Rhizophora

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Rhizophora
Rhizophora mangle.jpg
Rhizophora mangle
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Rhizophoraceae
Genus: Rhizophora
L. [1]
Species

Several, see text

Synonyms

MangiumRumph. ex Scop. [1]

Rhizophora is a genus of tropical mangrove trees, sometimes collectively called true mangroves. The most notable species is the red mangrove ( Rhizophora mangle ) but some other species and a few natural hybrids are known. Rhizophora species generally live in intertidal zones which are inundated daily by the ocean. They exhibit a number of adaptations to this environment, including pneutomatophores that elevate the plants above the water and allow them to respire oxygen even while their lower roots are submerged and a cytological molecular "pump" mechanism that allows them to remove excess salts from their cells. The generic name is derived from the Greek words ριζα (rhiza), meaning "root," and φορος (phoros), meaning "bearing," referring to the stilt-roots. [2]

Contents

The beetle Poecilips fallax is a common pest of these trees, especially Rhizophora mucronata and Rhizophora apiculata . This beetle (related to carver beetles) lays its eggs in the hypocotyls. When they hatch, the larvae dig tunnels through the hypocotyl, distorting its shape, When the beetle pupates it leaves the plant, but the hypocotyl will no longer be able to develop normally. [3]

The red mangrove is the state tree of Delta Amacuro in Venezuela; a dark brown dye can be produced from it, which is used in Tongan ngatu cloth production.

Species

ImageScientific nameCommon nameDistribution
Tall-stilt Mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata) flower close-up (15563380958).jpg Rhizophora apiculata Blume bakauan lalaki (Philippines) bakau minyakAustralia (Queensland and the Northern Territory), Guam, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Micronesia, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, the Maldives, Thailand, Vanuatu, and Vietnam.
Rhizophora harrisonii Leechm.Brazil, Cameroon, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, French Guiana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Suriname, Trinidad, Tobago, and Venezuela.
Red Mangrove, Rhizophora mangle - Flickr - gailhampshire.jpg Rhizophora mangle L.red mangroveTropical America, West Africa, Melanesia, Polynesia [4]
Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (7204554678).jpg Rhizophora mucronata Lam.loop-root mangrove, red mangrove or Asiatic mangroveAfrica (in southeastern Egypt; eastern Ethiopia; eastern Kenya; Madagascar; Mauritius; Mozambique; the Seychelles; Somalia; eastern side of South Africa down to Nahoon the southernmost mangrove forest in Africa; southeastern Sudan; and eastern Tanzania); Asia (in Burma; Cambodia; India; Pakistan; Iran; Indonesia; the Ryukyu Islands of Japan; Malaysia; Papua New Guinea; the Philippines; Sri Lanka; Taiwan; Thailand; and Vietnam) the South Pacific (in the Solomon Islands; and Vanuatu) and Australia (in northern Northern Territory; and northern Queensland)
MACOURIA 068.jpg Rhizophora racemosa G.Mey.Pacific coast of Central and South America, Atlantic coast of West Africa.
Rhizophora samoensis (Hochr.) SalvozaSamoan MangroveNew Caledonia - Tonga - Samoa
Rhizophora stylosa - Flickr - Kevin Thiele.jpg Rhizophora stylosa Griff. spotted mangrove, bakauan bato (Philippines) [5] Te tongo (Kiribati), [6] Đâng (Vietnam)Japan, China, Taiwan, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malesia and Australia (New South Wales and Queensland)

Hybrids

Formerly placed here

See also

Related Research Articles

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The Rhizophoraceae is a family of tropical or subtropical flowering plants. It includes around 147 species distributed in 15 genera. Under the family, there are three tribes, Rhizophoreae, Gynotrocheae, and Macarisieae. Even though Rhizophoraceae is known for its mangrove members, only the genera under Rhizophoreae grow in the mangrove habitats and the remaining members live in inland forests.

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The Pine River is a small river in South East Queensland, Australia.

<i>Rhizophora apiculata</i> Species of tree

The tall-stilt mangrove belongs to the Plantae kingdom under the Rhizophoraceae family. R. apiculata is distributed throughout Australia, Guam, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Micronesia, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, the Maldives, Thailand, Vanuatu, and Vietnam. Rhizophora apiculata is called ‘bakhaw lalaki,’ in the Philippines, "Thakafathi ތަކަފަތި" in the Maldives, 'Đước' in Vietnam, Garjan in India, as well as other vernacular names.

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Ao Phang Nga National Park is in Phang Nga Province in southern Thailand. It includes coastal sections of Mueang Phang Nga District and Takua Thung District. Most of the park consists of an area of the Strait of Malacca studded with numerous limestone tower karst islands. The best known of these islands is Khao Phing Kan, popularly called "James Bond Island" because it was used as a location for the James Bond movie The Man with the Golden Gun.

<i>Bruguiera gymnorhiza</i> Species of tree

Bruguiera gymnorhiza, the large-leafed orange mangrove or oriental mangrove,) is a mangrove tree that grows usually to 7–20 metres (23–66 ft) high, but sometimes up to 35m, that belongs to the family Rhizophoraceae. It is found on the seaward side of mangrove swamps, often in the company of Rhizophora. It grows from the Western Pacific across Indian Ocean coasts to Cape Province, South Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Guinea mangroves</span> Mangrove ecoregion that covers extensive areas of the coastline New Guinea

The New Guinea mangroves is a mangrove ecoregion that covers extensive areas of the coastline New Guinea, the large island in the western Pacific Ocean north of Australia.

Poecilips fallax is small beetle of the subfamily Scolytinae. The beetle, related to carver beetles, is a pest to mangrove trees especially Rhizophora mucronata and Rhizophora apiculata.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern Africa mangroves</span> Ecoregion of mangrove swamps in rivers and estuaries on the eastern coast of South Africa

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<i>Bruguiera</i> Genus of flowering plants

Bruguiera is a plant genus in the family Rhizophoraceae. It is a small genus of five mangrove species and three hybrids of the Indian and west Pacific Ocean region, its range extending from East Africa and Madagascar through coastal India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia to northern Australia, Melanesia and Polynesia. It is characterised by calyces with 8-16 lanceolate, pointed lobes, 16-32 stamens, explosive release of pollen, and viviparous propagules. It is named in honour of French explorer and biologist Jean Guillaume Bruguière (1750–1798). Recently, the eighth taxa of Bruguiera, B. × dungarra was recognised as occurring in northern Australia.

<i>Rhizophora mucronata</i> Species of plant

Rhizophora mucronata is a species of mangrove found on coasts and river banks in East Africa and the Indo-Pacific region.

The Nakara River is a river located on the western side of the island of Iriomote, one of the Yaeyama Islands of Japan.

<i>Ceriops tagal</i> Species of tree

Ceriops tagal, commonly known as spurred mangrove or Indian mangrove, is a mangrove tree species in the family Rhizophoraceae. It is a protected tree in South Africa. The specific epithet tagal is a plant name from the Tagalog language.

<i>Bruguiera parviflora</i> Species of tree

Bruguiera parviflora is a tree in the family Rhizophoraceae. The specific epithet parviflora is from the Latin meaning "small flowers".

<i>Parasesarma leptosoma</i> Species of crab

Parasesarma leptosoma, also known as the arboreal crab, is an arboreal, leaf-eating mangrove crab, from East and South Africa where it is found on Rhizophora mucronata and Bruguiera gymnorhiza, but not on Avicennia marina. It occupies an ecological niche similar to that of another sesarmid, Aratus pisonii, from the Americas.

<i>Rhizophora stylosa</i> Species of tree

Rhizophora stylosa, the spotted mangrove, red mangrove, small stilted mangrove or stilt-root mangrove, is a tree in the family Rhizophoraceae. The specific epithet stylosa is from the Latin meaning "stylus form", referring to the flower.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abatan River</span> Waterway in Bohol, Philippines

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References

  1. 1 2 "Genus: Rhizophora L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2006-05-12. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
  2. Austin, Daniel F. (2004). Florida Ethnobotany. CRC Press. p. 964. ISBN   978-0-8493-2332-4.
  3. Luego, Josephine N. (November 1990), "Control of Poecilips fallax Eggers", Technology Transfer Series, 1 (7): 1–3
  4. "Rhizophora mangle". hort.purdue.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-12.
  5. 1 2 3 "GRIN Species Records of Rhizophora". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
  6. "Kiribati Country Report to The Conference of Parties (COP) of The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)" (PDF). Environment and Conservation Division, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agricultural Development. p. 5. Retrieved 28 November 2012.