Multiple time dimensions

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The possibility that there might be more than one dimension of time has occasionally been discussed in physics and philosophy. Similar ideas appear in folklore and fantasy literature.

Contents

Physics

Speculative theories with more than one time dimension have been explored in physics. The additional dimensions may be similar to conventional time, [1] compactified like the additional spatial dimensions in string theory, [2] or components of a complex time (sometimes referred to as kime). [3]

Itzhak Bars has proposed models of a two-time physics, noting in 2001 that "The 2T-physics approach in d + 2 dimensions offers a highly symmetric and unified version of the phenomena described by 1T-physics in d dimensions." [4] [5]

F-theory, a branch of modern string theory, describes a 12-dimensional spacetime having two dimensions of time, giving it the metric signature (10,2). [6]

The existence of a well-posed initial value problem for the ultrahyperbolic equation (a wave equation in more than one time dimension) demonstrates that initial data on a mixed (spacelike and timelike) hypersurface, obeying a particular nonlocal constraint, evolves deterministically in the remaining time dimension. [1]

Like other complex number variables, complex time is two-dimensional, comprising one real time dimension and one imaginary time dimension, changing time from a real number line into a complex plane. [3] Introducing it into Minkowski spacetime allows a generalization of Kaluza–Klein theory. [7]

Max Tegmark has argued that, if there is more than one time dimension, then the behavior of physical systems could not be predicted reliably from knowledge of the relevant partial differential equations. In such a universe, intelligent life capable of manipulating technology could not emerge. Moreover protons and electrons would be unstable and could decay into particles having greater mass than themselves. (This is not a problem if the particles have a sufficiently low temperature.) [8]

Philosophy

Multiple time dimensions appear to allow the breaking or re-ordering of cause-and-effect in the flow of any one dimension of time. This and conceptual difficulties with multiple physical time dimensions have been raised in modern analytic philosophy. [9]

As a solution to the problem of the subjective passage of time, J. W. Dunne proposed an infinite hierarchy of time dimensions, inhabited by a similar hierarchy of levels of consciousness. Dunne suggested that, in the context of a "block" spacetime as modelled by General Relativity, a second dimension of time was needed in order to measure the speed of one's progress along one's own timeline. This in turn required a level of the conscious self existing at the second level of time. But the same arguments then applied to this new level, requiring a third level, and so on in an infinite regress. At the end of the regress was a "superlative general observer" who existed in eternity. [10] He published his theory in relation to precognitive dreams in his 1927 book An Experiment with Time and went on to explore its relevance to contemporary physics in The Serial Universe (1934). His infinite regress was criticised as logically flawed and unnecessary, although writers such as J. B. Priestley acknowledged the possibility of his second time dimension. [11] [12]

The Esoteric J. G. Bennett described three dimensions or aspects of time: a) Time – Causal or determinate influences on the present moment, b) Eternity – The influences of forms and values, c) Hyparxis – The influences of the Will (freedom) to choose within the present Moment. The physical world, life and consciousness lie in intermediate zones between these dimensions. [13] Physicist David Bohm corresponded with Bennett and they influenced each other's ideas. [14]

Literary fiction

Multiple independent timeframes, in which time passes at different rates, have long been a feature of fairy tales. [15] Fantasy writers such as J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis have made use of these and other multiple time dimensions, such as those proposed by Dunne, in some of their most well-known stories. [15] It has been argued that Tolkien borrowed his ideas for Lórien time in The Lord of the Rings, [15] and that Lewis adopted them for his Chronicles of Narnia. [16]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dimension</span> Property of a mathematical space

In physics and mathematics, the dimension of a mathematical space is informally defined as the minimum number of coordinates needed to specify any point within it. Thus, a line has a dimension of one (1D) because only one coordinate is needed to specify a point on it – for example, the point at 5 on a number line. A surface, such as the boundary of a cylinder or sphere, has a dimension of two (2D) because two coordinates are needed to specify a point on it – for example, both a latitude and longitude are required to locate a point on the surface of a sphere. A two-dimensional Euclidean space is a two-dimensional space on the plane. The inside of a cube, a cylinder or a sphere is three-dimensional (3D) because three coordinates are needed to locate a point within these spaces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kaluza–Klein theory</span> Unified field theory

In physics, Kaluza–Klein theory is a classical unified field theory of gravitation and electromagnetism built around the idea of a fifth dimension beyond the common 4D of space and time and considered an important precursor to string theory. In their setup, the vacuum has the usual 3 dimensions of space and one dimension of time but with another microscopic extra spatial dimension in the shape of a tiny circle. Gunnar Nordström had an earlier, similar idea. But in that case, a fifth component was added to the electromagnetic vector potential, representing the Newtonian gravitational potential, and writing the Maxwell equations in five dimensions.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Theory of everything</span> Hypothetical physical concept

A theory of everything (TOE), final theory, ultimate theory, unified field theory or master theory is a hypothetical, singular, all-encompassing, coherent theoretical framework of physics that fully explains and links together all aspects of the universe. Finding a theory of everything is one of the major unsolved problems in physics.

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In theoretical physics, supergravity is a modern field theory that combines the principles of supersymmetry and general relativity; this is in contrast to non-gravitational supersymmetric theories such as the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. Supergravity is the gauge theory of local supersymmetry. Since the supersymmetry (SUSY) generators form together with the Poincaré algebra a superalgebra, called the super-Poincaré algebra, supersymmetry as a gauge theory makes gravity arise in a natural way.

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In physics, Randall–Sundrum models are models that describe the world in terms of a warped-geometry higher-dimensional universe, or more concretely as a 5-dimensional anti-de Sitter space where the elementary particles are localized on a (3 + 1)-dimensional brane or branes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Compactification (physics)</span> Technique in theoretical physics

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Five-dimensional space</span> Geometric space with five dimensions

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Itzhak Bars is a theoretical physicist at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles.

Superstring theory is an attempt to explain all of the particles and fundamental forces of nature in one theory by modeling them as vibrations of tiny supersymmetric strings.

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In physics, extra dimensions are proposed additional space or time dimensions beyond the (3 + 1) typical of observed spacetime, such as the first attempts based on the Kaluza–Klein theory. Among theories proposing extra dimensions are:

In physics, a non-relativistic spacetime is any mathematical model that fuses n–dimensional space and m–dimensional time into a single continuum other than the (3+1) model used in relativity theory.

References

  1. 1 2 Craig, Walter; Weinstein, Steven (2009-07-15). "On determinism and well-posedness in multiple time dimensions". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 465 (2110). The Royal Society: 3023–3046. arXiv: 0812.0210 . Bibcode:2009RSPSA.465.3023C. doi: 10.1098/rspa.2009.0097 . ISSN   1364-5021.
  2. ↑ Terning, J; Bars, I (2009). Extra Dimensions in Space and Time. New York: Springer. doi:10.1515/9783110697827. ISBN   9780387776385.
  3. 1 2 Dinov, Ivo; Velev, Milen (2021). Data Science - Time Complexity, Inferential Uncertainty, and Spacekime Analytics. Boston/Berlin: De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110697827. ISBN   9783110697803.
  4. ↑ Marcus Chown, "Time gains an extra dimension!", New Scientist, 13 October 2007.(Subscription link)
  5. ↑ Itzhak Bars; "U*(1,1) noncommutative gauge theory as the foundation of 2T-physics in field theory", Phys. Rev. D 64 (2001) 126001 ArXiv copy.
  6. ↑ Penrose, Roger. (2004). The Road to Reality. Jonathan Cape. Page 915.
  7. ↑ Chodos, Alan; Freund, PGO; Appelquist, Thomas (1987). Modern Kaluza-Klein Theories. United Kingdom: Addison-Wesley. ISBN   9780201098297.
  8. ↑ Tegmark, Max (April 1997). "On the dimensionality of spacetime" (PDF). Classical and Quantum Gravity. 14 (4): L69–L75. arXiv: gr-qc/9702052 . Bibcode:1997CQGra..14L..69T. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/14/4/002. S2CID   15694111 . Retrieved 2006-12-16.
  9. ↑ Weinstein, Steven. "Many Times". Foundational Questions Institute. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  10. ↑ McDonald, John Q. (15 November 2006). "John's Book Reviews: An Experiment with Time" . Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  11. ↑ J.A. Gunn; The Problem of Time, Unwin, 1929.
  12. ↑ J.B. Priestley, Man and Time, Aldus, 1964.
  13. ↑ Bennett, J. G. (1956). Dramatic Universe.
  14. ↑ Anthony Blake (Ed). The Bohm-Bennett Correspondence, 2016. Online version.
  15. 1 2 3 Flieger, V.; A Question of Time: JRR Tolkien's Road to Faerie, Kent State University Press, 1997.
  16. ↑ Inchbald, Guy; "The Last Serialist: C.S. Lewis and J.W. Dunne", Mythlore, Issue 137, Vol. 37 No. 2, Spring/Summer 2019, pp. 75–88.
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