Reang

Last updated
Reang/Riang
Profile
Country India, Bangladesh and Myanmar
Region Tripura, Mizoram and Assam
Ethnicity Tripuri people
Chief
none

Reang [1] [2] is one of the Tripuri clan of the Northeast Indian state. The Reangs can be found all over the Tripura state in India. However, they may also be found in Assam and Mizoram. They speak the Kokborok language.

Contents

The Reangs are a semi-nomadic people who farm hillsides by the jhum (slash and burn) or shifting method. This forces them to relocate after a few years.  The Bru/Reang are a Tripuri clan from the Indian state of Tripura. They speak a dialect of Kokborok language, which is Tibeto-Burmese in origin and known locally as Kau Bru. They are known as "Riang" in the Indian Constitution. The Reang, on the other hand, identify as "Reang" rather than "Riang," and are often referred to as Bru.   The Bru or Reang Community is made up of 12 clans or panjis: Molsoi, Tuimui, Msha, Taumayakcho, Apeto, Wairem, Meska, Raikchak, Chorkhi, Chongpreng, Nouhkham, and Yakstam. [3]

According to Part XVII of the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950, the Riang (Bru) tribe is a sub-tribe of the Kuki tribe and one of Mizoram's Scheduled Tribes. The Kukis and Mizos are members of the Kuki-Chin Linguistic Group, while the Brus belong to the Bodo Linguistic Group. As a result, the Tripura Bru/Reang are designated as a distinct tribe under Section 16 of Part XV - Tripura of the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order 1950. [4]

In 2018, following the Union Home Ministry's decision to give voting rights to around 30,000 people who had fled from Mizoram to Tripura in 1997 in the wake of inter-community violence, The Election Commission asked the State of Mizoram to revise its rolls for the 2018 polls and include the members of the internally-displaced community. As many as 32,876 people of the Bru tribe were set to be repatriated to Mizoram after a tripartite agreement was signed between the Centre, Tripura and Mizoram government. [5] On 16 January 2020, a quadripartite agreement was signed among the Centre, state governments of Tripura and Mizoram and Bru representatives to facilitate permanent settlement of Bru IDPs( Internally displaced people's) from Mizoram in Tripura, benefitting around 34,000 IDPs. [6]

The history of Bru (Reang)

The Bru are the second most populous tribe in Tripura after Tripuri people. According to the legend, a Tripuri prince who was once exiled by the King made his way, along with his followers, to the Mayani Thalang area of Lushai hills and founded a state over there. He proclaimed himself King and his descendants too ruled over the break-away state for generations. As it sometimes happens, there came a time when there was no heir to succeed to the throne, leading to anarchy in the kingdom. At around the same time, bitter feud and internal vendetta saw four chiefs of the following sub tribes Twikluha, Yongsika, Paisika, Tuibruha leave their hearth and home along with their entourages to migrate back to the state of Tripura. It was a long and arduous journey, fraught with danger and the travellers had to make more than a couple of attempts before they successfully made their way up the Dombur hill.

At the time, Mahendra Manikya ruled the kingdom of Tripura. The chiefs made many attempts to reach the King to request asylum. They approached ministers, bureaucrats, and courtiers for help in arranging a meeting with the King but with no success. By this time, they had exhausted their supplies and were rather anxious to catch the attention of the King. Finally in desperation, they breached the dam on the Gumti river where worshippers had gathered for prayers. This was a serious crime and all of them were immediately apprehended and brought before the king. The crime was a serious one and merited capital punishment. But before the King could pass his judgement, the chiefs managed to send word to the Queen Gunoboti. They begged her for help and she persuaded the King to forgive them. The chiefs swore fealty to the Queen and to the throne of Tripura and settled down in the Kingdom. Popular legend has it that the Queen even offered the chiefs breast milk, to symbolise their new parent-child relationship, in a large brass pan which was given to the chiefs along with other valuable things, carefully preserved by Reangs to date. [7]

Historical population figures

In 1971 the Reang were the second largest of the scheduled tribes in Tripura. There were 64,722 people accounted for in the Reang tribe in Tripura that year. In 1961 the Reang had numbered 56,597 and in 1951 they had numbered 8,471. [8] According to the 2001 census, there were 165,103 Reang in Tripura and 1,88,220 in 2011. [9] In Mizoram the population of Bru is unknown but as per the research topic Insurgency in Mizoram: A study of its Origin, Growth and Dimensions (2008) in the year 1997 around 41000 Reang/Bru were forced to flee Mizoram but as of 2008 as per ‘Baptist Today’ there are 58269 populations of Bru in 80 villages of Mizoram. This population consists of 11350 families of Bru. [10]

Occupation, culture and custom

The Reangs are primarily an agrarian tribe. In the past, they mostly practised the Huk or Jhum cultivation like most other Tripuri tribes. However today, most of them have adopted modern agricultural practices. Many occupy high posts in the bureaucracy and a few have even started their own businesses.[ citation needed ]

Marriage system

The Reang are an endogamous tribal community. However, there was no strong objection of marrying someone outside of the community. Today inter-tribe marriages and inter-caste weddings have taken place among the Bru/Reang Tribal community. [11] The marriage system is similar to other Tripuri tribes of Tripura. There is no dowry system, but the bridegroom has to spend a period of two years in the (future) father-in-law's house for before marriage is performed. [12] The Tripuris' and the Riangs' systems of marriage are fairly comparable. The Riangs typically marry in one of two ways. They are.

(1) Moiseng: This is a bride price-based marriage system. [2]

(2) Chamarui: This is a proba-tionary marriage system where the groom remains with the bride's family for a predetermined amount of time. [13]

Marriages between close relatives are not frowned upon but are no longer as frequent. The majority of parents still wish to marry a member of their close family with their son or daughter. Marriage between children and the same father, however, has historically been viewed as improper. [2] Cross-cousin marriage among the Reang is accidental. Child marriage is not allowed and widow remarriage is permitted. Recent widows are required to wait a whole year before wearing any ornaments and both widows, as well as widowers, are mandated twelve months of mourning during which they are forbidden from any form of entertainment. Remarriage is only allowed after a year of mourning. Bru society today is monogamous.

Marriage is arranged through the matchmaker Andra, who negotiates the bride price with the bride's parents. Marriage is settled to the satisfaction of both parties and performed by the Ochai. Marriage always takes place in the mid night. [14] The marriage is celebrated simply but well in the Kausungmo, where pork, fowl, rice, rice beer are served. The marriage laws of the Reang are few but well defined. The marriage bond is very strong and men cannot divorce without the consent of their wives. If any Reang is accused of extramarital relationships and the accusations are proved true, a strict punishment and a heavy penalty is imposed on both parties. [15]

Despite their patriachal origins, the Chamerui marriage system, which many of the Riangs have adopted, is essentially a kind of matriachal marriage. Divorce is very common, although the divorcee is free to get married again. After two divorces, a lady is never awarded a bride price in her third marriage. If a husband passes away, his widow is not permitted to wed again until her husband's bones have been properly disposed of. Additionally, a widower is prohibited from being married again before the ritualistic rite honoring his late wife is finished. It is very important to note that among the Reang community Monogamy has been considered as the best and only desirable form of Marriage. [2]

Dress and ornaments

Like the other Tripuri, the traditional dress of the Reang is simple and plain. [16] Men traditionally wear a hand woven loin cloth and a piece of cloth as a wrapper for the upper body. Along with this a piece of woven cloth is wrapped around the head by Kamsoi and is known as Kamsoi maitang. The women wear a long cloth called Mnai, a wraparound; from the waist to down to the knees, a Risa covering the chest, and Rikatouh for covering the whole upper half of the body. The fabric is usually woven by the Reang women and very colourful. However modernisation has caught up with the Bru and most urban Reang no longer wear their traditional costumes. [17]

The Reang women are very fond of personal adornment and, like other Tripuris, favour ornaments, flowers, and cosmetics. Silver ornaments, especially the necklace of silver coins, the Rangbauh have a pride of place and bestow high status. The other ornaments are Sanghai dunang, Nabak, Angkli, Taar, Tro, Chandraha, Beingi, etc.

Dance and music

Dance is an integral part of Reang life. The Hojagiri folk dance of Reang sub tribe is rather well known all over the world. 'Buisu', not 'bihu' is the most popular festival of reang tribes, naisingpara hojagiri group is the most popular groups all among them, late maniram reang is the founder of naisingpara hojagiri dance group. hojagiri is more popular in tripura than other states.

Customs

Most of the disputed and differences are settled by the people of Kotor dofa, that is by the Rai and Kaskau of respective sub tribe. It is done through the customary law of the Reangs. Whenever a disputes arise in the between the member of the community, a meeting is called by the Rai. All relevant arguments are heard and then justice is done according to the principle of natural justice. Whatever verdict or punishment is pronounced in the judgment it is implemented with firm hand and payments of penalty etc. are made then and there.[ citation needed ]

Religious belief and practices

The majority (80%) of the Reang practice Vaishnavite Hinduism. This differs from Bengali Hindus in Tripura, who mostly follow Shaktism. [18] 20% are Christians. The houses of Hindus are clearly numbered and marked with the symbol of a Trishul on the front wall to identify themselves as Hindus, though there is no segregation. The houses of Hindus and Christians are in mixed settlement and not segmented. [19]

Like other Tripuri people, the Reang are polytheists and believe in multiple Gods and Goddesses. At the heart of the pantheon of divinities are the fourteen Gods and Goddess of Tripura. Their important festivals are the same those of prevailing in Tripura. These are, Buisi, Ker, Gonga Mtai, Goria, Chitragupra, Songrongma, [20] Hojagiri, Katangi Puja, Lampra Uóhthoh. Laxmi puja is the very famous puja, which is celebrate on karthik poornima, Religious observances are community-based and every family in the clan or village must contribute their share of payment or tithe known locally as Khain.

All religious festivals are arranged during an annual meeting of chiefs. In such meetings political, social, and religious matters of importance are discussed and decided by the majority.

The deities of the Reangs are similar those of other Tripuri people. These are:

Worshipping of the deities

The rituals of worship are similar to the mainstream Tripuri. An Aokchai or priest performs all ceremonies aided by an assistant. A green bamboo pole is used to represent the deity. Different types of life stock such as fowl, pig, goat eggs, etc. are offered as sacrifice during worship. The place of worship is usually located at a distance from the main village. Offerings are dedicated in the names of the deities before the Wathop or green bamboo pole which represents the divine. However the Rangtouk and Nouhsuma pujas are held indoors inside the house only. Two earthen pots are filled with newly grown rice and at top of the pot some oval pebbles especially collected from huk are placed. The pebbles are called "Fortune stones". The pots (Rongtouh) are decorated with the rice powder, vermilion, and garlands. Typically, one is named Mainouhgma while the other is called Khuluhgma.[ citation needed ]

Rituals on birth of a baby

The birth of a baby is accompanied by many rituals. Several pujas like Kebengbuhmo, Aabuh sumo, Khongkhoknok kamo, bachak kamo, Mai tuma etc. are conducted for the welfare of the newborn. Fowl, prawns, and several leaves of trees are needed for these rituals. As the child grows up, a special form of worship has to be performed.[ citation needed ] Bukhuksni the seven-guardian deities of witches are propriated with the sacrifice of a pig, four fowls, and other living beings.

Ceremony on death

The Reang use cremation to dispose of the mortal remains of the dead. Obsequies are performed in three stages: maibaumi, Broksakami and Kthuinaimo.[ citation needed ]

Brouhsaomo

The corpse is first bathed with the Chobtui or "alkali water/soap", and Mairungtwi that is "water obtained from the washing of raw rice". After that it is dressed with new clean Rikatouh, the head is dressed with another piece of rikatouh and wrapped just like headgear. In case of a female corpse, the rnai and rsa are used. A fowl is then sacrificed at the feet of the corpse. Later, an earthen pot filled with fish and rice placed at the feat of the deceased and it is followed by dance rituals through the night. Rice beer is distributed to all mourners except the family members of the deceased.[ citation needed ] The next morning the body is placed on a pyre and cremated.

Kthoinaimo

Laotou or the deceased soul remains under the control of the Sisi Manji the son of Buraha, for a year and it is said that Sisi Manji is the protector of the soul. On the day of the Kathainaimi, the widow offers dried rice, meat, fish, fruits, and wine in the name of Laotau and Sisi Manji on the smangnouh and then takes the burnt bones or ashes to the charainouh. It is worshiped for over a period of one year or until the next hangrai, when it is immersed in any river or in Gomati River at Dumbur. In short the religious culture of the Reang is similar to that of other Tripuri of Tripura.

The Displaced Reangs

Since 1997, tens of thousands of Reangs are living as refugees in Tripura and Assam. [21] However, the number has declined (from 50,000 plus to 28,686 as of 2017) as a result of voluntary repatriation to Mizoram, extremely low birth rates (only 6,685 of the 28,686 refugees are below 18 years of age) and high death rates. [22] The Tripura government has acknowledged that among the refugees the number of deaths is more than the number of births (during 1997-00, there were a total of 1,595 births and 1,670 deaths). [23] According to the Bru Refugee Committee, in 1997 a total of 35,822 individuals were living as refugees (out of them 6,166 being minors). [24]

Voting rights for Reang refugees are under threat, as the Mizo NGOs have constantly opposed their participation in the election process. Out of the 40 assembly constituencies, Reangs are a majority in two (50% in Mamit, 68% in Hachhek, 27% in Thorang).

Death in displaced camps

Displaced Brus from Mizoram have claimed that four members of the community, including a four-month-old infant, had died of starvation at the refugee camps in Tripura. Mizorum Bru Displanced People's Forum (MBDPF) said four had died because the refugees were running out of food. Hunger has forced them to resort to a road blockade, the forum added. [25]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tripura</span> State in northeastern India

Tripura is a state in Northeast India. The third-smallest state in the country, it covers 10,491 km2 (4,051 sq mi); and the seventh-least populous state with a population of 3.67 million. It is bordered by Assam and Mizoram to the east and by Bangladesh to the north, south and west. Tripura is divided into 8 districts and 23 sub-divisions, where Agartala is the capital and the largest city in the state. Tripura has 19 different tribal communities with a majority Bengali population. Bengali, English and Kokborok are the state's official languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Liberation Front of Tripura</span> Militant organization

The National Liberation Front of Tripura is a banned Tripuri nationalist terrorist organisation based in Tripura, India. It has an estimated 550 to 850 members.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kokborok</span> Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India and Bangladesh

Kokborok is a Tibeto-Burman language of the Indian state of Tripura and neighbouring areas of Bangladesh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sharad Purnima</span> Hindu lunar harvest festival

Sharad Purnima is a religious festival celebrated on the full moon day of the Hindu lunar month of Ashvin, marking the end of the monsoon season. The full moon night is celebrated in different ways in various cultural regions across Indian subcontinent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khonds</span> Tribal community in India

Khonds are an indigenous Adivasi tribal community in India. Traditionally hunter-gatherers, they are divided into the hill-dwelling Khonds and plain-dwelling Khonds for census purposes, but the Khonds themselves identify by their specific clans. Khonds usually hold large tracts of fertile land, but still practice hunting, gathering, and slash-and-burn agriculture in the forests as a symbol of their connection to, and as an assertion of their ownership of the forests wherein they dwell. Khonds speak the Kui language and write it in the Odia script.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tripuri people</span> Ethnic group of North-East India and Bangladesh

The Tripuri are a Tibeto-Burman-speaking ethnic group of Northeast Indian state of Tripura. They are the descendants of the inhabitants of the Twipra/Tripura Kingdom in North-East India and Bangladesh. The Tripuri people through the Manikya dynasty ruled the Kingdom of Tripura for ~450 years until the kingdom joined the Indian Union on 15 October 1949.

The Dances of Tripura refer to several forms of folk dance performed in the state of Tripura in northeastern India. These dances are performed by the Tripuri and Mog peoples, during annual regional celebrations, such as sowing and harvesting festivals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jamatia</span> Tripuri clan of Tripura, India

The Jamatias are one of the main Tripuri clans of Tripura and the only such clan with its own customary law in practice, which is called Jamatia Raida.

Noatia are one of the Tripuri clan of Tripura state of India. The clan mainly lives in the North Tripura districts of the Tripura state of India. They speak the Noatia dialect of Kokborok which is of Tibeto-Burmese origin.

Uchoi is a Tripuri clan. They are mostly scattered in Mizoram, Tripura and Chittagong Hill Track area of Bangladesh. The “Uchoi” are considered as “Bru” In Mizoram. However, in Tripura Uchoi are considered as separate clan. In Mizoram the Uchoi are recognised as Bru and they usually considered themselves as Bru Ushoy in Mizoram. In Mizoram the Ushoy can be mostly found in the south side of Mizoram such as Lawngtlai District.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tripuri culture</span>

The Tripuri culture of North-East India has many distinctive features.

The indigenous people of Bangladesh are ethnic minorities in Chittagong Hill Tracts (southeastern), Sylhet Division (northeastern), Rajshahi Division (west), and Mymensingh Division (north-central) areas of the country. They are indigenous and the tribal races, total population of ethnic minorities in Bangladesh was estimated to be over 2 million in 2010. They are diverse ethnic communities including Tibeto-Burman, Austric and Dravidian people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Culture of Tripura</span>

The culture of Tripura is distinct and a bit similar to other people of Northeast India. However like Assam, Manipur, Burma and Southeast Asia culture of Tripura is characterized in small portion where people live in plain and hill areas. Tripura is a state in North East India. In the 2001 census of India, Bengalis represented almost 70% of the population and the Tripuri population comprised 30% of Tripura's population. The Tripuri population comprises some clans and ethnic groups with diverse languages and cultures. The largest native group was the Tripuri who had a population of 543,848 in 2001 census, representing 16.99% of the state population and 54.7% of the scheduled tribe population. The other group of people in order of decreasing population were Chakma (6.5%), Halam (4.8%), Mog (3.1%), Munda, Kuki tribes and Garo Hajong. Bengali is the most spoken language, due to the dominance of Bengali people in the state. Kokborok (Tripuri/Tiprakok) is a common language among Tripuris and lingua franca in Tripura. Several other languages belonging to Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan families are spoken by the different tribe

Tripuri Kshatriya is a Vaishnav caste group which encompasses almost all the members of the Tripuri, Reang, Jamatia and Noatia ethnic groups, most of whom live in the Indian state of Tripura. The Tripuri Royal Family belonged to the Tripuri ethnic group, from the Debbarma clan. Originally the term "Tripur Kshatriya" was used to denote the Tripuri ethnic group only, but in due time, the Maharajah included the remaining three ethnic groups as well, in an attempt to foster a sense of kinship among his people. With the influx of the Bengali immigrants from neighboring places, the Tripuris lost their majority in their own kingdom and the Maharajah's power was taken away by the Indian government. Formerly, the community was organized under the Tripura Kshatriya Samaj, which was headed by the Maharajah of Tripura himself.

Here is a list of glossary of Culture of India in alphabetical order:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ganga puja</span> Religious festival in Tripura, India

Ganga puja is a religious festival of the northeastern state of Tripura in India. The tribal Tripuri people worship the Goddess of the river, and pray to be saved from epidemic diseases and for the well-being of pregnant women. The celebration involves building a temple of bamboo in the middle of the river or a water stream. The River Ganges, known locally as Ganga, is one of the fourteen prime deities worshipped in this region. The festival is popularly celebrated throughout the state. The festival is popularly celebrated throughout the state somewhere in March, April or May, with its date fixed according to the Hindu Lunisolar calendar.

Kharchi Puja is a Hindu festival from Tripura, India. Performed in Agartala in July or August, the festival involves the worship of the fourteen gods forming the dynasty deity of the Tripuri people. Kharchi Puja is one of the most popular festivals in Tripura. It's a week-long royal Puja which falls in the month of July on the eighth day of the new moon and attracts thousands of people. This festival is celebrated at Agartala in the temple premises of Fourteen gods. There are many legends associated with this Puja. The celebrations extend until a week and are held in the temple premises which are attended by thousands of people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chutia people</span> Ethnic group from Assam, northeast India

The Chutia people are an ethnic group that are native to Assam and historically associated with the Chutia kingdom. However, after the kingdom was absorbed into the Ahom kingdom in 1523–24, the Chutia population was widely displaced and dispersed in other parts of Upper Assam as well as Central Assam. They constitute one of the core groups that form the Assamese people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sabual</span> Village in Tripura, Northeast India

Sabual is a village in the northeastern part of Tripura state in Northeast India. It is one of the ten Mizo-Reang villages which compose the Jampui Hills range under Kanchanpur Sub-Division. The District headquarter, Dharmanagar is approximately 85 kilometers from Sabual. It sits at about 1000 meters above sea level. Summer is cool and winter season is cold. The economy of the village depend on shifting cultivation and Gardening.

Hinduism is a minority faith in Mizoram followed by 2.75% of its population. There are 30,136 Hindus in Mizoram. There are 12 temples in Mizoram and are managed by the Central Gorkha Mandir Sanchalan Samiti.

References

  1. ↑ "Reang Tribal Research and Cultural Institute". trci.tripura.gov.in. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "A Brief Account of Riangs in Mizoram". INDIAN CULTURE. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
  3. ↑ Reang, Dr Lincoln. "Sustainable Development of Reang Culture in Tripura: Role of Bru Socio-Cultural Organization (BSCO)" (PDF). Conference World: 72. ISBN   9788194485506.
  4. ↑ of Inida, Government (1950). "THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED TRIBES) ORDER, 1950" (PDF). Anagrasarkalyan. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  5. ↑ "Bru people to get voting rights: Ministry". The Hindu. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  6. ↑ "Bru tribals from Mizoram to permanently settle in Tripura" . Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  7. ↑ "Tripura, the land of fourteen gods and million statues".
  8. ↑ Gan-Chaudhuri, Jagadis. Tripura: The Land and its People. (Delhi: Leeladevi Publications, 1980) p. 10
  9. ↑ http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_tripura.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  10. ↑ "Digital Repository of Mizoram University: Home". mzuir.inflibnet.ac.in. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
  11. ↑ Reang, Lincoln (2017). Mapping the Particularly Vulnerable tribal Group in Tripura. Tribal Research & Cultural Institute, Tripura. ISBN   9789386707161.
  12. ↑ Reang, Lincoln (2017). Mapping the Particularly Vulnerable tribal Group in Tripura. Tribal Research & Cultural Institute, Tripura. ISBN   9789386707161.
  13. ↑ Reang, Lincoln (2017). Mapping the Particularly Vulnerable tribal Group in Tripura. Tribal Research & Cultural Institute, Tripura. ISBN   9789386707161.
  14. ↑ Reang, Lincoln (2017). Mapping the Particularly Vulnerable tribal Group in Tripura. Tribal Research & Cultural Institute, Tripura. ISBN   9789386707161.
  15. ↑ Reang, Lincoln (2017). Mapping the Particularly Vulnerable tribal Group in Tripura. Tribal Research & Cultural Institute, Tripura. ISBN   9789386707161.
  16. ↑ Akhanda, Anugatamani (2008). Marriage System of the Tribal Societies of Tripura. Tribal Research & Cultural Institute, Tripura. ISBN   9789386707475.
  17. ↑
    Dress and Ornament.png
  18. ↑ Reang, Lincoln (2017). RELIGIOUS BELIEF AND PRACTICES OF THE REANG (BRU): TRADITION AND TRANSFORMATION. 2nd international conference on latest innovation in arts, social science and technology (PDF). Indian Federation of United Nations Associations. ISBN   9789386171771.
  19. ↑ "Brus become visible, but their fight for identity continues". The Hindu. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  20. ↑ Deb Barma, B Motom (September 14, 2023). "Songrongma Mwtai Ter declared as Holiday". Homchang. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
  21. ↑ "Living in camps, thousands of Bru-Raeng children in Tripura have never heard of school".
  22. ↑ https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Devising%20Pathways%20for%20Appropriate%20Repatriation.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  23. ↑ http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/92967/14/14_chapter%206.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  24. ↑ http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/92967/14/14_chapter%206.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  25. ↑ "Brus claim starvation as 4 die in Tripura camps". The Hindu. 5 November 2019.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.