,feelings,and motives. Psychology is an academic discipline of immense scope,crossing the boundaries between the natural and social sciences. Biological psychologists seek an understanding of the emergent properties of brains,linking the discipline to neuroscience. As social scientists,psychologists aim to understand the behavior of individuals and groups.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how thoughts,feelings,and behaviors are influenced by the actual,imagined,or implied presence of others. Social psychologists typically explain human behavior as a result of the relationship between mental states and social situations,studying the social conditions under which thoughts,feelings,and behaviors occur,and how these variables influence social interactions.
The American Psychological Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychologists in the United States,and the largest psychological association in the world. It has over 157,000 members,including scientists,educators,clinicians,consultants,and students. It has 54 divisions,which function as interest groups for different subspecialties of psychology or topical areas. The APA has an annual budget of around $125 million.
Clinical psychology is an integration of human science,behavioral science,theory,and clinical knowledge for the purpose of understanding,preventing,and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development. Central to its practice are psychological assessment,clinical formulation,and psychotherapy,although clinical psychologists also engage in research,teaching,consultation,forensic testimony,and program development and administration. In many countries,clinical psychology is a regulated mental health profession.
The Rind et al. controversy was a debate in the scientific literature,public media,and government legislatures in the United States regarding a 1998 peer reviewed meta-analysis of the self-reported harm caused by child sexual abuse (CSA). The debate resulted in the unprecedented condemnation of the paper by both chambers of the United States Congress. The social science research community was concerned that the condemnation by government legislatures might have a chilling effect on the future publication of controversial research results.
Quantitative psychology is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling,research design and methodology,and statistical analysis of psychological processes. It includes tests and other devices for measuring cognitive abilities. Quantitative psychologists develop and analyze a wide variety of research methods,including those of psychometrics,a field concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.
American Psychologist is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Psychological Association. The journal publishes articles of broad interest to psychologists,including empirical reports and scholarly reviews covering science,practice,education,and policy,and occasionally publishes special issues on relevant topics in the field of psychology. The editor-in-chief is Harris Cooper.
Neal Elgar Miller was an American experimental psychologist. Described as an energetic man with a variety of interests,including physics,biology and writing,Miller entered the field of psychology to pursue these. With a background training in the sciences,he was inspired by professors and leading psychologists at the time to work on various areas in behavioral psychology and physiological psychology,specifically,relating visceral responses to behavior.
Gregory M. Herek is a researcher,author,and professor of psychology at the University of California at Davis (UCD). He has conducted extensive research on prejudice against sexual minorities,and coined the term sexual prejudice as a replacement for homophobia to describe this phenomenon. Herek argued that using the term homophobia incorrectly assumes that negative responses to lesbian,gay,and bisexual people are founded in pathological,irrational fear,whereas psychological research indicates they are more accurately regarded as a form of prejudice. Herek is an openly and prominent gay psychologist. Herek is considered one of the most influential scholars of sexual minorities.
Priscilla Kari Coleman is a retired Professor of Human Development and Family Studies in the School of Family and Consumer Sciences at Bowling Green State University,Ohio. She is the author of a number of disputed academic papers,which claim to have found a statistical correlation or causal relationship between abortion and mental health problems.
Anne Anastasi was an American psychologist best known for her pioneering development of psychometrics. Her generative work,Psychological Testing,remains a classic text in which she drew attention to the individual being tested and therefore to the responsibilities of the testers. She called for them to go beyond test scores,to search the assessed individual's history to help them to better understand their own results and themselves.
Rodney L. Lowman is an American psychologist,academic administrator and entrepreneur whose major contributions have been in the areas of career assessment and counseling,ethical issues in Industrial and Organizational Psychology,the integration of clinical psychology and I-O psychology and helping to develop the field of consulting psychology. In a study of the most prolific contributors to the Consulting Psychology Journal:Practice and Research,Lowman was rated the second highest contributor for articles for the period 1992–2007.
Norman Bruce Anderson was an American scientist who was a tenured professor studying health disparities and mind/body health,and later an executive in government,non-profit,university sectors. Anderson was assistant vice president for research and academic affairs,and research professor of social work and nursing at Florida State University. He previously served as chief executive officer of the American Psychological Association (APA),the largest scientific and professional association for psychologists in the United States. Anderson became the APA's first African-American CEO when he was named to the post in 2003. He was the editor for the APA journal American Psychologist. Prior to joining APA,Anderson was an associate director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and held other roles in academia.
Wendy Wood is a UK-born psychologist who is the Provost Professor of Psychology and Business at University of Southern California,where she has been a faculty member since 2009. She previously served as vice dean of social sciences at the Dornsife College of the University of Southern California. Her primary research contributions are in habits and behavior change along with the psychology of gender.
James H. Bray is a clinical and family psychologist and a past president of the American Psychological Association (APA). Bray is Professor and former Chair of the Department of Psychology at University of Texas San Antonio (2017-present). Previously he was an associate professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine (1987-2017). He is also Chairman of the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Houston College of Medicine (2023-2024).
The replication crisis is an ongoing methodological crisis in which the results of many scientific studies are difficult or impossible to reproduce. Because the reproducibility of empirical results is an essential part of the scientific method,such failures undermine the credibility of theories building on them and potentially call into question substantial parts of scientific knowledge.
Ruth Kanfer is a psychologist and professor at Georgia Institute of Technology in the area of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. She is best known for her research in the fields of motivation,goal setting,self-regulation,job search,adult learning,and future of work. Kanfer has received numerous awards for her research contributions including the American Psychological Association Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution in Applied Research in 1989,the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) William R. Owens Scholarly Achievement Award in 2006 and the SIOP Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award in 2007. Ruth Kanfer has authored influential papers on a variety of topics including the interaction of cognitive abilities and motivation on performance,the influence of personality and motivation on job search and employment. and a review chapter on motivation in an organizational setting.
Janet Shibley Hyde is the Helen Thompson Woolley Professor of Psychology and Gender &Women's Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. She is known for her research on human sexuality,sex differences,gender development,gender and science,and feminist theory,and is considered one of the leading academics in the field of gender studies.
Benjamin Nagengast is a German educational psychologist. He has been Full Professor of Educational Psychology at the University of Tübingen,Germany,since November 2012. He has been vice-director of LEAD Graduate School &Research Network since 2012,and vice-director of Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology at Tübingen University since 2014.
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- ↑ "Harris Cooper to Lead Trinity's Social Sciences Division on Interim Basis | Duke Today". today.duke.edu. June 7, 2017.
- ↑ "APA Style 6th Edition Blog: Principles of Good Writing: Avoiding Plagiarism".
- ↑ Bembenutty, Héfer (February 2011). "The Last Word: An Interview With Harris Cooper-Research, Policies, Tips, and Current Perspectives on Homework – Héfer Bembenutty, 2011". Journal of Advanced Academics. 22 (2): 340–350. doi:10.1177/1932202X1102200207.
- ↑ "Homework's Diminishing Returns". www.nytimes.com.
- ↑ Cooper, Harris (May 13, 2003). "Summer Learning Loss: The Problem and Some Solutions. ERIC Digest" – via ERIC.
- ↑ Walker, Tim. "The Great Homework Debate: What's Getting Lost in the Hype | NEA". www.nea.org.
- ↑ "APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology".
- ↑ "APA PsycNet". psycnet.apa.org.
- 1 2 "American History – Minor League Baseball". Finding America in a Minor League Baseball Park.
- ↑ "American History – Through a Whiskey Glass".
- ↑ "Highlights of the 1984 Annual Meeting". Educational Researcher. 13 (6): 33–35. June 13, 1984. doi:10.3102/0013189X013006033 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ "The Frederick Mosteller Award". Campbell Collaboration.
