Jewish fascism

Jewish fascism is a term that applies to Jewish political factions on the far-right wing of the political spectrum that have either actively associated themselves with or have been construed as engendering fascism.

An early example of Jewish fascism was the short-lived Revisionist Maximalism movement that arose within the Brit HaBirionim faction of the Zionist Revisionist Movement (ZRM) in the 1930s and which openly espoused its fascist values and goals.

In the 21st century, the Otzma Yehudit or Jewish Power party has been characterized as an example or resurgent fascism or neo-fascism.

Revisionist Maximalism

Abba Ahimeir, the founder of Revisionist Maximalism.

Main article: Revisionist Maximalism

Revisionist Maximalism was a short-lived right-wing militant political ideology that was part of the Brit HaBirionim faction of the Zionist Revisionist Movement created by Abba Ahimeir. In 1930, Brit HaBirionim under Ahimeir's leadership publicly declared their desire to form a fascist state at the conference of the ZRM, saying:

"It is not the masses whom we need ... but the minorities ... We want to educate people for the 'Great Day of God' (war or world revolution), so that they will be ready to follow the leader blindly into the greatest danger ... Not a party but an Orden, a group of private [people], devoting themselves and sacrificing themselves for the great goal. They are united in all, but their private lives and their livelihood are the matter of the Orden. Iron discipline; cult of the leader (on the model of the fascists); dictatorship." (Abba Achimeir, 1930) ^[1]

The Revisionist Maximalist movement borrowed principles from totalitarianism, fascism and inspiration from Józef Piłsudski's Poland and Benito Mussolini's Italy. ^[2] Revisionist Maximalists strongly supported the Italian fascist regime of Benito Mussolini and wanted the creation of a Jewish state based on fascist principles. ^[3]

The Maximalist goal was to "extract Revisionism from its liberal entrapment", as they wanted Ze'ev Jabotinsky's status to be elevated to a dictator, ^[4] and desired to force integrate the population of Palestine into Hebrew society. ^[5] The Maximalists believed that authoritarianism and national solidarity was necessary to have the public collaborate with the government, and to create total unity in Palestine. ^[5]

The label of "fascist" has nevertheless to be regarded with reserves because in that period as later it was used often abusively in the disputes between opposed political non-fascist factions, as in the 1930s even the Social Democrat parties were accused by Stalin and the communists of being "fascists" or "social-fascists". In the same way in Palestine Revisionist Zionists themselves were often qualified in the 1930s as "fascists" by the Labor Zionist leaders and the Revisionists attacked the social democratic dominated General Confederation of Labor (Histadrut) and Ben Gurion by use of terms like "Red Swastika" and comparisons with fascism and Hitler. ^{[6] [7]}

In 1932, Brit HaBirionim pressed the ZRM to adopt their policies which were titled the "Ten Commandments of Maximalism", which were made under "In the spirit of Complete Fascism", according to Stein Uglevik. ^[1] Moderate ZRM members refused to accept this and moderate ZRM member Yaacov Kahan pressured Brit HaBirionim to accept the democratic nature of the ZRM and not push for the party to adopt fascist dictatorial policies. ^[1]

The Revisionist Maximalists became the largest faction in the ZRM in 1930 but collapsed in support in 1933 after Ahimeir's support for the assassination of Hayim Arlosoroff. ^[8]

Far right politics in Mandatory Palestine (1920–1948)

Propaganda poster of the Irgun—a Zionist militant group that operated in Mandatory Palestine. In the picture—the map shows a future Jewish state defined in the borders of both Mandatory Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan.

See also: Far-right politics in Israel §  In Mandatory Palestine (1920–1948)

Prior to the establishment of Israel, far-right Jewish groups were based on Revisionist Zionism, which promoted the Jewish right to sovereignty over all of Mandatory Palestine through the use of armed struggle. ^[9] Revisionist Zionism's ideological and cultural roots were influenced by Italian fascism. Ze'ev Jabotinsky, the founder of Revisionist Zionism, believed that Britain could no longer be trusted to advance Zionism, and that Fascist Italy, as a growing political challenger to Britain, was therefore an ally. ^{[10] [11]}

Israel (1948 to 2020)

See also: far-right politics in Israel

Far-right politics in Israel encompasses ideologies such as ultranationalism, Jewish supremacy, Jewish fascism, Jewish fundamentalism, Anti-Arabism, ^[12] anti-Palestinianism, and ideological movements such as Kahanism

Kach party (1971–1994)

Main article: Kach

See also: Far-right politics in Israel §  Kach party (1971–1994)

Flag of Kach, a former ultranationalist political party in Israel

The Kach party, founded by Meir Kahane in 1971, was a far-right Orthodox Jewish, Religious Zionist political party in Israel. The party's ideology, known as Kahanism, advocated the transfer of the Arab population from Israel, and the creation of a Jewish theocratic state, in which only Jews have voting rights. ^[13]

Oslo Accords

Rabin delivering his speech at the 4 November 1995 rally, shortly before his assassination

See also: Far-right politics in Israel §  Oslo Accords

The far-right in Israel opposed the Oslo Accords, with Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin being assassinated in 1995 by a right-wing Israeli extremist for signing them. ^[14] Yigal Amir, Rabin's assassin, had opposed Rabin's peace process, particularly the signing of the Oslo Accords, because he felt that an Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank would deny Jews their "biblical heritage which they had reclaimed by establishing settlements". ^[15] Rabin was also criticized by right-wing conservatives and Likud leaders who perceived the peace process as an attempt to forfeit the occupied territories and a surrender to Israel's enemies. ^{[16] [17]} After the murder, it was revealed that Avishai Raviv, a well-known right-wing extremist at the time, was a Shin Bet agent and informant. ^[18] Prior to Rabin's murder, Raviv was filmed with a poster of Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin in an SS uniform. ^{[19] [20] [21]} His mission was to monitor the activities of right-wing extremists, and he allegedly knew of Yigal Amir's plans to assassinate Rabin. ^[22]

Otzma Yehudit (founded 2012)

Otzma Yehudit Party logo

Main article: Otzma Yehudit

In the 21st century, Otzma Yehudit or Jewish Power, a religious Zionist political party led by Kahanists, has been characterized as being a fascistic in nature. ^{[23] [24]} Israeli sociologist Eva Illouz has called Otzma Yehudit leader Itamar Ben Gvir representative of Jewish fascism. ^[25]

This aspect of its ideology is often described as being inherited from the Kach movement, ^{[26] [27]} and as having been propelled to the fore by Netanyahu's bringing of religious Zionist parties into government. ^{[28] [29]}

Israeli politics in the 2020s

Criticisms of Israeli politics in the 2020s

In association with the 2023 Israeli judicial reform the Likud-led Thirty-seventh government of Israel was frequently described as "Fascist" or "Dictatorial". ^{[30] [31] [32]} During that time the Likud-led far-right coalition were compared to Germany in 1930s, by journalists and historians within in Israel. ^{[31] [33]} Including by Daniel Blatman, an Israeli historian, specializing in history of the Holocaust, ^[34] and head of the Institute for Contemporary Jewry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. ^[35] When interviewed by Ayelett Suhani for Haaretz, Blatman said "Israel's government has neo-Nazi ministers. It really does recall Germany in 1933". ^[33] However, it should be noted he was referring specifically to the authoritarian aspects of that time and place. ^[33] These comments redirected some attention in the middle east, but somehow went unnoticed in Western Media.

Also during 2023 (but almost always separately), many people expressed concern that the policies and actions of the Israeli far right would lead to a "third intifada". Such as Haaretz journalist Amos Harel. ^[36] But this commentary went largely unnoticed outside of Israel and the middle east. ^[37] In 2024, many individuals and groups on the far-right in Israel are advocating for the reoccupation of Gaza following the Israel-Hamas war. ^[38]

December 2022 cabinet of Israel

See also: Thirty-seventh government of Israel and Far-right politics in Israel §  December 2022 cabinet of Israel

The 37th Cabinet of Israel, formed on 29 December 2022, following the Knesset election on 1 November 2022, has been described as the most right-wing government in Israeli history, ^{[39] [40] [41] [42]} as well as Israel's most religious government. ^{[43] [44]} The coalition government consists of seven parties—Likud, United Torah Judaism, Shas, Religious Zionist Party, Otzma Yehudit, Noam, and National Unity—and is led by Benjamin Netanyahu. ^[45]

Judicial reforms

See also: 2023 Israeli judicial reform and Far-right politics in Israel §  Judicial reforms

In 2023, as part of a campaign for judicial reform, a bill known as the "reasonableness" bill was passed in Israel. This controversial law limited the power of the Supreme Court to declare government decisions unreasonable. ^[46] In one instance, more than 80,000 Israeli protesters rallied in Tel Aviv against the far-right government's plans to overhaul the judicial system. ^[47] In early 2024, the Supreme Court of Israel struck down the reform ^[48] on the grounds that it would deal a "severe and unprecedented blow to the core characteristics of the State of Israel as a democratic state". ^[49]

Allegations of fascism and comparisons to past reigemes

During 2022 and 2023 the Likud-led far right coalition was frequently described as "Fascist" or a dictatorship, and other references to extreme authoritarianism, such as "Stalinist" (the authoritarian aspects of Stalin, not the economics). ^[50]

In February 2023 Yossi Klein said, "Protests are for a democracy. Protests aren't effective in a dictatorship, and the dictatorship is already here," in a Haaretz opinion piece titled "Germany 1933, Israel 2023". ^[31]

Commentary on Israeli politics in the 2020s

References to fascism or comparisons to past fascist regimes in commentary on Israeli politics in the 2020s

Date	Title	Publication	Author or person interviewed	Reference
2023-02-10	Israel’s government has neo-Nazi ministers. It really does recall Germany in 1933	Haaretz	Daniel Blatman interviewed by Ayelett Suhani	[33]
2023-02-17	Germany 1933, Israel 2023	Haaretz	Yossi Klein	[31]
2023-02-10	Do not march blindly into dictatorship	Haaretz	Yossi Klein	[30]
2023-10-03	Neo-Fascism threatens Israelis and Palestinians alike	Haaretz	Elias Zananiri	[32]
2023-02-13	Unsure if Israel is a democracy foreign investors are fleeing the apartheid state	Middle East Monitor		[51]

Predicted provocation of a "third intifada" in 2022 and 2023

Also during 2023 (but almost always separately), many people expressed concern that the policies and actions of the Israeli far right would lead to a "third intifada". Such as Haaretz journalist Amos Harel. ^[36]

Today, many individuals and groups on the far-right in Israel are advocating for the reoccupation of Gaza following the Israel-Hamas war. ^[52]

In March 2023 Yoav Gallant warned that something like 7 October attacks was looming, and was almost fired by Netanyahu for doing so. ^[53]

Genocidal Rhetoric

Defence minister Yoav Galant, who is usually regarded as a moderate, made extremist statents at the onset of the war, that were precieved by many as incitement to war crimes, or even genocidal. On 9 October 2023 Yoav Galant made a speech which many have described as genocidal. ^{[54] [55]}

“I have ordered a complete siege on the Gaza Strip. There will be no electricity, no food, no fuel, everything is closed. We are fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly,” ^{[56] [57]}

In a piece for Jewish Currents, Raz Segal (an associate professor of Holocaust and genocide studies at Stockton University and the endowed professor in the study of modern genocide) ^[58] described the assault on Gaza can also be understood in other terms: as "a textbook case of genocide". ^[59]

Criticism of far-right politics in Israel

See also: Far-right politics in Israel §  Criticism

Several journalists and human rights groups such as B'Tselem, Amnesty International, and Human Rights Watch claim that the ideology advocated by the Israeli far-right are fascist and racist towards Palestinians, Arab citizens of Israel and immigrants. They see it as a danger to democracy, and claim that it uses violence and encourages violation of human rights. ^{[60] [61] [62] [63]} President of the United States Joe Biden said Benjamin Netanyahu's government contained "some of the most extreme" members he had ever seen. ^[64]

See also

• Criticism of Israel
• Criticism of Judaism
• Anti-Zionism
• Zionism
• History of Zionism
• Revisionist Zionism
• Fascism in Asia
• Kahanism
• Revisionist Maximalism
• Alt-right
• Far-right politics in Israel
• One-state solution
• Israeli settler violence
• Israeli war crimes
• Population transfer
• Palestinian genocide accusation
• Racism in Asia
• Racism in Israel
• Racism in Jewish communities
• Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East
• Zionist political violence
• Halachic state
• Jewish extremist terrorism
• Jewish fundamentalism
• Jewish views on religious pluralism
• Judaism and violence
• Judaism and politics
• Politics of Israel

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