Imperial Fascist League

Imperial Fascist League
Abbreviation	IFL
Director-General	Arnold Leese
Founder	Arnold Leese
Founded	1929
Dissolved	1939
Split from	British Fascists
Paramilitary wing	Fascists Legion
Membership	150-200
Ideology	Nazism
Political position	Far-right
Religion	Protestantism
International affiliation	Nazi Germany
Colours	Red   White   Blue   Black (customary)
Slogan	"St George Our Guide!"
Party flag
Politics of the United Kingdom Political parties Elections

The Imperial Fascist League (IFL) was a British fascist political movement founded by Arnold Leese in 1929 after he broke away from the British Fascists. It included a blackshirted paramilitary arm called the Fascists Legion, modelled after the Italian Fascists. The group espoused antisemitism and the dominance of the 'Aryan race' in a 'Racial Fascist Corporate State', especially after Leese met Nazi Party propagandist Julius Streicher, the virulently racist publisher of Der Stürmer ; the group later indirectly received funding from the Nazis. Although it had only between 150 and 500 members at maximum, its public profile was higher than its membership numbers would indicate.

After the IFL turned down a merger with the British Union of Fascists in 1932, due to policy differences, the BUF mounted a campaign against the IFL, physically breaking up its meetings and fabricating phony plans that showed the IFL planning to attack the BUF's headquarters, which were passed on to the British government.

The Imperial Fascist League went into a steep decline upon the outbreak of World War II, after Leese declared his allegiance to "King and country", to the displeasure of pro-German members. Nevertheless, Leese was interned under wartime security regulations, and the IFL was not reformed after the war.

Origins

Leese had originally been a member of the British Fascists and indeed had been one of only two members ever to hold elected office for them (as a councillor in Stamford). However, he split from the BF around 1927 and decamped to London, where in 1929, he established both the IFL and its organ The Fascist. ^[1] The Fascists Legions, a blackshirted paramilitary arm, was soon added under the command of Leslie H. Sherrard. The group initially advocated such policies as corporatism, monetary reform and the removal of citizenship from Jews. ^[2] It had no more than 500 members ^[3] and may have had as few as 150. ^[4] The group was initially led by Brigadier-General Erskine Tulloch although real power lay with Leese, who was confirmed as Director-General in 1932. ^[5] Henry Hamilton Beamish, the head of The Britons, served as vice-president of the IFL and was a regular speaker at the movement's events. ^[6]

Nazism

The IFL soon shifted away from Italian fascism (it originally used the fasces as its emblem) after Leese had met the Nazi Party propagandist Julius Streicher in Germany. Soon, anti-Semitism became the central theme of IFL policy and its new programme, the 'Racial Fascist Corporate State', stressed the supremacy of the 'Aryan race'. ^[7] The IFL altered its flag so that it featured the Union Flag superimposed with the swastika. As a result of that conversion, the IFL enjoyed a higher profile than its membership might suggest, in large part due to the funding that it received from Nazi Germany paid through the English correspondent for the Völkischer Beobachter , Dr. Hans Wilhelm Thost. ^[3] Indeed, by the mid-1930s the IFL had turned against the Italian model so much that it denounced Benito Mussolini as a "pro-Semite" and claimed that the Second Italo-Ethiopian War had been organised by Jews. ^[8]

British Facist (1923-1934)

Imperial League (1931)

Various minor facist groups

New party (1931–1932)

British Union of Fascists (1932–1940)

British People's Party (1939-1954)

Union Movement (1948-1973)

National Socialist League (1937-1939)

Action party (1973-1994)

League of Saint George

Arrival of the BUF

In 1932, Robert Forgan approached the IFL and suggested that it should merge into Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists, but the offer was declined. ^[9] Leese rejected any overtures from Mosley because of the latter's initial reluctance to make anti-Semitism a central theme, leading to Leese dismissing Mosley as a "kosher fascist". ^[10] He even dubbed the BUF the "British Jewnion of Fascists" over the issue. ^[11] One of their biggest differences was that the IFL held a biological view of anti-Semitism, the belief that Jews were inherently inferior as a race, in contrast to the BUF, whose eventual adoption of anti-Semitism was framed in ideas about the Jews' supposed undue influence at the top echelons of society. ^[12]

By 1933, the BUF decided to act against the renegade IFL, with Blackshirts attacking a number of meetings. The campaign culminated in an incident in Great Portland Street in which 50 Blackshirts disguised as communists invaded the stage to attack Leese before they caused considerable damage to the hall in an attempt to force a large repair bill onto the IFL. ^[13] The BUF even passed fabricated evidence of an IFL plot to attack its headquarters to the Home Office. ^[14] By 1939, with the IFL's influence diminished, the rivalry had cooled to the point that the BUF bookshop in Canterbury was prepared to stock IFL pamphlets. ^[15]

Although rejecting a merger with the BUF, the IFL was linked to the Nordic League through Commander E. H. Cole, a staunch advocate of the Russian Czarist hoax The Protocols of the Elders of Zion , who served as chancellor of the League as well as being a leading IFL member. ^[16] Before long, both Leese and P. J. Ridout also became members of the group, membership of which encompassed most shades of far-right activity. ^[17]

Decline

The outbreak of the Second World War caused the small group to fall apart, as Leese declared loyalty to King and country and renamed the group the Angles Circle but that stance was rejected by some pro-German members such as Tony Gittens, Harold Lockwood and Bertie Mills. ^[18] The matter proved to be academic, however, as in 1940, Leese was interned under Defence Regulation 18B. In 1947, Leese and seven other former members of the IFL received one-year sentences for helping escaped German prisoners of war who were members of the Waffen-SS. ^{[19] [20]} Although he continued to be politically active after the war, the IFL was not reformed. ^[21] His formation of the National Workers Movement in 1948 meant the end for the IFL. ^[22]

See also

• List of British fascist parties

References

Notes

1. Benewick 1969, p. 44.
2. Benewick 1969, p. 45.
3. Dorril 2007, p. 203.
4. Thurlow 1987, p. 64.
5. Thurlow 1987, p. 71.
6. Thurlow 1987, p. 70.
7. Benewick 1969, pp. 45–46.
8. Griffiths 1983, p. 100.
9. Dorril 2007, p. 194.
10. Dorril 2007, p. 204.
11. Thurlow 1987, p. 75.
12. Benewick 1969, pp. 22–23.
13. Dorril 2007, p. 262.
14. Dorril 2007, p. 276.
15. Benewick 1969, p. 278.
16. Dorril 2007, p. 425.
17. Dorril 2007, p. 426.
18. Thurlow 1987, p. 170.
19. Benewick 1969, p. 47.
20. Walker 1977, p. 27.
21. Benewick 1969, pp. 46–47.
22. Thurlow 1987, p. 248.

Bibliography

• Benewick, Robert (1969). Political Violence & Public Order: A Study of British Fascism. Allen Lane. ISBN   978-0713900859.
• Dorril, Stephen (2007). Blackshirt: Sir Oswald Mosley and British Fascism. Penguin Books. ISBN   978-0-14-025821-9.
• Griffiths, Richard (1983). Fellow Travellers of the Right: British Enthusiasts for Nazi Germany, 1933-9. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-285116-1.
• Thurlow, Richard C. (1987). Fascism in Britain: A History, 1918–1985. Blackwell. ISBN   978-0-631-13618-7.
• Walker, Martin (1977). The National Front. London: Fontana. ISBN   978-0-00-634824-5.

External links

• The Fascist contains excerpts from a 1934 issue of The Fascist, published by the Imperial Fascist League
• Jewish Telegraphic Agency press report on the formation of Arnold Leese's post-war National Workers Party in 1948