List of patent medicines

Last updated

E. W. Kemble's "Death's Laboratory" on the cover of Collier's (June 3, 1905) DeathsLaboratory.gif
E. W. Kemble's "Death's Laboratory" on the cover of Collier's (June 3, 1905)

A patent medicine, also known as a proprietary medicine or a nostrum (from the Latin nostrum remedium, or "our remedy") is a commercial product advertised to consumers as an over-the-counter medicine, generally for a variety of ailments, without regard to its actual effectiveness or the potential for harmful side effects. The earliest patent medicines were created in the 17th century. They were most popular from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, before the advent of consumer protection laws and evidence-based medicine. [1] [2] Despite the name, patent medicines were usually trademarked but not actually patented, in order to keep their formulas secret. [3] [4]

Contents

Patent medicines often included alcohol and drugs such as opium as active ingredients. [5] Addiction and overdose were common as a result. [6] [7] Some formulations included toxic ingredients such as arsenic, lead, and mercury. [8] Other ingredients like sarsaparilla and wintergreen may have been medically inert and largely harmless, but lacked significant medical benefits. [9] It was rare for any patent medication to be pharmacologically effective, and none lived up to the miraculous promises made by their advertising. [9]

Patent medicine advertising was typically outlandish, eye-catching, and had little basis in reality. [10] Advertisements emphasized exotic or scientific-sounding ingredients, featured endorsements from purported experts or celebrities, and often claimed that products were universal remedies or panaceas. [11] Beginning in the early 20th century, the passage of consumer protection laws in countries like the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada began to regulate deceptive advertising and put limits on what ingredients could be used in medicines, putting an end to the dominance of patent medicines. [2] [12] [13] Although some modern alternative medicines bear similarities to patent medicines, the term most typically refers to remedies created before modern regulations, and the scope of this list reflects that. [14] [15] [16] [17]

Types of patent medicine

1889 lithograph advertisement Dr D Jayne's Tonic Vermifuge advertisement.jpg
1889 lithograph advertisement

Various types of pre-scientific medical preparations, some based on folk or traditional remedies, were sold as patent medicines. [18] Because patent medicines were unscientific and unregulated, the brand names of many products were not necessarily an accurate reflection of their ingredients or preparation methods.

Notable brand names

Surviving brands and products

Early 20th-century advertisement
A bottle of Fernet-Branca herbal liqueur Fernetbranca.jpg
A bottle of Fernet-Branca herbal liqueur

Some brands from the patent medicine era have survived into the present day, typically with significantly revised formulas and toned-down advertising. Some are still sold as medicines, with more realistic claims and less harmful ingredients. Many others, particularly liquid preparations, have been revised into non-medical food or drink products such as soft drinks. [14]

Discontinued products

Antique bottles of Daffy's Elixir, Dalby's Carminative and Turlington's Balsam of Life Three early medicine bottles.jpg
Antique bottles of Daffy's Elixir, Dalby's Carminative and Turlington's Balsam of Life
Dr. Williams' Pink Pills for Pale People Dr Williams' 'Pink Pills', London, England, 1850-1920 Wellcome L0058211.jpg
Dr. Williams' Pink Pills for Pale People
Advertising poster from about 1890 Hamlin's Wizard Oil poster.jpg
Advertising poster from about 1890
A bottle of Radithor at the National Museum of Nuclear Science & History Radithor bottle (25799475341).jpg
A bottle of Radithor at the National Museum of Nuclear Science & History
1894 advertisement poster for Vin Mariani, lithograph by Jules Cheret Vin mariani publicite156.jpg
1894 advertisement poster for Vin Mariani, lithograph by Jules Chéret

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithium citrate</span> Chemical used in psychiatric treatment

Lithium citrate (Li3C6H5O7) is a lithium salt of citric acid that is used as a mood stabilizer in psychiatric treatment of manic states and bipolar disorder. There is extensive pharmacology of lithium, the active component of this salt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quinine</span> Medication used to treat malaria and babesiosis

Quinine is a medication used to treat malaria and babesiosis. This includes the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum that is resistant to chloroquine when artesunate is not available. While sometimes used for nocturnal leg cramps, quinine is not recommended for this purpose due to the risk of serious side effects. It can be taken by mouth or intravenously. Malaria resistance to quinine occurs in certain areas of the world. Quinine is also used as an ingredient in tonic water and other beverages to impart a bitter taste.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Snake oil</span> Euphemism for false advertising

Snake oil is a term used to describe deceptive marketing, health care fraud, or a scam. Similarly, snake oil salesman is a common label used to describe someone who sells, promotes, or is a general proponent of some valueless or fraudulent cure, remedy, or solution. The term comes from the "snake oil" that used to be sold as a cure-all elixir for many kinds of physiological problems. Many 19th-century United States and 18th-century European entrepreneurs advertised and sold mineral oil as "snake oil liniment", making claims about its efficacy as a panacea. Patent medicines that claimed to be a panacea were extremely common from the 18th century until the 20th, particularly among vendors masking addictive drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine, alcohol, and opium-based concoctions or elixirs, to be sold at medicine shows as medication or products promoting health.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Stith Pemberton</span> American pharmacist, inventor of Coca-Cola (1831–1888)

John Stith Pemberton was an American pharmacist and Confederate States Army veteran who is best known as the inventor of Coca-Cola. On 8 May 1886, he developed an early version of a beverage that would later become Coca-Cola, but sold its rights to the drink shortly before his death in 1888.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paregoric</span> Traditional patent medicine

Paregoric, or camphorated tincture of opium, also known as tinctura opii camphorata, is a traditional patent medicine known for its antidiarrheal, antitussive, and analgesic properties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medication</span> Substance used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease

A medication is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease. Drug therapy (pharmacotherapy) is an important part of the medical field and relies on the science of pharmacology for continual advancement and on pharmacy for appropriate management.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quackery</span> Promotion of fraudulent or ignorant medical practices

Quackery, often synonymous with health fraud, is the promotion of fraudulent or ignorant medical practices. A quack is a "fraudulent or ignorant pretender to medical skill" or "a person who pretends, professionally or publicly, to have skill, knowledge, qualification or credentials they do not possess; a charlatan or snake oil salesman". The term quack is a clipped form of the archaic term quacksalver, derived from Dutch: kwakzalver a "hawker of salve" or rather somebody who boasted about their ‘salves’, more commonly known as ointments. In the Middle Ages the term quack meant "shouting". The quacksalvers sold their wares at markets by shouting to gain attention.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Potion</span> Magical type of liquified medicine or drug

A potion is a liquid "that contains medicine, poison, or something that is supposed to have magic powers." It derives from the Latin word potio which refers to a drink or the act of drinking. The term philtre is also used, often specifically for a love potion, a potion that is supposed to create feelings of love or attraction in the one who drinks it. Throughout history there have been several types of potions for a range of purposes. Reasons for taking potions ranged from curing an illness, to securing immortality to trying to induce love. These potions, while often ineffective or poisonous, occasionally had some degree of medicinal success depending on what they sought to fix and the type and amount of ingredients used. Some popular ingredients used in potions across history include Spanish fly, nightshade plants, cannabis, and opium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bitters</span> Alcoholic preparation flavored with botanical matter

A bitters is traditionally an alcoholic preparation flavored with botanical matter for a bitter or bittersweet flavor. Originally, numerous longstanding brands of bitters were developed as patent medicines, but now are sold as digestifs, sometimes with herbal properties, and as cocktail flavorings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patent medicine</span> Medicine sold regardless of effectiveness

A patent medicine is a non-prescription medicine or medicinal preparation that is typically protected and advertised by a trademark and trade name, and claimed to be effective against minor disorders and symptoms, as opposed to a prescription drug that could be obtained only through a pharmacist, usually with a doctor's prescription, and whose composition was openly disclosed. Many over-the-counter medicines were once ethical drugs obtainable only by prescription, and thus are not patent medicines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Herbal medicine</span> Study and use of supposed medicinal properties of plants

Herbal medicine is the study of pharmacognosy and the use of medicinal plants, which are a basis of traditional medicine. With worldwide research into pharmacology, some herbal medicines have been translated into modern remedies, such as the anti-malarial group of drugs called artemisinin isolated from Artemisia annua, a herb that was known in Chinese medicine to treat fever. There is limited scientific evidence for the safety and efficacy of many plants used in 21st-century herbalism, which generally does not provide standards for purity or dosage. The scope of herbal medicine sometimes include fungal and bee products, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts.

A panacea is any supposed remedy that is claimed to cure all diseases and prolong life indefinitely. Named after the Greek goddess of universal remedy Panacea, it was in the past sought by alchemists in connection with the elixir of life and the philosopher's stone, a mythical substance that would enable the transmutation of common metals into gold. Through the 18th and 19th centuries, many "patent medicines" were claimed to be panaceas, and they became very big business. The term "panacea" is used in a negative way to describe the overuse of any one solution to solve many different problems, especially in medicine. The word has acquired connotations of snake oil and quackery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lydia Pinkham</span> American inventor (1819–1883)

Lydia Estes Pinkham was an American inventor and marketer of a herbal-alcoholic "women's tonic" for menstrual and menopausal problems, which medical experts dismissed as a quack remedy, but which is still on sale today in a modified form.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medicine show</span> Touring act

Medicine shows were touring acts that peddled "miracle cure" patent medicines and other products between various entertainments. They developed from European mountebank shows and were common in the United States in the nineteenth century, especially in the Old West.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carter's Little Liver Pills</span> American patent medicine

Carter's Little Liver Pills were formulated as a patent medicine by Samuel J. Carter of Erie, Pennsylvania, in 1868.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithia water</span> Type of mineral water

Lithia water is defined as a type of mineral water characterized by the presence of lithium salts. Natural lithia mineral spring waters are rare, and there are few commercially bottled lithia water products.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Herbal tonic</span> Solution consumed to promote health

In herbal medicine, a herbal tonic is used to help restore, tone and invigorate systems in the body or to promote general health and well-being. A herbal tonic is a solution or other preparation made from a specially selected assortment of plants known as herbs. They are steeped in water and drunk either hot or cool. Herbal tonics are believed to have healing properties ranging from relieving muscle and joint pain and extend as far as inhibiting some cancers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bile Beans</span> Patent medicine

Bile Beans was a laxative and tonic first marketed in the 1890s. The product supposedly contained substances extracted from a hitherto unknown vegetable source by a fictitious chemist known as Charles Forde. In the early years Bile Beans were marketed as "Charles Forde's Bile Beans for Biliousness", and sales relied heavily on newspaper advertisements. Among other cure-all claims, Bile Beans promised to "disperse unwanted fat" and "purify and enrich the blood".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Godfrey's Cordial</span> Opium-based sedative in Victorian Britain

Godfrey's Cordial was a patent medicine, containing laudanum in a sweet syrup, which was commonly used as a sedative to quiet infants and children in Victorian England. Used mostly by mothers working in agricultural groups or industry, it ensured that she could work the maximum hours of her employment, without being disturbed by her infant, and thus increased the family income. It was also used by nurses and baby-minders to enable them to neglect their duties if they wished.

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