Mystery airship

Mystery airship illustrated in the San Francisco Call , November 22, 1896

The mystery airship or phantom airship was a phenomenon that thousands of people across the United States claimed to have observed from late 1896 to mid 1897. Typical airship reports involved night time sightings of unidentified lights, but more detailed accounts reported flying objects comparable to an airship or dirigible. ^[1] Mystery airship reports are seen as a cultural predecessor to modern claims of extraterrestrial-piloted flying saucer-style UFOs. ^[2]

Reports of the alleged crewmen and pilots usually described them as human-looking, although sometimes the crew claimed to be from Mars. ^[3] It was popularly believed that the mystery airships were the product of some inventor or genius who was not ready to make knowledge of his creation public. ^[4]

It has been frequently argued that mystery airships are unlikely to represent test flights of real human-manufactured dirigibles as no record of successful sustained or long-range airship flights are known from the period and "it would have been impossible, not to mention irrational, to keep such a thing secret." ^[2] To the contrary, however, there were in fact several functional airships manufactured before the 1896–97 reports (e.g., Solomon Andrews made successful test flights of his "Aereon" in 1863), but their capabilities were far more limited than the mystery airships. Reece ^[2] and others ^[5] note that contemporary American newspapers of the "yellow journalism" era were more likely to print manufactured stories and hoaxes than are modern news sources, and editors of the late 19th century often would have expected the reader to understand that such stories were false. ^[6]

Most journalists of the period did not seem to take the airship reports very seriously, as after the major 1896–97 wave concluded, the subject quickly fell from public consciousness. ^[6] The airship stories received further attention only after the 1896-97 newspaper reports were largely rediscovered in the mid 1960s and UFO investigators suggested the airships might represent earlier precursors to post-World War II UFO sightings. ^[6]

Background

A fictional airship from the 1894 story Over the Andes with Frank Reade, Jr., in his New Air-Ship

A number of popular novels dealing with airships and their secretive inventors were published in the years before the airship sightings. Especially popular among American audiences were the Frank Reade stories by Luis Senarens, which began in 1882 and frequently centered on airships. The wildly successful Frank Reade Library ran to 191 stories. ^[7] Senarens' acquaintance Jules Verne borrowed the conceit of a secretive inventor who had developed a powerful airship for his 1886 novel Robur the Conqueror , which was published in the US in 1887. ^[8] The airship stories of the prolific science fiction author Robert Duncan Milne were also serialized in San Francisco newspapers in the 1890s. ^[9]

The late 19th century was a period of intense technological innovation, including the invention of the telephone and automobile. Widespread publications about heavier-than-air flight in the late 19th century gave rise to a common belief that such an invention was imminent. ^[10]

On November 17, 1896, the day before it carried the first report of an airship sighting, the Sacramento Bee printed what claimed to be a telegram from a New York inventor stating that he was flying from New York to California and would be there within two days. ^[11]

Earlier sightings

In July 1868, The Zoologist carried a report from a local newspaper in Copiapó, Chile, regarding a "gigantic bird" with "brilliant scales" that made a metallic sound had been seen flying over the town. ^[12] In his 1931 book Lo! , Charles Fort discussed this report along with various other reports of aerial apparitions from the 19th and 20th centuries. ^[13] Fort observed that "inhabitants of the backwoods of China" might "similarly describe one of this earth's airships floating over their farms". ^[14] (Fort seldom mentioned any of the airship reports of 1896–97 in his works, although he had spent that time writing for some of the same newspapers that published the airship reports. ^[15] ) Discussing the Copiapó report in 2001, Loren Coleman called it an example of "reports of weird aerial constructions" on the boundary between machines and animals that "just do not make sense". ^[16]

On July 29, 1880, two witnesses in Louisville, Kentucky saw a flying object described as "a man surrounded by machinery which he seemed to be working with his hands" with wings protruding from his back. ^[16] Merely a month later, a similar sighting happened in New Jersey. It was written at the New York Times that "it was apparently a man with bat's wings and improved frog's legs... the monster waved his wings in answer to the whistle of a locomotive." ^[16]

According to researcher Jerome Clark, airship sightings were reported in New Mexico in 1880 and along the German-Polish border in 1892. ^[17]

The airship wave of 1896-1897

The best-known of the mystery airship waves began in California in 1896. ^[4] Afterwards, reports and accounts of similar sightings came from other areas, generally moving eastward across the country. ^[4] Although the majority of witnesses reported seeing only a light or group of lights in the night sky, some accounts during the airship wave claim that occupants were visible on some crafts, and encounters with the pilot or crew were occasionally reported as well. ^[4] These occupants often appeared to be human, though their behavior, mannerisms and clothing were sometimes reported to be unusual. ^[3] Sometimes the apparent humans claimed to be from the planet Mars. ^[3]

Historian Mike Dash described and summarized the 1896–1897 series of airship sightings, writing:

The general conclusion of investigators was that a considerable number of the simpler sightings were misidentification of planets and stars, and a large number of the more complex the result of hoaxes and practical jokes. A small residuum remains perplexing. ^[18]

The 1896-1897 wave of sightings came in two separate phases, one largely in California in late 1896 and one in the central and eastern US in spring 1897. ^[19] The total number of reported sightings was in the thousands; based on newspaper reports, the total number of witnesses may have exceeded 100,000. ^[20]

1896 wave

Mystery airship observed from the dome of the California State Capitol as illustrated in the San Francisco Call , November 29, 1896

The first wave of airship sightings took place primarily in California and along the west coast of the United States, from November 17 through December 1896, with a few isolated California sightings reported during January. There were also sightings of the airship in Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. ^[19] Many newspaper accounts described the sightings as part of a transcontinental flight by the airship's inventor. ^[21]

The November 18, 1896 editions of the Sacramento Bee and the San Francisco Call published accounts of the first sighting, which had taken place the night before. ^[22] On the evening of November 17, 1896, witnesses reported a bright light moving slowly over Sacramento at an estimated elevation of 1,000 feet. ^[22] Some witnesses said they could discern a dark shape behind the light. ^[22] A witness named R.L. Lowery stated that he heard a voice from the craft issuing commands to increase elevation in order to avoid hitting a church steeple. ^[22] Lowery added "in what was no doubt meant as a wink to the reader" that he believed the apparent captain to be referring to the tower of a local brewery, as there were no churches nearby. ^[22]

Lowery further described the craft as being powered by two men exerting themselves on bicycle pedals. Above the pedaling men seemed to be a passenger compartment, which lay under the main body of the craft. A bright light was mounted on the front end. ^[22] Some witnesses reported the sound of talking or singing as the craft passed overhead. ^[22]

• The November 19, 1896, edition of the Stockton, California, Daily Mail featured one of the earliest accounts of an alleged alien craft sighting. ^[23] Colonel H.G. Shaw claimed that while driving his buggy through the countryside of Lodi near Stockton, ^[24] he came across what appeared to be a landed spacecraft. ^[23] Shaw described it as having a metallic surface which was completely featureless apart from a rudder, and pointed ends. ^[23] He estimated a diameter of 25 feet and said the vessel was around 150 feet in total length. ^[23] Three slender, 7-foot-tall (2.1 m), apparent extraterrestrials were said to approach from the craft while "emitting a strange warbling noise." ^[23] The beings examined Shaw's buggy and then tried to physically force him to accompany them back to the airship. ^[25] The aliens were said to give up after realizing they lacked the physical strength to force Shaw aboard. ^[1] They boarded their ship, which lifted off the ground and sped out of sight. ^[1] Shaw believed that the beings were Martians sent to kidnap an earthling for unknowable but potentially nefarious purposes. ^[1] This has been seen by some as an early attempt at alien abduction; it is possibly the first published account of explicitly extraterrestrial beings attempting to abduct humans and force them into their spacecraft. ^[26]
• The mystery light reappeared over Sacramento on the evening of November 21, 1896. It was also seen over Folsom, San Francisco, Oakland, Petaluma, Santa Rosa, Sebastopol, Modesto, Manteca and several other cities later that same evening and was reportedly viewed by hundreds of witnesses, including San Francisco Mayor, Adolph Sutro. ^{[27] [28]}

California Cities reporting sightings after November 23 included Red Bluff, Redding, Woodland, Yolo, Chico, San Jose, Acampo, Lodi, Crows Landing, Tulare, Fresno, Bakersfield, Los Angeles and Anderson. ^[28]

With public interest in the airship sightings running high, a young San Francisco attorney named George D. Collins came forward and told the press that he represented the mysterious airship's inventor. Collins stated that the lights reported over Sacramento must have been his client conducting nocturnal test flights before an official unveiling of his secret invention. This explanation seemed reasonable to many and was given extensive coverage in the San Francisco newspapers. After Collins' announcement, rumours and wild tales began to spread and for several weeks the "phantom airship" was the biggest news story in northern California. As sightings and reports of mystery lights continued to increase throughout California, Attorney Collins found himself the center of much attention and came to regret his earlier bragging. The San Francisco Chronicle nicknamed him "Airship" Collins and he was so hounded by reporters and taunted by curious busybodies, he recanted some of his claims and actually fled into hiding. ^[29]

Former California Attorney General William Henry Harrison Hart also claimed to represent the inventor of the mystery airship. His claims were even more outlandish than those of Attorney Collins, and like Collins, he eventually stopped talking to the newspapers about his alleged connection to the airship. ^[30]

In an editorial in the San Francisco Examiner from December, 1896, William Randolph Hearst lashed out at the "fake journalism" that he believed had led to the airship story:

"Fake journalism" has a good deal to answer for, but we do not recall a more discernible exploit in that line than the persistent attempt to make the public believe that the air in this vicinity is populated with airships. It has been manifest for weeks that the whole airship story is pure myth. ^[19]

1897 wave

Mystery airship illustrated in The St. Paul Globe , April 13, 1897

The California airship wave of 1896 largely ended in December, but in February of 1897, reports of mysterious lights in the skies over western Nebraska marked the beginning of an even larger airship wave that would cover the greater part of the American midwest. This second wave lasted through May 1897, with a few scattered reports of the airship in June. ^[19]

• On February 2, 1897, the Omaha Bee reported a sighting over Hastings, Nebraska, the previous day. ^[31]
• One witness from Arkansas – allegedly a former state senator Harris – was supposedly told by an airship pilot (during the tensions leading up to the Spanish–American War) that the craft was bound for Cuba, to use its "Hotchkiss gun" to "kill Spaniards". ^[32]
• In one account from Texas, three men reported an encounter with an airship and with "five peculiarly dressed men" who asserted that they were descendants of the lost tribes of Israel, and had learned English from the 1553 North Pole expedition led by Hugh Willoughby.
• An article in the Albion Weekly News reported that two witnesses saw an airship crash just inches from where they were standing. ^[31] The airship suddenly disappeared, with a man standing where the vessel had been. ^[31] The airship pilot showed the men a small device that supposedly enabled him to shrink the airship small enough to store the vessel in his pocket. ^[31] A rival newspaper, the Wilsonville Review , playfully claimed that its own editor was an additional witness to the incident and that he heard the pilot say "Weiver eht rof ebircsbus!" ^[31] The phrase he allegedly heard is "subscribe for the Review" spelled backwards. ^[31]
• The first airship sighting in Michigan was on April 10, 1897, at Alma, followed by sightings from Benton Harbor, Holland, Niles, and Mendon, all on April 11. ^[33] On April 12, the airship was seen over Battle Creek and Kalamazoo, Michigan, and an airborne explosion was seen in Pavilion, with alleged airship debris being found there and in nearby Comstock. ^[33] The next night, a farmer living north of Battle Creek claimed that the airship came within 100 feet of a field on their farm, and a wheel fell off the airship and was embedded in the ground. ^[34] Sightings peaked around April 15 but continued into early May. ^[35]
• On April 10, 1897, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch published a story reporting that one W.H. Hopkins encountered a grounded airship about 20 feet in length and 8 feet in diameter near the outskirts of Springfield, Missouri. ^[1] The vehicle was apparently propelled by three large propellers and crewed by a beautiful, nude woman and a bearded man, also nude. ^[1] Hopkins attempted with some difficulty to communicate with the crew in order to ascertain their origins. ^[1] Eventually they understood what Hopkins was asking of them and they both pointed to the sky and "uttered something that sounded like the word Mars." ^[1]
• An April 16, 1897, a story published by the Table Rock Argus claimed that a group of "anonymous but reliable" witnesses had seen an airship sailing overhead. ^[31] The craft had many passengers. ^[31] The witnesses claimed that among these passengers was a woman tied to a chair, a woman attending her, and a man with a pistol guarding their apparent prisoner. ^[31] Before the witnesses thought to contact the authorities, the airship was already gone. ^[36]
• Minneapolis papers carried an account of a physician from Rice Lake being abducted at gunpoint on the night of April 13 to care for the airship's captain who was suffering from influenza. ^[37] After a struggle the doctor escaped by leaping from the airship into the lake forty feet below. ^[38] However, the Rice Lake Chronotype gave a more prosaic account of events, in which the doctor fell into the lake as a result of breaking through the ice while trying to cross, and not for any airship-related reason. ^[39]
• An account from Aurora, Texas, ^[40] related in the Dallas Morning News on April 19, 1897, reported that a couple of days before, an airship had smashed into a windmill belonging to a Judge Proctor, then crashed. The occupant was dead and mangled, but the story reported that the presumed pilot was clearly "not an inhabitant of this world." ^[41] Strange "hieroglyphic" figures were seen on the wreckage, which resembled "a mixture of aluminum and silver ... it must have weighed several tons." ^[41] The story ended by noting that the pilot was given a "Christian burial" in the town cemetery. The story attracted no particular attention at the time, and no other newspapers in the area reported any such funeral. ^[42] The rediscovery of the story by UFO enthusiasts in the 1960s led to a short burst of investigative activity, but by the early 1970s almost all authorities considered the story a probable hoax. ^[43] In 1973, aviation reporter Bill Case of the Dallas Times-Herald discovered a rough-hewn rock that he contended was the stone marker used in the burial, and which bore scratches that he contended represented the airship. ^[44] A local treasure hunter claimed that his metal detector gave strange readings in the area, which Case claimed indicated that the pilot had been buried in some sort of metal uniform. ^[45] A few months later, however, a MUFON investigator reported that the headstone – and whatever metallic material might have lain beneath it – was gone. ^[46]
• An account by Alexander Hamilton of Leroy, Kansas, supposedly occurred around April 19, 1897, and was published in the Yates Center Farmer's Advocate of April 23. Hamilton, his son and a tenant witnessed an airship hovering over his cattle pen. Upon closer examination, the witnesses realized that a red "cable" from the airship had lassoed a heifer, but had also become entangled in the pen's fence. After trying unsuccessfully to free the heifer, Hamilton cut loose a portion of the fence, then "stood in amazement to see the ship, cow and all rise slowly and sail off." ^[47] Some have suggested this was the earliest report of cattle mutilation. In 1977, however, UFO researcher Jerome Clark debunked this story, and confirmed via interviews and Hamilton's own affidavit that the story was a successful attempt to win a Liar's Club competition to create the most outlandish tall tale. ^[48]

Later sightings

There was a series of mystery airship sightings in 1909 in New England, which were triggered by a hoax by Wallace Tillinghast, who falsely claimed to have invented and flown an airship from Worcester to New York City. ^[49] Airship sightings were also reported from New Zealand, ^{[50] [51]} Australia, ^[52] and various European locations, ^[53] including the United Kingdom, where a hoax by M.B. Boyd similarly triggered the wave of claimed sightings. ^[52] By this time, airship technology had greatly advanced and several successful powered airships had been built and flown. There had been 47 powered flights in 1909 and hundreds of news articles about aeronautics, so wide-ranging airship claims likely appeared plausible to the public. ^[54]

Later reports came from the United Kingdom in 1912 and 1913. ^[55]

Jerome Clark wrote that "One curious feature of the post-1897 airship waves was the failure of each to stick in historical memory. Although 1909, for example, brought a flood of sightings worldwide and attendant discussion and speculation, contemporary accounts do not allude to the hugely publicized events of little more than a decade earlier." ^[50]

Explanations

Hoaxes or misidentification

During the 1896–97 wave, there were many attempts to explain the airship sightings, including suggestions of hoaxes, pranks, publicity stunts and hallucinations. One man suggested the airships were swarms of lightning beetles misidentified by observers. ^[56]

David Michael Jacobs observed that "Most arguments against the airship idea came from individuals who assumed that the witnesses did not see what they claimed to see." ^[57] However, Jacobs believes that many airship tales originated with "enterprising reporters perpetrating journalistic hoaxes." ^[5] He notes that many of these accounts "are easy to identify because of their tongue-in-cheek tone, and accent on the sensational." ^[5] Furthermore, in many such newspaper hoaxes, the author makes his intent obvious "by saying – in the last line – that he was writing from an insane asylum (or something to that effect)." ^[58]

Man-made airships

Some authors have argued that the airship reports were genuine accounts of a human-invented airship. Steerable airships had been publicly flown in the U.S. since the Aereon in 1863, and numerous inventors were working on airship and aircraft designs. Thomas Edison was so widely speculated to be the mind behind the alleged airships that in 1897 he "was forced to issue a strongly worded statement" denying his responsibility. ^[59]

Two French Army officers and engineers, Arthur Krebs and Charles Renard, had successfully flown in an electric-powered airship called La France as early as 1884. ^[60] In November 1897, an aluminum-skinned airship designed by David Schwarz was built in Germany and successfully flew over Tempelhof Field. ^[61]

In his 2004 book Solving the 1897 Airship Mystery, ^[62] American writer Michael Busby analysed observed flight paths and airspeeds from old newspaper accounts and found the evidence consistent with three separate airships flying in the Texas skies. ^[63] Research led him to conclude they were built in Iowa by a group of people originally from California:

Three individuals investigated in this chapter may be the connecting threads between the various airship mysteries we have examined(1840s to 1897). Dr. Solomon Andrews, Willard Wilson, and Dr. Charles Smith, peers extraordinaire, may have been designing, building and flying airships from the 1840s. ^[64]

He concludes one airship crashed at Aurora on April 17, 1897, another crashed off the Gulf coast a few days later, and the third perhaps flew North to New York where it also crashed at sea on May 13. Two other airships the group built in Iowa met their demise in Michigan and Washington state, respectively, and the aviators presumably died. ^[65]

In The Great Airship of 1897 (2009), ^[66] American writer J. Allan Danelek makes a similar case. He concludes the airship was built by an unknown individual, possibly funded by an investor from San Francisco, as a prototype for planned commercial passenger airships. Danelek demonstrates how the craft might have been built using materials and technologies available in 1896 (including speculative line drawings and technical details). The ship, he proposes, was built in secret to safeguard its design from patent infringement as well as to protect investors in case of failure.

Noting that the flights were initially seen over California and only later over the Midwest, he speculates that the inventor was making a series of short test flights, moving from west to east and following the main railway lines for logistical support, and that it was these experimental flights that formed the basis for many – though not all – of the newspaper accounts from the era. Danelek also notes that the reports ended abruptly in mid-April 1897, suggesting that the craft may have met with disaster, effectively ending the venture and permitting the sightings to fall into the realm of mythology.

The 1884 Krebs & Renard first fully controllable free-flights with the LA FRANCE electric dirigible near Paris (Krebs arch.)

Claims of extraterrestrial origin

Early sources citing the extraterrestrial hypothesis, all from 1897, include the Washington Times , which speculated that the airships were "a reconnoitering party from Mars"; and the Saint Louis Post-Dispatch , which suggested of the airships, "these may be visitors from Mars, fearful, at the last, of invading the planet they have been seeking." ^[67]

In 1909, a letter printed in the Otago Daily Times (New Zealand) suggested that the mystery airship sightings then being reported in that country were due to Martian "atomic-powered spaceships." ^[50]

See also

• Airship
• Ghost rockets
• List of reported UFO sightings

Footnotes

1. Reece 2007 , p. 11
2. Reece 2007, p. 14.
3. Reece 2007, p. 11.
4. Reece 2007, p. 12.
5. Jacobs 1975 , p. 16.
6. Reece (2007), page 14.
7. Bartholomew 1990, p. 174.
8. Cohen 1981, p. 129.
9. Cohen 1981, pp. 131–132.
10. Bartholomew 1990, p. 173.
11. Bartholomew 1990, p. 172.
12. "A strange Bird". The Zoologist: 1295. July 1868. Copiapo, Chili, April, 1868. Yesterday, at about five o'clock in the afternoon, when the daily labours in this mine were over, and all the workmen were together awaiting their supper, we saw coming through the air, from the side of the ternera, a gigantic bird, which at first sight we took for one of the clouds then partially darkening the atmosphere, supposing it to have been separated from the rest by the wind. Its course was from north-west to south-east; its flight rapid and in a straight line. As it was passing a short distance above our heads we could mark the strange formation of its body. Its immense wings were clothed with a grayish plumage, its monstrous head was like that of a locust, its eyes were wide open and shone like burning coals; it seemed to be covered with something resembling the thick and stout bristles of a boar, while on its body, elongated like that of a serpent, we could only see brilliant scales, which clashed together with a metallic sound as the strange animal turned its body in its flight.—Copiapo (Chili) paper.
13. Fort, Charles (1931). Lo!. pp. 637–641.
14. Fort 1931, p. 638.
15. Cohen 1981, pp. 90–91.
16. Coleman, Loren (2001). Mothman and Other Curious Encounters. Cosimo. ISBN   1-93104-434-1..
17. Clark, Jerome (1993), Unexplained! 347 Strange Sightings, Incredible Occurrences, and Puzzling Physical Phenomena , Detroit: Visible Ink Press, p. 1, ISBN   0-8103-9436-7 .
18. Dash, Mike (2000), Borderlands: The Ultimate Exploration of the Unknown , Woodstock: Overlook Press, ISBN   0-87951-724-7 .
19. Bartholomew 1990, p. 175.
20. Bartholomew 1990, pp. 172, 174.
21. Bartholomew 1990, p. 176.
22. Reece 2007 , p. 12
23. Reece 2007 , p. 10
24. Fitzgerald, Michael. "Fitzgerald: The day space aliens visited Stockton". recordnet.com. recordnet.com. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
25. Reece 2007 , pp. 10–11
26. UFOs And Fairies/Legends/Supernatural – Pt. I
27. Cohen 1981.
28. Story 1980.
29. Cohen 1981, pp. 29–34.
30. Cohen 1981, pp. 35–39.
31. Reece 2007 , p. 13
32. Jacobs 1975, p. 7.
33. Bartholomew 1998, p. 135.
34. Bartholomew 1998, p. 136.
35. Bartholomew 1998, p. 137.
36. Reece 2007, p. 13.
37. Zimm 2015, pp. 29–30.
38. Zimm 2015, p. 30.
39. Zimm 2015, p. 39.
40. Crash, UN Museum.
41. Jacobs 1975 , p. 17.
42. Cohen 1981, p. 108.
43. Cohen 1981, p. 113.
44. Cohen 1981, p. 115.
45. Cohen 1981, p. 114.
46. Cohen 1981, p. 116.
47. Jacobs 1975, p. 15.
48. Cohen 1981, pp. 101–102.
49. Whalen & Bartholomew 2002.
50. Clark (2000), page 123.
51. "X-files".
52. Whalen & Bartholomew 2002, p. 468 n.8.
53. "The Airship Wave of 1909". ufo.se. Archived from the original on 2007-10-24.
54. Whalen & Bartholomew 2002, p. 468.
55. 1970s Phantom Airships of 1913 Archived 2007-06-14 at archive.today
56. Jacobs 1975, p. 30.
57. Jacobs, pages 33–34.
58. Jacobs 1975, pp. 17–18.
59. Reece 2007 , pp. 12–13.
60. Renner, Stephen L. (2016). Broken Wings: The Hungarian Air Force, 1918–45. Indiana University Press. p. 4.
61. Renner 2016, p. 5.
62. Busby, Michael (2004). Solving the 1897 Airship Mystery. Gretna: Pelican Publ. Co. ISBN   978-1-58980-125-7.
63. Busby 2004 , p. 103
64. Busby 2004 , p. 330
65. Busby 2004 , pp. 346–351
66. Danelek, J. Allan (2009). The Great Airship of 1897: A Provocative Look at the Most Mysterious Aviation Event in History. Kempton, Ill: Adventures Unlimited Press. ISBN   978-1-935487-03-6.
67. Jacobs 1975, p. 29.

References

• Bartholomew, Robert E. (1990). "The Airship Hysteria Of 1896-97" (PDF). Skeptical Inquirer. 14: 171–181.
• Bartholomew, Robert E. (1998). "Michigan and the Great Mass Hysteria Episode of 1897". Michigan Historical Review. 24 (1): 133–141. doi:10.2307/20173722.
• Clark, Jerome (1998). The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial . Visible Ink. ISBN   1-57859-029-9.
• ——— (2000). "The Extraterrestrial Hypothesis in the Early UFO Age". In Jacobs, David M (ed.). UFOs and Abductions: Challenging the Borders of Knowledge. University Press of Kansas. pp.  122–40. ISBN   0-7006-1032-4.
• Cohen, Daniel (1981). The Great Airship Mystery: A UFO of the 1890s. Dodd, Mead & Co. ISBN   0396079903.
• Jacobs, David Michael (1975). The UFO Controversy In America . Indiana University Press. ISBN   0-253-19006-1.
• Reece, Gregory L (August 21, 2007). UFO Religion: Inside Flying Saucer Cults and Culture. I. B. Tauris. ISBN   978-1-84511-451-0.
• Story, Ronald D. (1980). The Encyclopedia of UFOs. Dolphin Books Doubleday & Company. ISBN   0-385-11681-0.
• Whalen, Stephen; Bartholomew, Robert E. (September 2002). "The Great New England Airship Hoax of 1909". The New England Quarterly. 75 (3): 466–476.
• Zimm, John (2015). "A Close Encounter of the Steam-Powered Kind". The Wisconsin Magazine of History. 98 (3): 28–39.