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Immigration to Russia involves foreign citizens seeking permanent residence in the territory of the Russian Federation. The standard legal immigration status obtaining procedure consists of the following time-divided steps: obtaining a temporary residence permit; obtaining a permanent residence permit and obtaining Russian citizenship. [1] Under current law, one can receive citizenship of Russia after five years of residence and after passing an exam in Russian language, civics and history. Immigration to Russia is regulated by the Main Directorate for Migration Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russian Federation. [2] Immigration plays an important role in modern Russian demographic processes, accounting for the increase in the population from 2011. [3]
Anyone who works in Russia for five years and develops fluency in the Russian language can become a citizen, provided they have not committed a crime. Almost anyone who is hired by a Russian firm can stay in the country and work indefinitely [4] This reflects a policy change, in response to declining birth rates, on the part of the government of Vladimir Putin from the more restrictive policy enacted after the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union. [5] The large non-Slavic immigrant populations arriving in response to Putin's liberal policy have sometimes encountered xenophobia. To counter this, pursuant to Russian hate-speech laws, the Russian state has shut down various anti-immigrant groups, such as the Movement Against Illegal Immigration.
Russian-language native-speakers, those married to Russian citizens, highly-qualified specialists, businessmen and refugees are eligible for a simplified immigration procedure. It allows gaining citizenship in 3 years (instead of 5 under the standard procedure) or sometimes skipping temporary or permanent residency. [6]
Country | Gross immigration | Net immigration | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
Tajikistan | 11,043 | 4,717 | 18,188 | 47,638 | 52,676 | 63,467 | 67,929 | 89,553 | 93,333 | 126,840 | 186,560 | 9,885 | 4,283 | 17,494 | 11,362 | 27,288 | 34,639 | 31,028 | 48,374 | 39,424 | 96,609 | 87,264 |
Ukraine | 74,748 | 30,760 | 27,508 | 194,810 | 178,274 | 150,182 | 137,776 | 161,351 | 143,988 | 122,669 | 148,846 | 39,147 | 18,120 | 21,230 | 146,131 | 118,819 | 47,691 | 14,822 | 64,245 | 52,775 | 64,669 | 27,267 |
Kazakhstan | 124,903 | 51,945 | 27,862 | 65,750 | 69,356 | 71,680 | 72,141 | 86,311 | 64,494 | 72,668 | 64,382 | 106,990 | 39,508 | 20,533 | 34,767 | 37,130 | 32,736 | 26,516 | 39,166 | 8,440 | 48,317 | −4,947 |
Kyrgyzstan | 15,536 | 15,592 | 20,901 | 26,045 | 28,202 | 41,165 | 44,408 | 53,810 | 45,676 | 61,101 | 62,360 | 13,679 | 15,119 | 20,260 | 9,935 | 11,043 | 19,355 | 8,978 | 15,106 | 1,402 | 42,549 | −6,824 |
Armenia | 15,951 | 7,581 | 19,890 | 45,670 | 43,929 | 46,898 | 46,442 | 71,984 | 56,511 | 70,078 | 59,533 | 14,432 | 6,961 | 19,192 | 20,533 | 11,993 | 13,999 | 14,358 | 35,109 | −1,836 | 45,235 | −10,706 |
Uzbekistan | 40,810 | 30,436 | 24,100 | 74,242 | 60,977 | 64,073 | 55,378 | 60,796 | 50,188 | 56,808 | 54,035 | 37,724 | 29,841 | 23,266 | −20,668 | 19,672 | 22,167 | 6,807 | 19,129 | 4,927 | 36,009 | −8,455 |
Azerbaijan | 14,906 | 4,600 | 14,500 | 24,326 | 24,109 | 25,602 | 26,690 | 34,619 | 32,135 | 35,209 | 31,773 | 11,719 | 3,326 | 13,389 | 10,660 | 10,439 | 8,599 | 8,737 | 17,005 | 10,894 | 23,659 | −3,712 |
Moldova | 11,652 | 6,569 | 11,814 | 34,026 | 32,418 | 31,369 | 30,676 | 26,513 | 22,129 | 27,248 | 23,540 | 9,415 | 5,783 | 11,197 | 17,380 | 14,364 | 9,605 | 7,688 | 5,385 | 3,490 | 16,144 | 2,355 |
Belarus | 10,274 | 6,797 | 4,894 | 17,741 | 14,590 | 21,282 | 19,045 | 18,428 | 14,536 | 23,120 | 18,824 | −3,002 | 763 | 1,995 | 4,909 | 2,127 | 11,770 | 7,191 | 6,283 | −1,403 | 15,424 | −161 |
Turkmenistan | 6,738 | 4,104 | 2,283 | 6,539 | 7,242 | 8,734 | 10,509 | 14,632 | 12,930 | 10,449 | 12,133 | 6,062 | 3,979 | 2,178 | 2,320 | 2,418 | 2,873 | 2,951 | 6,198 | 778 | 7,230 | −3,702 |
India | 203 | 54 | 110 | 2,894 | 4,768 | 5,622 | 5,032 | 9,588 | 4,506 | 7,132 | 8,275 | − | 41 | 93 | 1,282 | 1,421 | 1,437 | −185 | 4,326 | −4,779 | 5,007 | −851 |
China | 1,121 | 432 | 1,380 | 9,043 | 8,027 | 8,237 | 7,067 | 15,306 | 7,270 | 6,465 | 7,964 | 463 | −24 | 1,132 | −778 | −810 | 637 | −477 | 6,679 | −3,764 | 4,248 | −3,018 |
Georgia * Abkhazia (disp. status) * South Ossetia (disp. status) | 20,213 – – | 5,497 – – | 5,245 814 33 | 7,038 2,267 342 | 6,511 2,261 216 | 6,809 2,357 270 | 6,345 1,975 260 | 6,925 1,429 110 | 5,764 1,217 131 | 6,506 1,190 148 | 6,002 1,262 137 | 18,411 - - | 4,806 - - | 4,786 732 23 | 3,309 1,272 -282 | 2,294 1,240 83 | 2,586 1,975 180 | 2,031 1,975 96 | 2,840 147 -4 | 1,274 30 14 | 3,838 245 87 | −196 1,134 39 |
Vietnam | 182 | 114 | 921 | 4,012 | 3,735 | 3,912 | 3,981 | 6,742 | 6,206 | 5,426 | 5,655 | 149 | 69 | 889 | 1,004 | 394 | 1,194 | 684 | 3,461 | 308 | 3,402 | −2,564 |
Total | 359,330 | 177,230 | 191,656 | 598,617 | 575,158 | 589,033 | 565,685 | 701,234 | 594,146 | 667,922 | 730,347 | 213,610 | 107,432 | 158,078 | 245,384 | 261,948 | 211,878 | 124,854 | 285,103 | 106,510 | 429,902 | 61,917 |
As of May 2022, there are 5.99 million foreigners residing in the Russian Federation (up from 5.66 million in 2021 but down from 10.13 million in 2019), with the vast majority (91%) being citizens of CIS countries. Central Asians make up the most numerous group, followed by Ukrainian citizens. Temporary migration from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan increased after a marked decline in 2020-2021. Other CIS countries have steadily demonstrated a decrease in the number of migrants. [9]
According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, as of November 2021, there were 5.5 million migrants in Russia. Of these, 819,600 were in the country illegally. [10] In the first quarter of 2021, 1345 migrants were deported, more than in the same period last year. The number of deported migrants increased in Russia.
Foreign residents from the CIS in Russia: [9]
Country of origin | Population (2022) | 2021–2022 change |
---|---|---|
Uzbekistan | 1,626,308 | +435,674 |
Tajikistan | 1,262,695 | +453,529 |
Kyrgyzstan | 681,165 | +58,122 |
Ukraine | 597,051 | -57,869 |
Belarus | 428,239 | -134,722 |
Armenia | 280,520 | -67,160 |
Kazakhstan | 228,142 | -35,349 |
Azerbaijan | 215,481 | -83,600 |
Moldova | 76,645 | -56,230 |
Foreign residents in Russia: [11] 2019
2021
Naturalization is the legal act or process by which a non-national of a country acquires the nationality of that country after birth. The definition of naturalization by the International Organization for Migration of the United Nations excludes citizenship that is automatically acquired or is acquired by declaration. Naturalization usually involves an application or a motion and approval by legal authorities. The rules of naturalization vary from country to country but typically include a promise to obey and uphold that country's laws and taking and subscribing to an oath of allegiance, and may specify other requirements such as a minimum legal residency and adequate knowledge of the national dominant language or culture. To counter multiple citizenship, some countries require that applicants for naturalization renounce any other citizenship that they currently hold, but whether this renunciation actually causes loss of original citizenship, as seen by the host country and by the original country, will depend on the laws of the countries involved.
Since 1945, immigration to the United Kingdom, controlled by British immigration law and to an extent by British nationality law, has been significant, in particular from the Republic of Ireland and from the former British Empire, especially India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the Caribbean, South Africa, Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, and Hong Kong. Since the accession of the UK to the European Communities in the 1970s and the creation of the EU in the early 1990s, immigrants relocated from member states of the European Union, exercising one of the European Union's Four Freedoms. In 2021, since Brexit came into effect, previous EU citizenship's right to newly move to and reside in the UK on a permanent basis does not apply anymore. A smaller number have come as asylum seekers seeking protection as refugees under the United Nations 1951 Refugee Convention.
Northern Cyprus nationality law governs the acquisition, transmission, and loss of Northern Cyprus citizenship. Naturalized Northern Cyprus citizens are persons granted citizenship by the de facto Government of Northern Cyprus, which is recognized only by Turkey.
Immigration law includes the national statutes, regulations, and legal precedents governing immigration into and deportation from a country. Strictly speaking, it is distinct from other matters such as naturalization and citizenship, although they are sometimes conflated. Countries frequently maintain laws that regulate both the rights of entry and exit as well as internal rights, such as the duration of stay, freedom of movement, and the right to participate in commerce or government.
Illegal immigration is the migration of people into a country in violation of that country's immigration laws, or the continuous residence in a country without the legal right to. Illegal immigration tends to be financially upward, from poorer to richer countries. Illegal residence in another country creates the risk of detention, deportation, and/or other sanctions.
Immigration to Turkey is the process by which people migrate to Turkey to reside in the country. Many, but not all, become Turkish citizens. After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and following Turkish War of Independence, an exodus by the large portion of Turkish (Turkic) and Muslim peoples from the Balkans, Caucasus, Crimea, and Greece took refuge in present-day Turkey and moulded the country's fundamental features. Trends of immigration towards Turkey continue to this day, although the motives are more varied and are usually in line with the patterns of global immigration movements. Turkey's migrant crisis is a following period since the 2010s, characterized by high numbers of people arriving and settling in Turkey.
Immigration to South Korea is low due to restrictive immigration policies resulting from strong opposition to immigrants from the general Korean public. However, in recent years with the loosening of the law, influx of immigrants into South Korea has been on the rise, with foreign residents accounting for 4.9% of the total population in 2019. Between 1990 and 2020, South Korea's migrant population has grown 3.896%, second highest level of growth in the world.
Immigration to Bhutan has an extensive history and has become one of the country's most contentious social, political, and legal issues. Since the twentieth century, Bhutanese immigration and citizenship laws have been promulgated as acts of the royal government, often by decree of the Druk Gyalpo on advice of the rest of government. Immigration policy and procedure are implemented by the Lhengye Zhungtshog Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs, Department of Immigration. Bhutan's first modern laws regarding immigration and citizenship were the Bhutanese Citizenship Act 1958 and subsequent amendments in 1977. The 1958 Act was superseded by the Bhutanese Citizenship Act 1985, which was then supplemented by a further Immigration Act in 2007. The Constitution of 2008 included some changes in Bhutan's immigration laws, policy, and procedure, however prior law not inconsistent with the 2008 Constitution remained intact. Bhutan's modern citizenship laws and policies reinforce the institution of the Bhutanese monarchy, require familiarity and adherence to Ngalop social norms, and reflect the social impact of the most recent immigrant groups.
Immigration to Greece percentage of foreign populations in Greece is 7.1% in proportion to the total population of the country. Moreover, between 9 and 11% of the registered Greek labor force of 4.4 million are foreigners. Migrants additionally make up 25% of wage and salary earners.
Migration card is an identity document in the Union State of Russia and Belarus for foreign nationals. Originally they were bilingual (Russian/English), but were changed into Russian-only. The responses to the questionnaire in it may still be completed in English.
Immigration to Europe has a long history, but increased substantially after World War II. Western European countries, especially, saw high growth in immigration post 1945, and many European nations today have sizeable immigrant populations, both of European and non-European origin. In contemporary globalization, migrations to Europe have accelerated in speed and scale. Over the last decades, there has been an increase in negative attitudes towards immigration, and many studies have emphasized marked differences in the strength of anti-immigrant attitudes among European countries.
The Southern Africa region experiences a relatively high influx of immigration into South Africa. As of 2019, the immigration rate is continuing to increase, and the role of the female population of migrants is significantly growing in this movement and settlement. The majority of immigrants are working residents and influence the presence of several sectors in South Africa. The demographic background of this group is diverse, and the countries of origin mainly belong to Sub-Saharan Africa and push migration south. A portion have qualified as refugees since the 1990s.
The State Migration Service of Azerbaijan Republic is a governmental agency within the Cabinet of Azerbaijan in charge of regulation of activities the sphere of migration taking in consideration issues of national security and stable social-economic and demographic development in Azerbaijan Republic. The committee is headed by Vusal Huseynov.
Azerbaijan though not a popular destination for immigrants, has recently experienced waves of immigration with the collapse of the Soviet Union, especially from ethnic Azerbaijanis mostly from Armenia, Russia and the rest of the former Soviet Union. Meskhetian Turks were also relocated to Azerbaijan from Central Asia before and after the end of the Soviet Union. With the booming petroleum industry, immigration from Turkey has also followed. In 2010, every eighth resident in Azerbaijan was a migrant, of whom more than 90% of them are Azerbaijanis and 70% are internally displaced persons from the territories occupied by Armenia.
Illegal immigration to Russia has been ongoing.
According to the Japanese Ministry of Justice, the number of foreign residents in Japan has steadily increased in the post Second World War period, and the number of foreign residents was more than 2.76 million at the end of 2022. Being a country with a total estimated population of 125.57 million in 2020, the resident foreign population in Japan amounts to approximately 2.29% of the total population.
An illegal immigrant in India is a foreigner who has entered India either without valid documents or who initially had a valid document, but has overstayed beyond the permitted time, as per the general provisions of the Citizenship Act as amended in 2003. Such persons are not eligible for citizenship by registration or naturalisation. They are also liable to be imprisoned for 2–8 years and fined.
Immigration to Malta has increased significantly over the past decade. In 2011, immigration contributed to 4.9% of the total population of the Maltese islands in 2011, i.e. 20,289 persons of non-Maltese citizenship, of whom 643 were born in Malta. In 2011, most of migrants in Malta were EU citizens, predominantly from the United Kingdom.
In Azerbaijan, migration policy is handled by the State Migration Service, and appropriate departments of Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of Population, Ministry of Healthcare, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of İnternal Affairs, State Border Service, State Committee of Republic of Azerbaijan for Refugees and IDPs and State Security Service. Migration Code, Law on Citizenship, Law on Immigration are the foundations of migration policy in Azerbaijan. An independent migration office - State Migration Service was established on March 19, 2007 to regulate fast-paced migrant and prepare comprehensive and efficient migration policies.
Federal policy oversees and regulates immigration to the United States and citizenship of the United States. The United States Congress has authority over immigration policy in the United States, and it delegates enforcement to the Department of Homeland Security. Historically, the United States went through a period of loose immigration policy in the early-19th century followed by a period of strict immigration policy in the late-19th and early-20th centuries. Policy areas related to the immigration process include visa policy, asylum policy, and naturalization policy. Policy areas related to illegal immigration include deferral policy and removal policy.
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