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This is a list of current and former female monarchs regardless of title, including queens regnant, empresses regnant, pharaohs and monarchs by other titles (grand duchess, princess, etc.). Consorts, such queens consort (i.e. spouses of male monarchs) are not included, see list of current consorts of sovereigns. Female regents are not included, see list of regents.
The following is an incomplete list of women monarchs who are well known from popular writings, although many ancient and poorly documented ruling monarchs (such as those from Africa and Oceania) are omitted. Section 1 lists monarchs who ruled in their own right, such as queens regnant. Section 2 lists legendary monarchs. Section 3 lists constituent monarchs: monarchs who ruled in their own right, but had no constitutional standing or regal powers while in power. Section 4 lists various female rulers who were referred to with the title "Chieftainess." Regents, such as queens regents, are not monarchs and are not included in this page. Pretenders to thrones are also not included in this page.
Monarch | Portrait | Reign dates | Length | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tin Hinan | 4th century AD | Unknown |
Monarch | Portrait | Reign dates | Length | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dihya | c. 668–703 AD | c. 35 years |
The Canary Islands are Spanish territories of North Africa.
Monarch | Portrait | Title | Reign dates | Length | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inés Peraza | – | Queen | 1452–1477 | 25 years | [1] |
Kingdom of the Canary Islands
The title of "King/Queen of the Canary Islands" was included in the list of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown.
Monarch | Portrait | Reign dates | Length | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Isabella I of Castile | 4 September 1479–26 November 1504 | 25 years, 2 months, 22 days | ||
Joanna of Castile | 26 November 1504–12 April 1555 | 51 years, 7 months, 14 days | ||
Isabella II of Spain | 29 September 1833–30 September 1868 | 35 years, 1 day |
Pharaonic Egypt
The first verified female monarch of Egypt is Sobekneferu of the Twelfth dynasty. However, queens from earlier periods such as Neithhotep, Merneith and Khentkaus I held powerful positions and may have ruled Egypt in their own right, but the archaeological evidence is ambiguous. [2]
Monarch | Portrait | Reign dates | Length | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sobekneferu | Mid-18th century BC | 3 years, 10 months and 24 days | [3] | |
Hatshepsut | c. 1479–1458 BC | c. 21 years | [4] | |
Neferneferuaten | c. 1334–1332 BC | c. 3 years | ||
Twosret | 1191–1189 BC | 2 years |
Ptolemaic dynasty
Ptolemy II instituted a new practice of brother-sister marriage when he married his full sister, Arsinoe II. They became, in effect, co-rulers, and both took the epithet Philadelphus ("Brother-Loving" and "Sister-Loving"). Because of this custom many of the kings ruled jointly with their spouses, who were also of the royal house. The only Ptolemaic Queens who ruled alone were Cleopatra II, Berenice III and Berenice IV. Cleopatra VI did co-rule, but it was with another female, Berenice IV. Cleopatra VII officially co-ruled with Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator, Ptolemy XIV, and Ptolemy XV, but effectively, she ruled Egypt alone.
Monarch | Portrait | Reign dates | Length | Co-ruler(s) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arsinoe II | 273/272–270/268 BC | 2 to 5 years | Ptolemy II | [5] | |
Berenice II | 246–222 BC | 23 years | Ptolemy III | [6] | |
Arsinoe III | 220–204 BC | 16 years | Ptolemy IV | [7] | |
Cleopatra I | 193–176 BC | 17 years | Ptolemy V Ptolemy VI | [8] | |
Cleopatra II | c. 175–164 BC 163–127 BC 124–115 BC | c. 54 years | Ptolemy VI Ptolemy VIII Cleopatra III Ptolemy IX | [9] | |
Cleopatra III | c. 141–130 BC c. 127–101 BC | c. 37 years | Ptolemy VIII Cleopatra II Ptolemy IX Cleopatra IV Ptolemy X | [10] | |
Cleopatra IV | – | 116–115 BC | 1 year | Cleopatra III Ptolemy IX | [11] |
Berenice III | 101–88 BC 81–80 BC | 14 years | Ptolemy X Ptolemy XI | [12] | |
Cleopatra V | 79–69 BC | 10 years | Ptolemy XII | [13] | |
Cleopatra VI | – | 58–57 BC | 1 year | Berenice IV | [14] |
Berenice IV | – | 58–55 BC | 3 years | Cleopatra VI | [15] |
Cleopatra VII | 52–30 BC | 22 years | Ptolemy XII Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Ptolemy XV | [16] | |
Arsinoe IV | October 48–January 47 BC | 3 months | Ptolemy XIII | [17] |
Roman Egypt
Zenobia took Roman Egypt by Palmyrene invasion and was declared Queen of Egypt.
Monarch | Portrait | Reign dates | Length | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Zenobia | October 270–June 272 | 1 year and 9 months | [18] |
Monarch | Portrait | Reign dates | Length | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Shajar al-Durr | 2 May–30 July 1250 | 90 days |
Monarch | Portrait | Reign dates | Length | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Berenice II | 258–246 BC | 12 years | ||
Cleopatra Selene II | 34–30 BC | 4 years |
Monarch | Portrait | Reign dates | Length | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hatshepsut | c. 1479–1458 BC | c. 21 years | ||
Neferneferuaten | c. 1334–1332 BC | c. 2 years | ||
Twosret | 1191–1189 BC | 2 years |
Kandake was a title for queens, queen mothers, and queens consort in Nubia, but ruling kandakes included:
Monarch | Portrait | Reign dates | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Nahirqo | Mid-2nd century BC | [19] | |
Unknown kandake | – | End of 2nd–first half of 1st century BC | [20] |
Amanirenas | End of 1st century BC–Beginning of 1st century AD | ||
Amanishakheto | Early 1st century AD | ||
Shanakdakhete | – | First half of the 1st century AD | |
Nawidemak | |||
Amanitore | Mid-1st century AD | ||
Amanikhatashan | Mid-2nd century AD | [21] | |
Amanikhalika | Second half of the 2nd century AD | [22] | |
Patrapeamani | – | First half of the 4th century AD | [21] |
Amanipilade | Mid-4th century AD |
Monarch | Portrait | Reign dates | Length | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gaua | – | c. 1520–1526 | c. 6 years | [23] |
Monarch | Portrait | Reign dates | Length | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hude | – | 1746–1752 | 6 years |
The title "Kabara" was used by female monarchs who ruled over the Hausa people in the Middle Ages. A line of matriarchal monarchs is recorded in the Kano Chronicle that ends with the reign of Daurama in the 9th century. [29] These queens reigned from c. 700 to c. 1000. [30]
Lingeer's leadership activities were carried out at the highest tier, as a co-monarch.
Kingdom of Jinga
There were two female monarchs during Kongo Civil War.
Ndzuwani (Anjouan)
The female monarchs of Madagascar traditional states were: [35]
The female monarchs of Songora were: [45]
The Modjadji or Rain Queen is the hereditary queen of Lobedu, the people of the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The succession to the position of Rain Queen is matrilineal, meaning that the Queen's eldest daughter is the heir, and that males are not entitled to inherit the throne at all. The Rain Queen is believed to have special powers, including the ability to control the clouds and rainfall.
La Florida
Although Wu Zetian is the only undisputed empress regnant recognized in orthodox Chinese historiography, there are two other documented cases of a woman holding the title of "Empress regnant" in Chinese history:
Eastern Kingdom of Women
In Tibet, there was Nüguo (Chinese :女國, lit. "Kingdom of Women"), also known as Dong nüguo (Chinese :東女國, lit. "Eastern Kingdom of Women"), related to the tribe Sumpa. [53] Several queens regnant of there were recorded in Chinese history books.
Monarch | Portrait | Reign dates | Length | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Queen Himiko of Yamatai | – | c. 180–247/248 AD | c. 68 years | [58] |
Queen Toyo of Yamatai | – | c. 248–unknown | Unknown | [59] |
Empress Suiko | 593–628 | 35 years | [60] | |
Empress Kōgyoku | 642–645 | 3 years | [61] | |
Empress Saimei | 655–661 | 6 years | ||
Empress Jitō | 686–697 | 9 years | [62] | |
Empress Genmei | 707–715 | 8 years | [63] | |
Empress Genshō | 715–724 | 9 years | [64] | |
Empress Kōken | 749–758 | 9 years | ||
Empress Shōtoku | 764–770 | 6 years | ||
Empress Meishō | 1629–1643 | 14 years | [65] | |
Empress Go-Sakuramachi | 1762–1771 | 9 years | [66] | |
There were many chiefdoms on Timor, but according to the hierarchy among the Timorese domains, the ruler of Sonbai of West Timor, the ruler of Wehali of Central Timor, and the ruler of Likusaen (today: Liquiçá) of East Timor were three paramount rulers of Timor. [84]
Tripoli
The County of Tripoli was an autonomous state. [87]
Bāzu
Antioch
The Principality of Antioch was an autonomous state. [87]
Monarch | Portrait | Title | State | Start of reign | End of reign | Length | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mary | Queen | Hungary | 10 September 1382 (1st reign) 24 February 1386 (2nd reign) | December 1385 (1st reign) 17 May 1395 (2nd reign) | |||
Croatia | |||||||
Maria Theresa | Archduchess | Austria | 20 October 1740 | 29 November 1780 | 40 years, 40 days | ||
Queen | Hungary | ||||||
Croatia | |||||||
Bohemia | 19 December 1741 | 1 year, 60 days | |||||
12 May 1743 | 29 November 1780 | 37 years, 201 days |
Monarch | Portrait | Title | State | Start of reign | End of reign | Length | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jadwiga | Queen | Poland | 16 October 1384 | 17 July 1399 | 14 years, 274 days | ||
Anna | Queen | Poland | 15 December 1575 | 19 August 1587 | 11 years, 247 days | ||
Grand Duchess | Lithuania |
Monarch | Portrait | Title | Start of reign | End of reign | Length | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irina Godunova | Tsaritsa (Disputed) | 26 January 1598 | 3 March 1598 | 36 days | ||
Catherine I | Empress | 8 February 1725 | 17 May 1727 | 2 years, 98 days | ||
Anna | Empress | 26 February 1730 | 28 October 1740 | 10 years, 245 days | ||
Elizabeth | Empress | 6 December 1741 | 5 January 1762 | 20 years, 30 days | ||
Catherine II | Empress | 9 July 1762 | 17 November 1796 | 34 years, 131 days |
Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus
Monarch | Portrait | Title | State | Start of reign | End of reign | Length of reign | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Margaret I | Queen | Denmark | 10 August 1387 | 28 October 1412 | 25 years, 79 days | ||
Norway | 2 February 1388 | 24 years, 269 days | |||||
Sweden | 24 February 1389 | 23 years, 247 days | |||||
Christina | Queen | Sweden | 16 November 1632 | 16 June 1654 | 21 years, 212 days | ||
Ulrika Eleonora | Queen | Sweden | 5 December 1718 | 29 February 1720 | 1 year, 86 days | ||
Margrethe II | Queen | Denmark | 14 January 1972 | 14 January 2024 | 52 years, 0 days |
Monarch | Portrait | Title | State | Start of reign | End of reign | Length of reign | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wilhelmina | Queen | Netherlands | 23 November 1890 | 4 September 1948 | 57 years, 286 days | ||
Juliana | Queen | Netherlands | 4 September 1948 | 30 April 1980 | 31 years, 239 days | ||
Beatrix | Queen | Netherlands | 30 April 1980 | 30 April 2013 | 33 years, 0 days |
Monarch | Portrait | Title | State | Start of reign | End of reign | Length | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Æthelflæd | Lady | Mercia | 911 | 918 | c. 7 years | ||
Ælfwynn | – | Lady | Mercia | 12 June 918 | 4 December 918 | 175 days | |
Matilda | Lady (Disputed) | England | 8 April 1141 | 1148 | c. 7 years | [94] | |
Margaret | Queen (Disputed) | Scotland | 19 March 1286 | September 1290 | 4 years, 6 months | ||
Mary I of Scotland | Queen | Scotland | 14 December 1542 | 24 July 1567 | 24 years, 222 days | ||
Jane | Queen (Disputed) | England | 10 July 1553 | 19 July 1553 | 9 days | [95] | |
Ireland | |||||||
Mary I of England | Queen | England | 24 July 1553 | 17 November 1558 | 5 years, 116 days | ||
Ireland | |||||||
Elizabeth I | Queen | England | 17 November 1558 | 24 March 1603 | 44 years, 127 days | ||
Ireland | |||||||
Mary II | Queen | England | 13 February 1689 | 28 December 1694 | 5 years, 318 days | ||
Ireland | |||||||
Scotland | 11 April 1689 | 5 years, 261 days | |||||
Anne | Queen | England | 8 March 1702 | 1 May 1707 | 5 years, 54 days | ||
Scotland | |||||||
Ireland | 1 August 1714 | 12 years, 146 days | |||||
Great Britain | 1 May 1707 | 7 years, 92 days | |||||
Victoria | Queen | United Kingdom | 20 June 1837 | 22 January 1901 | 63 years, 216 days | ||
Elizabeth II | Queen | United Kingdom | 6 February 1952 | 8 September 2022 | 70 years, 214 days |
Frankokratia
Latin Empire was disestablished in 1261, but Latin states in Greece, also known as Frankokratia, continued to recognize Latin emperors in exile as their overlords until 1383.
Italian states from the Congress of Vienna to the unification of Italy
The Italian duchies restored by the Congress of Vienna became fully sovereign because the Kingdom of Italy was not restored.
Monarch | Portrait | Title | State | Start of reign | End of reign | Length | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Theresa | Queen | Portugal (disputed) | 1116 | 24 June 1128 | |||
Beatrice | Queen | Portugal ( disputed ) | 1383 | 1385 | |||
Maria I | Queen | Portugal | 24 February 1777 | 20 March 1816 | 39 years, 25 days | ||
Maria II | Queen | Portugal | 2 May 1826 | 23 June 1828 | 2 years, 52 days | ||
26 May 1834 | 15 November 1853 | 19 years, 173 days | |||||
Monarch | Portrait | Title | State | Start of reign | End of reign | Length | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urraca the Reckless | Empress | Spain | 30 June 1109 | 8 March 1126 | 16 years, 251 days | ||
Queen | León | ||||||
Queen | Castile | ||||||
Queen | Galicia | 1111 | |||||
Petronilla | Queen | Aragon | 13 November 1137 | 18 July 1164 | 26 years, 248 days | ||
Urraca the Asturian | – | Queen | Kingdom of Artajona | 1144 | 1153 | ||
Berengaria | Queen | Castile | 6 June 1217 | 31 August 1217 | 86 days | ||
Queen | Toledo | ||||||
Sancha | – | Queen | León | 24 September 1230 | 11 December 1230 | 78 days | |
Dulce | – | Queen | León | 24 September 1230 | 11 December 1230 | 78 days | |
Joan I | Queen | Navarre | 22 July 1284 | 2 April 1305 | 20 years, 254 days | ||
Joan II | Queen | Navarre | 1 April 1328 | 6 October 1349 | 21 years, 188 days | ||
Isabella of Foix-Castelbon | – | Co-Princess | Andorra | 1398 | 1412 | ||
Blanche I | Queen | Navarre | 8 September 1425 | 1 April 1441 | 15 years, 205 days | ||
Blanche II | – | Queen | Navarre | 23 September 1461 | 2 December 1464 | 3 years, 70 days | |
Isabella I | Queen | Castile | 11 December 1474 | 26 November 1504 | 29 years, 351 days | ||
Queen | León | ||||||
Eleanor | – | Queen | Navarre | 28 January 1479 | 12 February 1479 | 15 days | |
Catherine | Queen | Navarre | 7 January 1483 | 12 February 1517 | 34 years, 36 days | ||
Co-Princess | Andorra | ||||||
Joanna [nb 1] | Queen | Castile | 26 November 1504 | 12 April 1555 | 50 years, 137 days | ||
Queen | Aragon | 23 January 1516 | 39 years, 79 days | ||||
Queen | Upper Navarre | ||||||
Jeanne [nb 2] | Queen | Lower Navarre | 25 May 1555 | 9 June 1572 | 17 years, 15 days | ||
Co-Princess | Andorra | ||||||
Isabella II [nb 3] | Queen | Spain | 29 September 1833 | 30 September 1868 | 35 years, 1 day | ||
Queen | Upper Navarre | 30 November 1833 | 62 days | ||||
Monarch | Portrait | Title | State | Start of reign | End of reign | Length | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elizabeth II | Queen | Malta | 21 September 1964 | 13 December 1974 | 10 years, 83 days |
Women written in italics in the list of Kuba Kingdom rulers: [98]
The following names all come from a regnal list written in 1922, which is partially based on native traditions and older regnal lists, but also contains additional names of Coptic and Nubian origin, the latter due to its association with the word " Aethiopia " in ancient and Biblical texts. Claimed dates follow the Ethiopian calendar. [101]
The leaders of the 1878 St. Croix labor riot were:
The Ptolemaic dynasty, also known as the Lagid dynasty, was a Macedonian Greek royal house which ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Ancient Egypt during the Hellenistic period. Reigning for 275 years, the Ptolemaic was the longest and last dynasty of ancient Egypt from 305 BC until its incorporation into the Roman Republic in 30 BC.
Hatshepsut was the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Thutmose II and the fifth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, ruling first as regent, then as queen regnant from c. 1479 BC until c. 1458 BC. She was Egypt's second confirmed queen regnant, the first being Sobekneferu/Nefrusobek in the Twelfth Dynasty.
A prince consort is the husband of a monarch who is not a monarch in his own right. In recognition of his status, a prince consort may be given a formal title, such as prince. Most monarchies do not allow the husband of a queen regnant to be titled as a king because it is perceived as a higher title than queen, however, some monarchies use the title of king consort for the role.
A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in republics. A dynasty may also be referred to as a "house", "family" or "clan", among others.
Pepi II Neferkare was a pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty in Egypt's Old Kingdom who reigned from c. 2278 BC. His second name, Neferkare (Nefer-ka-Re), means "Beautiful is the Ka of Re". He succeeded to the throne at age six, after the death of Merenre I.
The New Kingdom, also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, was the ancient Egyptian nation between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC. This period of ancient Egyptian history covers the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties. Through radiocarbon dating, the establishment of the New Kingdom has been placed between 1570 BC and 1544 BC. The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period. It was the most prosperous time for the Egyptian people and marked the peak of Egypt's power.
Sobekneferu or Neferusobek was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the last ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. She ascended to the throne following the death of Amenemhat IV, possibly her brother or husband, though their relationship is unproven. Instead, she asserted legitimacy through her father Amenemhat III. Her reign lasted 3 years, 10 months, and 24 days, according to the Turin King List.
A queen regnant is a female monarch, equivalent in rank, title and position to a king. She reigns suo jure over a realm known as a kingdom; as opposed to a queen consort, who is married to a reigning king; or a queen regent, who is the guardian of a child monarch and rules pro tempore in the child's stead or instead of her husband who is absent from the realm, be it de jure in sharing power or de facto in ruling alone. A queen regnant is sometimes called a woman king. A princess regnant is a female monarch who reigns suo jure over a principality; an empress regnant is a female monarch who reigns suo jure over an empire.
A coregency is the situation where a monarchical position, normally held by only a single person, is held by two or more. It is to be distinguished from diarchies or duumvirates such as ancient Sparta and Rome along with a regency where the monarch in most cases infant or incapacitated particularly has a senior above him and exercises no power whatsoever apart from legally holding the position of head of state.
King of Kings was a ruling title employed primarily by monarchs based in the Middle East. Although most commonly associated with Iran, especially the Achaemenid and Sasanian Empires, the title was originally introduced during the Middle Assyrian Empire by king Tukulti-Ninurta I and was subsequently used in a number of different kingdoms and empires, including the aforementioned Persia, various Hellenic kingdoms, India, Armenia, Georgia, and Ethiopia.
Cleopatra Selene was the Queen consort of Egypt from 115 to 102 BC, the Queen consort of Syria from 102 to 92 BC, and the monarch of Syria from 82 to 69 BC. The daughter of Ptolemy VIII Physcon and Cleopatra III of Egypt, Cleopatra Selene was favoured by her mother and became a pawn in Cleopatra III's political manoeuvres. In 115 BC, Cleopatra III forced her son Ptolemy IX to divorce his sister-wife Cleopatra IV, and chose Cleopatra Selene as the new queen consort of Egypt. Tension between the king and his mother grew and ended with his expulsion from Egypt, leaving Cleopatra Selene behind; she probably then married the new king, her other brother Ptolemy X.
Amanishakheto was a queen regnant (kandake) of Kush who reigned in the early 1st century AD. In Meroitic hieroglyphs her name is written "Amanikasheto". In Meroitic cursive she is referred to as Amaniskheto qor kd(ke) which means Amanishakheto, Qore and Kandake.
Shanakdakhete, also spelled Shanakdakheto or Sanakadakhete, was a queen regnant of the Kingdom of Kush, ruling from Meroë in the early first century AD. Shanakdakhete is poorly attested, though is known to have constructed a temple in Naqa.
Kandake, kadake or kentake, often Latinised as Candace, was the Meroitic term for the sister of the king of Kush who, due to the matrilineal succession, would bear the next heir, making her a queen mother. She had her own court, probably acted as a landholder and held a prominent secular role as regent. Contemporary Greek and Roman sources treated it, incorrectly, as a name. The name Candace is derived from the way the word is used in the New Testament.
Jure uxoris describes a title of nobility used by a man because his wife holds the office or title suo jure. Similarly, the husband of an heiress could become the legal possessor of her lands. For example, married women in England and Wales were legally incapable of owning real estate until the Married Women's Property Act 1882.
A queen mother is a former queen, often a queen dowager, who is the mother of the reigning monarch. The term has been used in English since the early 1560s. It arises in hereditary monarchies in Europe and is also used to describe a number of similar yet distinct monarchical concepts in non-European cultures around the world. The rank does not go to all mothers of monarchs though. A mother of a ruling monarch may only be referred to as Queen Mother if she was a Queen Consort as opposed to a Princess Consort.
The Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt is classified as the first dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt, the era in which ancient Egypt achieved the peak of its power. The Eighteenth Dynasty spanned the period from 1550/1549 to 1292 BC. This dynasty is also known as the Thutmoside Dynasty) for the four pharaohs named Thutmose.
Nahirqo is the name attributed to a Kushite queen regnant buried in pyramid Beg N. 11 in Meroë. Nahirqo is the earliest known woman to have ruled the Kingdom of Kush, reigning in the middle second century BC. Prior to her own reign, Nahirqo is believed to have been the queen consort of King Adikhalamani.
Arsinoe III was Queen of Egypt from 220–204 BCE,
Dona Juliana, également reine de Canhabaque, qui, par contre, anima l'insurrection de ses sujets contre le gouvernement colonial en 1925
Bernatzik, durant son voyage, entendait vanter le reine Idiana Ibop qui avait succédé à son mari, jusqu'à sa mort trois saisons des piuies auparavant, tellement elle s'était imposée à Canhabaque par son intelligence et sa bonté
He was succeeded in 1012 B.E. (1650) by his younger brother, Sao Ne Ya, who reigned for thirty years. He left no children and was succeeded by his wife, who held the State for three years and then died.
Hkun Hkawt, a brother of Hkun Lek, was appointed Sawbwa, but died in four years. In 1228 B.E. (1866), therefore, his youngest sister, one of the Queens, was appointed to the charge of Lai Hka with the title of Myoza. She appointed myooks and myo-teins to govern the State for her. This continued for two years and then the former Sawbwa, Hkun Mawng, now become a youth, was appointed to the State.
Among the Greater Yuezhi it appears that a lady was appointed to be the ruling queen on at least one occasion. "Zhang Qian zhuan" 張騫傳 (Biography of Zhang Qian) in the History of the Han records that after the king of the Greater Yuezhi was killed by the Xiongnu, his wife was appointed to be the queen.
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