Guite people

For the surname, see Guité.

Guite is the progenitor clan of Zomi people, also called Chin in Myanmar, Mizo, or Paite, or even Kuki in India. According to Zam, Nigui Guite is the elder brother of the ancestral fathers of the Thadou people, namely Thangpi (great-grandfather of Doungel), Sattawng, and Neirawng. ^[1] This genealogy was recently inscribed on the tribal memorial stone at Bungmual, Lamka in the presence of each family-head of the three major clans, Doungel, Kipgen, and Haokip, on August 7, 2011. Some historians, like Shakespeare, ^[2] assumed Lamlei was the Nigui Guite himself but the Guites themselves recounted Tuahciang, the father of Lamlei, as the son of Nigui Guite instead, in their social-religious rites. Regarding Guite as the born son of Songthu and his sister, Nemnep, it was the practice of ancient royalty to issue royal heir and also to keep their bloodline pure instead. Depending on local pronunciation, the clan was also called by different names such as Nguite or Vuite, ^{[3] [4]} Gwite, ^[5] Nwite, ^[6] Paihte by the Lushei. ^[2] In accord with the claim of their solar origin, the Guite clan has been called nampi, meaning noble or major or even dominant people, of the region in local dialect in the past. ^[7]

Adoption of the name

The name Guite is a direct derivation of the name of the progenitor of the family, known as Guite the Great (see, following genealogical charts), whose mysterious birth was, according to oral tradition, related to the Sun.

Therefore, in order to reflect this solar relationship (i.e., "ni gui" meaning the ray of the Sun), the name "Guite" is said to have been given at his birth by his father, Songthu (also Chawngthu, Chongthu, Thawngthu, and Saothi). ^[8] After the birth of Guite, Songthu, also known as Prince of Aisan in his later years, moved near to Aisan creek and settled down there with his wife, Neihtong, to give way to his sister Nemnep and her child, Guite, to inherit the Ciimnuai Estate. Therefore, Guite, the elder son, and his descendants are all entitled to the Ciimnuai legacy while as Thangpi, the younger, and his descendants (Doungel and siblings) are titled as Aisan Pa (or Prince of Aisan) accordingly. ^[9] Further, in reference to Guite’s noble birth, a local proverb was circulated that is still known in the region. The proverb says:

Nampi' ta ni in zong siam [Local Proverb, c. 12th century]

(Meaning)

Even the Sun bless the noble birth.

Some notable Guite princes

Ciimnuai generation

• Ton Lun was the first to celebrate the festival of Ton, so was traditionally known as Ton Mang, meaning the Master/Lord of Ton.

• Ni Gui, also known as Niguitea was a renowned prince, who, according to oral tradition, formulated most of traditional rites and cultural practices, such as the tributary system, festive songs and lyrics, religious festivals, and the Mizo family system, some of which still present in northern Chin State, Myanmar and the Lamka, Churachandpur, and New Lamka areas of Manipur, India. Most families claim descent from Ni Gui. For example, the chronicle of the Sailo chieftains claims their progenitor Sishinga was a son of Ni Gui or The Samte family also claimed to be Ni Gui's descendants. ^[10]
• Gui Mang I founded the city-state of Ciimnuai in c. 1050CE. Traces of Ciimnuai can still be found around the village of Saizang, Tedim township. ^[11]
• Mang Suum I was the eldest son of Gui Mang I, who divided the land into three major regions—the upper region of Tuilu, to be ruled by his youngest brother Nak Sau, the lower region of Tuitaw (now Vangteh), to be ruled by his younger brother Kul Gen, and the central region of Ciimnuai, which he himself would rule. The Guite family began to be referred to as the supreme ruling clan of the three-mountains-region (Zou : Mual thum kampau Guite Mang), which consists of the central Ciim mountain region, the south-eastern Khum mountain region, and the north-western Len mountain region. ^{[12] : 21}

Vangteh generation

Gen Dong made Vangteh his political center and began extending Guite rule to the south and west, crossing the Manipur river. ^[12]

• Mang Kiim was a capable prince who traveled to more than fifty-three towns and villages, performing sacred rites (Zou : uisiang-at) as a way of asserting his right to rule and guardianship of the land as a priestly King.
• Pau Hau was a powerful prince who was known as the first Guite prince to go to Chittagong (present-day Bangladesh) to learn about firearms, and as the first person to use them in the region. ^[13] Under his leadership, Vangteh became the capital of seven princely fiefs.

Tedim-Lamzang generation

• Gui Mang II founded Tedim with other tribes such as the Gangte, the Vaiphei, and the Simte people from lower region. Its name Tedim Chin : Tedim, lit.  'bright and sparkling' was supposedly inspired by the sparkling of bright sunlight light in a pool called Vansaangdim.
• Pum Go relocated his capital from Lamzang to Tedim.

Mualpi generation

Gokhothang. A powerful prince from Mualpi (originally occupied by the Mangvung/Mangvoong family of Thado tribe 1834-1850), ^{[14] [15]} also known as Goukhothang or Go Khua Thang, or even as Kokutung by Carey and Tuck. He is the only Zomi prince whom the neighbouring Meitei (Manipur) Kingdom ever acknowledged as Raja (or Ningthou in Metei language). His powerful dominion spread over more than 70 cities, towns, and villages. ^[16] He was known as the then leader of Zo people as Carey and Tuck also noted him as the Yo (correct Zo people) Chief of Mwelpi (correct Mualpi). ^[17] History tells us that the three major tribes as Zo (a) Gwite (b) Vaipe (Vaiphei) and (c) Zo Chin now called Mizo and Hmar. ^[18]

Suum Kam. Son of Raja Goukhothang is another powerful Guite prince. Colonel Thompson of Manipur, taking advantage of the embassy sent from Kamhow Sukte to discuss the release of his former lord and also brother-in-law, Goukhothang, suggested a treaty be made with Manipur. Sumkam was released from prison along with the bones of his father. ^[19] A peace treaty was later made between Sumkam and Maharaja Chandrakirti on 11 March 1875, by drinking zu, Zo traditional wine, in their gun-barrels. The treaty was came to be called Treaty of Sanjentong, marking the boundary of the Guites and the Meiteis at present Moirang of Manipur, covenanted the non-interference between the Guites and the Meiteis but friendship and promised to betroth a Meitei princess to the house of Prince Suum Kam in securing peace (see, the ending part of Raja Goukhothang Documentary video). ^[20]

Tradition of Guite dynastic rule

By dating the establishment of the Ciimnuai city-state of present Tedim township to be the early 14th century, ^[21] Guite dynastic rule can rightly be said to be more than half a century long (until British annexation in the early 20th century, c. 1300–1900), though most southern part of its tributary land was gradually turned to the allied force of southern Pawihang (Poi or Pawite) beginning from the mid-18th century. As cited above, following the legend of land division between the three legendary Guite princes (M. Suum, K. Gen, and N. Sau), the geopolitics of the Guite dynasty can accordingly be divided into three major regions---the central Ciimnuai region under Mang Suum I, the lower Tuitaw region under Kul Gen, and the upper Tuilu region under Nak Sau (Kul Lai). ^[22] Though the Guite dynastic traditions of the two elder princes were respectively kept alive until the advancement of the British army, the story of the youngest prince Nak Sau was unfortunately lost from sight except a very brief oral account retained in Vangteh chronicle (that traces Kom Kiim as the daughter of Tom Cil, the last known prince from the line of Nak Sau, and the rest was said as if became the Gorkhas or at least banded together with). While reserving for the lost tradition of Prince Nak Sau, reflecting from the available traditions of Mang Suum and Kul Gen, the two most distinctive features of the Guite dynastic tradition would be its religious orientedness and its confederated administrative system.

Endnotes

1. Zam, Ngul Lian; Mung, Thang San (25 July 2018). Mualthum Kampau Guite Hausate Tangthu. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN   978-1-7216-9355-9.
2. Shakespear, John (1912). The Lushei Kuki Clans. Macmillan and Co. Limited. p. 142.
3. See other alternate names for the language name "Chin, Paite" at Ethnologue: Languages of the World.
4. Archived 14 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
5. Please, see word switch between "Guite" and "Gwete" in the fourth paragraph of the page at Siamsin Pawlpi (SSPP)
6. Bertram Sausmarez Carey and Henry Newman Tuck, The Chin Hills: A History of the People, Our Dealings with Them, Their Customs and Manners, and a Gazetteer of Their Country (Rangoon, Burma: Government Printing, 1896), 2-4 [Nwite is probably a mispronunciation of Nguite by Burman guides when the British came to the land via inner Burman kingdom for the first time].
7. See article, "Guite," in Sing K. Khai, KUKI People and Their Culture (Lamka, Churachandpur, India: Khampu Hatzaw, 1995), 21-22.
8. For oral tradition about Songthu, see, T. Gougin, History of Zomi(Zou) (Lamka, India: T. Gougin, 1984), 2. Also, William Shaw, The Thadou Kukis(Calcutta, India: Cultural Publication of Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1929), 24-26 [following the local pronunciation of the Thadous, Shaw spelled "Songthu" as "Chongthu"].
9. Gangte, T.S. (2010). The Kukis of Manipur: A Historical Analysis. Gian Ridhi Offset. p. 9.
10. Lalthangliana, B. Rina, R. L. (ed.). History of Mizo in Burma. Zawlbuk Agencies, Aizawl. p. 17. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
11. Tribal polities and state systems in pre-colonial eastern and north eastern India. Calcutta: Bagchi. 1987. p. 312. ISBN   9788170740148.
12. Khai, Sing Khaw (1995). Zo People and Their Culture: A Historical, Cultural Study and Critical Analysis of Zo and Its Ethnic Tribes. Khampu Hatzaw. p. 16.
13. Pau, Pum Khan (5 August 2019). Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills: Empire and Resistance. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-000-50745-4 . Retrieved 3 April 2024.
14. Mackenzie, Alexander (1979). The North East Frontier of India. Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 169.
15. Bertram S. Carey, H.N. Tuck (1896). The Chin Hills, vol. I. Delhi: Cultural publishing House. pp. 17, 19, 141.
16. Gougin, History of Zomi, 67ff; and also, please, view full documentary video of his life edited by Laizoms Musika at Zogam Salpha.
17. Bertram S. Carey and Henry N. Tuck, Chin Hills, Vol 1 (1896), page 141.
18. H.N. Tuck, Bertram S. Carey (1976). The Chin Hills, vol. I. Aizawl: Tribal Research Institute. pp. 2, 3.
19. Mackenzie, Alexander (1979). The North East Frontier of India. Mittal Publications. p. 168.
20. For more on Guite's dynastic tradition, cf., Dr. Chinkholian Guite, Politico-Economic Development of the Tribals of Manipur: A Study of the Zomis (New Delhi, India: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 1999), 35-62.
21. Khai, Zo Culture; and also, C. Thang Za Tuan, Prof., "Zomi Tanchin Tomkim," in Zolus Journal 4 (1999): 3-6 [Dr. Tuan is a retired Deputy Director General of Basic Education Dept., the Ministry of Education, Myanmar].
22. Khai, Zo Culture, 21; and also, Laibu Bawl Committee, Sialsawm Pawi leh Khumhnuai Vangteh Khua Tangthu (Pinlone, Kalay Myo, Myanmar, 1994), 1-3 [this book is a local publication in commemoration of the annual Sialsawm festival held in 1993].

See also

• Chin
• Tedim
• Paite
• Vangteh
• Zomi
• Zomia

References

• Carey, Bertram S. and Henry N. Tuck. The Chin Hills: A History of the People, Our Dealings with Them, Their Customs and Manners, and a Gazetteer of Their Country. Rangoon, Burma: Government Printing, 1896.
• Gougin, T. History of Zomi. Lamka, India: T. Gougin, 1984 [this book is available for view in digitized format at the library of the University of Michigan since 8 November 2006].
• Guite, Dr. Chinkholian Guite, Reader, Lamka College, Politico-Economic Development of the Tribals of Manipur: A Study of the Zomis. New Delhi, India: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 1999.
• Khai, Sing K. Zo People and Their Culture. Lamka, Churachandpur, India: Khampu Hatzaw, 1995.
• Kham, Pum Za. Manuscripts. Tonzang, Chin State, Myanmar.
• Lalthangliana, B. History of Mizo in Burma. A master's thesis submitted to Arts & Science University, Mandalay, Burma, 1975, unpublished [available for view at the university library of the Arts & Science University of Mandalay].
• Shaw, William. The Thadou Kukis. Culcutta, India: Cultural Publication of Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1929.
• Sinha, Surajit. Tribal Polities and State Systems in Pre-Colonial Eastern and North Eastern India. Culcutta, India: Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, K. P. Bagchi & Co., 1987.
• Thang, Khup Za, capt., K. A. Zo Suan Khang Simna Laibu: the Genealogy of the Zo (Chin) Race of Burma. Parague, 1972.
• Tuan, C. Thang Za, Prof. "Zomi Tanchin Tomkim," in Zolus Journal 4 (1999): 3-6 [Dr. Tuan is a retired Deputy Director General of Basic Education Dept., the Ministry of Education, Myanmar].
• Zam, Ngul Lian (Guite). Mualthum Kampau Guite Hausate Tangthu. Kawlpi, Kale Myo, Myanmar: Khumhnuai Laibusaal, 2018. ISBN   978-1721693559.

External links

• Ethnologue: Languages of the World