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Angina, also known as angina pectoris, is chest pain or pressure, usually due to insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle.
Pseudoephedrine (PSE) is a sympathomimetic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It may be used as a nasal/sinus decongestant, as a stimulant, or as a wakefulness-promoting agent in higher doses.
Topical decongestants are decongestants applied directly to the nasal cavity. Their effectiveness by themselves in the common cold appears to have a small benefit in adults.
Cardiac syndrome X is a historic term for microvascular angina, angina with signs associated with decreased blood flow to heart tissue but with normal coronary arteries.
The conjunctiva is a tissue that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera. It is composed of unkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells, and stratified columnar epithelium. The conjunctiva is highly vascularised, with many microvessels easily accessible for imaging studies.
Phenylephrine is a medication primarily used as a decongestant, to dilate the pupil, to increase blood pressure, and to relieve hemorrhoids. While marketed as a decongestant, taken by mouth at recommended doses it is of unclear benefit for hay fever. It can be taken by mouth, given by injection into a vein or muscle, or applied to the skin.
Variant angina, and less commonly Prinzmetal angina,vasospastic angina, angina inversa, coronary vessel spasm, or coronary artery vasospasm, is a syndrome typically consisting of angina in contrast to stable angina which is generally triggered by exertion or intense exercise, commonly occurs in individuals at rest or even asleep and is caused by vasospasm, a narrowing of the coronary arteries due to contraction of the heart's smooth muscle tissue in the vessel walls. In comparison, stable angina is due to the permanent occlusion of these vessels by atherosclerosis.
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy or Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), also known as stress cardiomyopathy, is a type of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy in which there is a sudden temporary weakening of the muscular portion of the heart. It usually appears after a significant stressor, either physical or emotional; when caused by the latter, the condition is sometimes called broken heart syndrome. Examples of physical stressors that can cause TTS are sepsis, shock, and pheochromocytoma, and emotional stressors include bereavement, divorce, or the loss of a job. Reviews suggest that of patients diagnosed with the condition, about 70-80% recently experienced a major stressor including 41-50% with a physical stressor and 26-30% with an emotional stressor. TTS can also appear in patients who have not experienced major stressors.
3BA is a commercial radio station in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia broadcasting on the FM band on a frequency of 102.3 MHz.
Cotton wool spots are an abnormal finding on funduscopic exam of the retina of the eye. They appear as fluffy white patches on the retina. They are caused by damage to nerve fibers and are a result of accumulations of axoplasmic material within the nerve fiber layer. There is reduced axonal transport within the nerves because of the ischemia. This then causes the nerve fibers to be damaged by swelling in the surface layer of the retina. A 1981 analysis concluded that "in most instances, cotton-wool spots do not represent the whole area of ischaemic inner retina but merely reflect the obstruction of axoplasmic flow in axons crossing into much larger ischaemic areas". Associated findings include microvascular infarcts and hemorrhages. The appearance of cotton wool spots may decrease over time. Abundant cotton wool spots are seen in Malignant hypertension.
Rouleaux are stacks or aggregations of red blood cells (RBCs) that form because of the unique discoid shape of the cells in vertebrates. The flat surface of the discoid RBCs gives them a large surface area to make contact with and stick to each other; thus forming a rouleau. They occur when the plasma protein concentration is high, and, because of them, the ESR is also increased. This is a nonspecific indicator of the presence of disease.
Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is a disease of the eye where the flow of blood through the central retinal artery is blocked (occluded). There are several different causes of this occlusion; the most common is carotid artery atherosclerosis.
Methoxamine is an α1-adrenergic receptor agonist, somewhat similar in structure to butaxamine and 2,5-DMA. It is no longer marketed..
Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7, also known as TRPM7, is a human gene encoding a protein of the same name.
L-765,314 is a drug which acts as a potent and selective antagonist for the Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor subtype α1B. It has mainly been used to investigate the role of α1B receptors in the regulation of blood pressure. The α1B receptor is also thought to have an important role in the brain; however, L-765,314 does not cross the blood–brain barrier.
In dentistry, overeruption is the physiological movement of a tooth lacking an opposing partner in the dental occlusion. Because of the lack of opposing force and the natural eruptive potential of the tooth there is a tendency for the tooth to erupt out of the line of the occlusion.
Guaifenesin/phenylephrine is a combination of the drugs guaifenesin and phenylephrine and is a preparation against the symptoms of cold, flu and allergy. Guaifenesine is an expectorant, phenylephrine is a decongestant. The drug is sold under the brand name Entex and as generic brands. Entex La is 400 mg guaifenesin and 30 mg phenylephrine hydrochloride. Entex Pse is 600 mg guaifenesin and 120 mg phenylephrine hydrochloride. Both are extended release products, meaning that the non-active ingredients are chosen to dissolve slowly to provide a prolonged therapeutic effect.
Branch retinal vein occlusion is a common retinal vascular disease of the elderly. It is caused by the occlusion of one of the branches of central retinal vein.
LY-215,840 is an ergoline derivative drug developed by Eli Lilly, which acts as a potent and selective antagonist at the serotonin 5-HT2 and 5-HT7 receptors. It has anti-hypertensive and muscle relaxant effects in animal studies.
Phenylephrine/ketorolac, sold under the brand name Omidria, is a combination drug used during cataract surgery or intraocular lens replacement to prevent intraoperative miosis and to reduce postoperative pain. It contains phenylephrine and ketorolac.
References
- ↑ Jean L. Bolognia; Joseph L. Jorizzo; Ronald P. Rapini (27 August 2003). Dermatology. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 390–. ISBN 978-0-323-02578-2 . Retrieved 20 May 2011.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ Kalajian, AH.; Turpen, KB.; Donovan, KO.; Malone, JC.; Callen, JP. (Oct 2007). "Phenylephrine-induced microvascular occlusion syndrome in a patient with a heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation". Arch Dermatol. 143 (10): 1314–7. doi: 10.1001/archderm.143.10.1314 . PMID 17938347.
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