Light-emitting electrochemical cell

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A light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC or LEEC) is a solid-state device that generates light from an electric current (electroluminescence). LECs are usually composed of two metal electrodes connected by (e.g. sandwiching) an organic semiconductor containing mobile ions. Aside from the mobile ions, their structure is very similar to that of an organic light-emitting diode (OLED).

LECs have most of the advantages of OLEDs, as well as additional ones:

There are two distinct types of LECs, those based on inorganic transition metal complexes (iTMC) or light emitting polymers. iTMC devices are often more efficient than their LEP based counterparts due to the emission mechanism being phosphorescent rather than fluorescent. [7]

While electroluminescence had been seen previously in similar devices, the invention of the polymer LEC is attributed to Pei et al. [8] Since then, numerous research groups and a few companies have worked on improving and commercializing the devices.

In 2012 the first inherently stretchable LEC using an elastomeric emissive material (at room temperature) was reported. Dispersing an ionic transition metal complex into an elastomeric matrix enables the fabrication of intrinsically stretchable light-emitting devices that possess large emission areas (~175 mm2) and tolerate linear strains up to 27% and repetitive cycles of 15% strain. This work demonstrates the suitability of this approach to new applications in conformable lighting that require uniform, diffuse light emission over large areas. [9]

In 2012 fabrication of organic light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) using a roll-to-roll compatible process under ambient conditions was reported. [10]

In 2017, a new design approach developed by a team of Swedish researchers promised to deliver substantially higher efficiency: 99.2 cd A−1 at a bright luminance of 1910 cd m−2. [11]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Gao, J.; Dane, J. (2003). "Planar Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells with extremely Large Interelectrode Spacing". Applied Physics Letters. 83 (15): 3027. Bibcode:2003ApPhL..83.3027G. doi:10.1063/1.1618948.
  2. ↑ Shin, J.-H.; Dzwilewski, A.; Iwasiewicz, A.; Xiao, S.; Fransson, Å.; Ankah, G. N.; Edman, L. (2006). "Light Emission at 5 V from a Polymer Device with a Millimeter-Sized Interelectrode Gap". Applied Physics Letters. 89 (1): 013509. Bibcode:2006ApPhL..89a3509S. doi:10.1063/1.2219122.
  3. ↑ Matyba, P.; Yamaguchi, H.; Eda, G.; Chhowalla, M.; Edman, L.; Robinson, N. D. (2010). "Graphene and Mobile Ions: The Key to All-Plastic, Solution-Processed Light-Emitting Devices". ACS Nano. 4 (2): 637–42. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.474.2436 . doi:10.1021/nn9018569. PMID   20131906.
  4. ↑ Yu, Z.; Hu, L.; Liu, Z.; Sun, M.; Wang, M.; Grüner, G.; Pei, Q. (2009). "Fully Bendable Polymer Light Emitting Devices with Carbon Nanotubes as Cathode and Anode". Applied Physics Letters. 95 (20): 203304. Bibcode:2009ApPhL..95t3304Y. doi:10.1063/1.3266869.
  5. ↑ Mauthner, G.; Landfester, K.; Kock, A.; Bruckl, H.; Kast, M.; Stepper, C.; List, E. J. W. (2008). "Inkjet Printed Surface Cell Light-Emitting Devices from a Water-Based Polymer Dispersion". Organic Electronics. 9 (2): 164–70. doi:10.1016/j.orgel.2007.10.007.
  6. ↑ Gao, J.; Dane, J. (2004). "Visualization of Electrochemical Doping and Light-Emitting Junction Formation in Conjugated Polymer Films". Applied Physics Letters. 84 (15): 2778. Bibcode:2004ApPhL..84.2778G. doi: 10.1063/1.1702126 .
  7. ↑ Tang, Shi; Edman, Ludvig (2016-06-13). "Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells: A Review on Recent Progress". Topics in Current Chemistry. 374 (4): 40. doi:10.1007/s41061-016-0040-4. ISSN   2365-0869. PMID   27573392. S2CID   5205115.
  8. ↑ Pei, Q. B.; Yu, G.; Zhang, C.; Yang, Y.; Heeger, A. J. (1995). "Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical-Cells". Science. 269 (5227): 1086–8. Bibcode:1995Sci...269.1086P. doi:10.1126/science.269.5227.1086. PMID   17755530. S2CID   36807816.
  9. ↑ Filiatrault, H. L.; Porteous, G. C.; Carmichael, R. S.; Davidson, G. J. E.; Carmichael, T. B. (2012). "Stretchable Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells Using an Elastomeric Emissive Material". Advanced Materials. 24 (20): 2673–8. Bibcode:2012AdM....24.2673F. doi:10.1002/adma.201200448. PMID   22451224. S2CID   13047158.
  10. ↑ Sandström, A.; Dam, H. F.; Krebs, F. C.; Edman, L. (2012). "Ambient Fabrication of Flexible and Large-Area Organic Light-Emitting Devices Using Slot-Die Coating". Nature Communications. 3: 1002. Bibcode:2012NatCo...3.1002S. doi:10.1038/ncomms2002. PMC   3432459 . PMID   22893126.
  11. ↑ Tang, S.; Sandström, A.; Lundberg P.; Lanz, T.; Larsen, C.; van Reenen, S.; Kemerink, M.; Edman, L. (30 October 2017). "Design rules for light-emitting electrochemical cells delivering bright luminance at 27.5 percent external quantum efficiency". Nature Communications. 8 (1190 (2017)): 1190. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8.1190T. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01339-0. PMC   5662711 . PMID   29085078.


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