Supreme Court of New Jersey

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Supreme Court of New Jersey
Seal of the Supreme Court of New Jersey.png
Seal of the Supreme Court of New Jersey
HughesComplex.jpg
Richard J. Hughes Justice Complex, seat of the court
Supreme Court of New Jersey
40°12′49″N74°45′51″W / 40.213604°N 74.764119°W / 40.213604; -74.764119
Established1947 (1947) (in current form)
JurisdictionState of New Jersey
Location Richard J. Hughes Justice Complex, Trenton, New Jersey, U.S.
Coordinates 40°12′49″N74°45′51″W / 40.213604°N 74.764119°W / 40.213604; -74.764119
Motto"Independence. Integrity. Fairness. Quality Service"
Composition methodExecutive appointment with legislative confirmation
Authorized by New Jersey State Constitution
Appeals to Supreme Court of the United States (on questions of federal constitutional or statutory law only)
Appeals from Local courts
Judge term length7 years, then until 70 years of age
Number of positions7
Website Official website
Chief Justice
CurrentlyStuart Rabner
SinceJune 29, 2007 (2007-06-29)
Lead position endsJune 30, 2030 (2030-06-30)

The Supreme Court of New Jersey is the highest court in the U.S. state of New Jersey. In its current form, the Supreme Court of New Jersey is the final judicial authority on all cases in the state court system, including cases challenging the validity of state laws under the state constitution. It has the sole authority to prescribe and amend court rules and regulate the practice of law, and it is the arbiter and overseer of the decennial legislative redistricting. One of its former members, William J. Brennan Jr., became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. [1]

Contents

It has existed in three different forms under the three different state constitutions since the independence of the state in 1776. As currently constituted, the court replaced the prior New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals, which had been the highest court created under the Constitution of 1844. [2] Now, the Supreme Court hears appeals from the Appellate Division and, on rare occasions, other cases from within the judicial and administrative system directly, by order of the Court. [3]

Previous compositions

Until the Constitution of 1947, the Supreme Court was an intermediate court. Under the two previous New Jersey state constitutions (1776 and 1844), the phrase "Supreme Court" referred to a lower court, similar to the New York Supreme Court. Both the "supreme court" and the actual highest court were composed in a radically different manner from that of the current supreme court or its inferior courts.

Under the 1776 constitution

Under the colonial constitution of 1776, the upper house of the legislature (which was styled the Legislative Council) along with the governor was to be "the Court of Appeals", defined as the court of last resort, similar to the Law Lords of Great Britain. [4] A separate "Supreme Court" was also mentioned, but no indication of its duties was given, only term limits of its judges (seven years). [5] As time progressed and political philosophies changed, people took issue with numerous parts of the original constitution: It was hastily thrown together, used property qualifications for enfranchisement, contained scant guarantees of freedoms, was unamendable, and freely intermingled the three branches of government. [6]

Jurisdiction

The official seal of the Supreme Court, as included in certificates granted to attorneys approved by the Board on Attorney Certification in one of several specialist areas. New Jersey Supreme Court seal.png
The official seal of the Supreme Court, as included in certificates granted to attorneys approved by the Board on Attorney Certification in one of several specialist areas.

Under the current (1947 and amended) constitution, the highest court in the state is the Supreme Court. [8] It does not have original jurisdiction; instead, it hears appeals, oversees the state's court system, and regulates the legal profession within the state. [9]

Normally, an appeal from one of the trial divisions of the New Jersey Superior Court goes to the Appellate Division of that court. Thereafter, it may be brought before the Supreme Court if a statute provides that the case may go to that court, or if it meets one or more of the following five requirements: [10]

Political functions

The court serves as a de facto tie-breaker in case the twelve-member New Jersey Redistricting Commission fails to come to an agreement on who the 13th independent tie-breaking member will be, following the decennial United States Census. If the commission reports ("certifies") to the court that it is evenly divided, the commission may nominate two people to become an independent 13th member. The court appoints the one deemed "more qualified," who will then break the tie. [11]

If the Commission still cannot reach a 7–6 majority in favor of a final redistricting configuration, the two district plans receiving the greatest number of votes, but not fewer than five votes, are submitted to the Supreme Court, which selects and certifies whichever of the two plans so submitted conforms most closely to the requirements of the Constitution and laws of the United States. [12]

In the case of the Apportionment Commission for state legislative districts, the Chief Justice alone gets to pick the final 11th member of the commission. [13] The court also acts as final arbiter of the inability or absence of the Governor or Lieutenant Governor, following a declaration by the Legislature. [14] As in federal impeachment trials, in case of impeachment of the Governor, the Chief Justice presides. [15]

Membership

Appointment, composition, and life on the bench

The Governor nominates all justices to the Court but may choose only from among those lawyers admitted to the New Jersey bar for at least ten years. Following seven days of public notice, nominees are put before the Senate for "advice and consent". [16] Once appointed after State Senate confirmation, justices (and all state judges in New Jersey) serve for an initial term of seven years. After their initial term, the Governor may choose to nominate them for tenure, sending the nomination for tenure to the State Senate, which must again decide whether or not to grant advice and consent. Judges confirmed to a tenured position on the Court serve until they die, resign, retire or are retired, are impeached and removed, or reach the age of 70, at which point they are automatically retired. The Court consists of seven justices, one of whom serves as the chief justice. The chief justice may select judges from the Superior Court, senior in service, to serve temporarily on the Supreme Court when he determines it necessary to fill a vacancy. [17]

The salary of the chief justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court is $192,795, while the salary of each associate justice is $185,482. [18] Once in office, the salary of judges may not be decreased. While sitting on the bench, judges are not permitted to practice law or earn money from any other source. [19]

A majority of the General Assembly may pass articles of impeachment against a justice, which the Senate will then try. Only a two-thirds majority will convict, and the Senate may punish a convicted justice with only removal from office and prohibition on holding future office. [20] After a justice has been impeached by the General Assembly—but before the Senate renders a verdict on the charges—the justice may not exercise any official function. By virtue of accepting a position in the Executive or Legislative branches of government or becoming a candidate for political office, a justice is considered as resigned from the bench. [21]

Should a justice or judge become "incapacitated" to the point at which they can no longer continue in office, the Court as a whole may notify the governor. The governor then appoints a three-member commission and, depending on their decision, may force them to retire. [22]

Current membership

By tradition, a partisan balance is maintained on the Supreme Court, with the sitting governor permitted to arrange his appointments so that his party has a one-seat advantage. [23] The tradition of partisan balance can influence the governor's selection of a chief justice, a fact demonstrated in 2006 when Chief Justice Deborah Poritz, a Republican, reached the mandatory retirement age. To avoid appointing a Republican to the highest judicial position in the state, Democratic governor Jon Corzine instead elevated Associate Justice James R. Zazzali, a Democrat, to the chief justice position and appointed a Republican to fill the seat Zazzali had occupied. When Zazzali reached the age of 70 less than a year later, Corzine was able to nominate a Democrat, Attorney General and former federal prosecutor Stuart Rabner, to serve as chief justice. The state Senate confirmed Rabner on June 21, 2007, and he was sworn in as chief justice eight days later.

Traditionally in New Jersey, the governor re-submits for tenure the justices whose initial terms have expired,

Governor Chris Christie, a Republican, elected not to renominate Justice John E. Wallace Jr. in May 2010 and instead nominated attorney Anne M. Patterson. After New Jersey Senate Majority Leader Stephen Sweeney, a Democrat, refused to consider any nominee to Wallace's seat, Christie nominated Patterson to replace Justice Rivera-Soto who announced he would step down when his term expired in September 2011. The New Jersey Senate unanimously confirmed Patterson on June 28, 2011. She was sworn into a seat on the Court, replacing Rivera-Soto, on September 1, 2011. [24]

An impasse between Governor Christie and the Democratic State Senate resulted in longstanding vacancies, and the rejection or refusal to consider several Christie nominees. On May 21, 2014, a compromise was reported under which the Governor agreed to re-appoint Chief Justice Rabner, and the Senate agreed to consider the nomination of Judge Lee Solomon, who is identified as Republican. [25]

In May 2018, Governor Phil Murphy announced his intention to renominate Justice Anne Patterson for tenure. [26] Justice Patterson was reconfirmed by the Senate on July 26, 2018. [27] On June 5, 2020, Governor Phil Murphy announced his intention to nominate Fabiana Pierre-Louis to replace Justice Walter F. Timpone, who was required to retire on November 10, 2020. [28] [29] On August 24, 2020, the New Jersey Senate's Judiciary Committee voted 11–0 to advance her nomination to the full Senate, [30] [31] and on August 27, 2020, the Senate voted 39–0 to confirm her to the Court. [32] Pierre-Louis assumed office on September 1, 2020. [33]

Also in June 2020, Governor Murphy announced his intention to nominate Justice Faustino Fernandez-Vina for tenure. [34] On October 29, 2020, the Senate voted 34–0 to grant Fernandez-Vina tenure. [35]

On March 8, 2021, Justice Jaynee LaVecchia announced that she would retire on August 31, 2021, more than three years before her mandatory retirement date. [36] A week later, Governor Murphy announced his intention to nominate Rachel Wainer Apter, the director of the New Jersey Division of Civil Rights, to replace LaVecchia. [37] Apter was blocked for 14 months by Republican Senator Holly Schepisi by a process called senatorial consent (similar to the blue slip process for federal judgeships), [38] and was only allowed to move forward after two more justices, Barry T. Albin and Faustino J. Fernandez-Vina, had reached retirement age in the interim and Gov. Murphy nominated Republican Douglas M. Fasciale to succeed Fernandez-Vina. [39] Both Apter and Fasciale were confirmed on October 17, 2022. [40]

NameBornJoinedTerm endsMandatory retirementParty affiliationAppointed byLaw school
Stuart Rabner , Chief JusticeJune 30, 1960 (age 63)June 29, 2007– [lower-alpha 1] June 30, 2030 Democratic Jon Corzine (D) Harvard
Anne M. Patterson April 15, 1959 (age 65)September 1, 2011– [lower-alpha 1] April 15, 2029 Republican Chris Christie (R) Cornell
Lee Solomon August 17, 1954 (age 69)June 19, 2014– [lower-alpha 1] August 17, 2024 Republican Chris Christie (R) Widener
Fabiana Pierre-Louis September 9, 1980 (age 43)September 1, 2020September 1, 2027September 9, 2050 Democratic Phil Murphy (D) Rutgers
Douglas M. Fasciale November 5, 1960 (age 63)October 21, 2022 [lower-alpha 2] October 21, 2029November 5, 2030 Republican Phil Murphy (D) Seton Hall
Rachel Wainer Apter July 22, 1980 (age 43)October 21, 2022October 21, 2029July 22, 2050 Democratic Phil Murphy (D) Harvard
Michael Noriega March 27, 1978 (age 46)July 6, 2023July 6, 2030March 27, 2048 Democratic Phil Murphy (D) Seton Hall

Vacancy and pending nomination

SeatSeat last held byVacancy reasonDate of vacancyNomineeDate of nomination
— Lee Solomon Mandatory retirementAugust 17, 2024 [41] ––

Important cases

Constitutional law

David Brearley, author of the precedent setting Holmes v. Walton David Brearly.jpg
David Brearley, author of the precedent setting Holmes v. Walton

The principle of judicial review in New Jersey was the result of then Chief Justice David Brearley's opinion in Holmes v. Walton (1779 or 1780). While the case was decided against the plaintiff, the court's consideration of the matter asserted its ability to determine constitutionality. [42] [6] This was followed by the federal Supreme Court's case of Marbury v. Madison .

In State v. Post and State v. Van Beuren 20 N.J.L. 368, decided together, the constitutionality of slavery in the state was challenged on the grounds that the first article of the first section of the newly passed (1844) state constitution ("All men are by nature free and independent...") precluded it. The court by two to one (with one absence), rejected this stating that "the constitution has not ... abolished slavery." [43] [44] Slavery was abolished nationwide by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865.

Individual rights

The Court has delivered many cases concerning the rights of individuals, in many cases reading them expansively:

In its 1966 decision in Clover Hill Swimming Club, Inc. v. Robert F. Goldsboro and Division on Civil Rights (47 N.J. 25; 219 A.2d 161; 1966 N.J. LEXIS 180), the court ruled against the club, which had denied membership to an African-American. The club claimed that as a private organization it could choose its own membership although it had placed advertisements in local newspapers and magazines. [45]

In State ex rel. T. L. O., 463 A. 2d 934 (1983) the court decided, against two lower courts, that a search of a student's purse without a warrant was unreasonable. This was appealed as New Jersey v. T. L. O. 469 U.S. 325 (1985), wherein the United States Supreme Court ruled that students and minors have a lower expectation of privacy, saying in its noted ruling that "school officials need not obtain a warrant before searching a student who is under their authority." [46]

In re Quinlan 355 A.2d 647 concerned the right to die of Karen Ann Quinlan, who was in a persistent vegetative state following prolonged respiratory failure. Her parents (and legal guardians) requested to have her ventilator removed, which the officials at the hospital refused to do. The court ultimately ruled in her parents' favor. She continued to live without artificial respiration for several years afterwards. [47]

In 1988, the Court ruled in In re Baby M (537 A.2d 1227, 109 N.J. 396) that the surrogate mother of Baby M, despite previous rulings denying her custody, was entitled to visitation rights. [48]

In Desilets v. Clearview Regional Board of Education (647 A.2d. 150, 137 N.J. 585 (1994)), the Court ruled that Clearview did not violate students' free speech rights under the First Amendment or the New Jersey State Constitution. [49]

Dale v. Boy Scouts of America (160 N.J. 562 (1999)) concerned the right of the Boy Scouts of America organization to expel a member for declaring himself to be homosexual. James Dale, the plaintiff, was a member of the organization for some years before he made his orientation public. Upon discovering this, the district BSA council revoked his membership. Dale sued for violating the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination, which the court unanimously agreed applied to the BSA. The U.S. Supreme Court reversed in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale , 530 U.S. 640 (2000), a 5–4 decision. [50] Apprendi v. New Jersey , a later ruling, was also overruled.

In a 4–2 vote in 2000, the court struck down a law signed by Governor Christine Whitman requiring parental notification when abortions were performed on minor children. The court held that the privacy rights of the minors were paramount and were guaranteed by New Jersey's state constitution. [51]

The court's 2006 decision in Caballero v. Martinez concerned an illegal immigrant, Victor Manuel Caballero, who was injured during an accident while riding in an uninsured vehicle driven by an unlicensed person. The Unsatisfied Claim and Judgment Fund, set up to cover injuries by uninsured drivers, refused to compensate him as he was not a legal resident. The Court on hearing his case overruled two lower courts and declared Caballero to be entitled to compensation from the fund, stating that "a person may be a 'resident' even if the intent to remain ultimately is not realized". Previously an individual who had lived five months with relatives was not a resident with respect to the Fund. [52]

In 2006, the Court decided in Lewis v. Harris that the legislature must change state law, within 180 days, to afford equal protection to same-sex couples, via marriage, or an identical substitute, such as civil unions. The New Jersey Legislature responded by enacting civil unions. [53] This case was the basis for a New Jersey Superior Court ruling that led to the legalization of same-sex marriage in New Jersey in Garden State Equality v. Dow .

In 2020, the Court decided in State of New Jersey v. Andrews, by a 4–3 vote, that a court order compelling a defendant to provide the passwords to his cell phones to the police did not violate either federal or state protections against compelled disclosure of potentially self-incriminating information. [54] This ruling contributed to a growing split in how federal and state courts have addressed the issue of compelled decryption, with the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court and the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit reaching similar decisions and state supreme courts in Indiana and Pennsylvania deciding the opposite. [55]

Social and political cases

In State v. Driver (1962), the Court held that a sound recording of an interrogation of a defendant can only be admitted into evidence if it is competent and relevant. The Court introduced a five-factor test to assess whether a recorded interrogation is admissible. [56]

In Abbott v. Burke (1981), or Abbott I, which was filed on behalf of students of the most depressed school districts, the Court decided that a single test must be applied statewide to determine if students were getting the constitutionally mandated education. Also, the Abbott districts are given state aid to match the operating budget of the richer districts. [43] Since then there have been seven "Abbott cases", many of which ended with the court finding the New Jersey Legislature's latest educational acts unconstitutional. [57] [58]

In 1975 and 1983, two cases, both named Southern Burlington County N.A.A.C.P. v. Mount Laurel Township , were decided by the Court. The Constitution was interpreted to require that zoning authorities institute inclusionary zoning of their land to create affordable housing, that the districts had to equally take on the required load of housing, and that exclusionary zoning was illegal. These requirements are now commonly referred to as the Mount Laurel Doctrine. [59]

State v. Kelly , 91 N.J. 178 (1984), is a Supreme Court case where the defendant, Gladys Kelly, was on trial for allegedly murdering her husband, Ernest Kelly, with a pair of scissors. The Supreme Court reversed the case for further trial after finding that expert testimony regarding the defense's submission that Kelly suffered from battered woman syndrome was incorrectly excluded, as the syndrome was a proper subject for expert evidence despite being a new field. [60] [ verification needed ]

In Democratic Party v. Samson, 814 A.2d 1028 (2002), the Court allowed the state Democratic Party to change their candidate for the upcoming federal Senate race from Robert Torricelli to Frank Lautenberg despite the deadline having passed. In its opinion it cited previous cases before the Court, including one stating "Election laws are to be liberally construed", to decide that the change was in the interest of the electorate. [61] [62]

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References

  1. ↑ "HENRY ACKERSON OF JERSEY COURT". The New York Times . December 11, 1970. p. 50. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  2. ↑ Jeffrey S. Mandel, New Jersey Appellate Practice (Gann Law Books), chapter 12:1-1
  3. ↑ Jeffrey S. Mandel, New Jersey Appellate Practice (Gann Law Books), chapter 1:2-2
  4. ↑ New Jersey State Constitution of 1776, Article IX.
  5. ↑ New Jersey State Constitution of 1776, Article XII.
  6. 1 2 New Jersey: A Guide to Its Present and Past. Prelinger Library. New York: Viking Press. 1939.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  7. ↑ "Board on Attorney Certification". Judiciary of New Jersey. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  8. ↑ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article VI, Section II.
  9. ↑ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article VI, Section V.
  10. ↑ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article VI, Section V.
  11. ↑ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article II, Section I.
  12. ↑ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article II, Section I.
  13. ↑ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article IV, Section III.
  14. ↑ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article V, Section I.
  15. ↑ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article VII, Section III.
  16. ↑ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article VI, Section VI.
  17. ↑ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article VI, Section II.
  18. ↑ Johnson, Brent (May 19, 2018). "Murphy agrees to pay hikes for N.J. judges, top officials". NJ.com . Advance Publications . Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  19. ↑ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article VI, Section VI.
  20. ↑ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article VII, Section III.
  21. ↑ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article VI, Section VI.
  22. ↑ New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, Article VI, Section VI.
  23. ↑ "Judicial Selection in New Jersey: An Introduction". American Judicature Society . December 15, 2005. Archived from the original on December 15, 2005. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  24. ↑ Spoto, MaryAnn (September 1, 2011). "Anne Patterson sworn in to N.J. Supreme Court". NJ.com . Advance Publications . Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  25. ↑ Hanna, Maddie (May 21, 2014). "In deal, Christie renominates Chief Justice Rabner and names Lee Solomon to court" . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  26. ↑ Johnson, Brent (June 1, 2018). "Phil Murphy re-nominates Christie pick to N.J.'s top court". NJ.com . Advance Publications . Retrieved July 27, 2018.
  27. ↑ Aron, Michael (July 26, 2018). "Justice Patterson reconfirmed for state high court". NJ Spotlight News. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
  28. ↑ "Governor Murphy Announces Intention to Nominate Fabiana Pierre-Louis to Serve on the New Jersey Supreme Court" (Press release). Retrieved June 7, 2020.
  29. ↑ Johnson, Brent (June 5, 2020). "Murphy to nominate attorney to become first black woman to N.J. Supreme Court". NJ.com . Advance Publications . Retrieved June 7, 2020.
  30. ↑ Tully, Tracey (August 24, 2020). "Daughter of Immigrants to Be 1st Black Woman on N.J. Supreme Court". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved August 25, 2020.
  31. ↑ Nelson, Blake (August 24, 2020). "N.J. Senate committee unanimously approves first Black woman to state Supreme Court". NJ.com . Advance Publications . Retrieved August 25, 2020.
  32. ↑ Parmley, Suzette (August 27, 2020). "Fabiana Pierre-Louis Confirmed to NJ Supreme Court". New Jersey Law Journal. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  33. ↑ Johnson, Brent (September 1, 2020). "N.J. now has 1st Black woman on state Supreme Court. Fabiana Pierre-Louis was just sworn in". NJ.com . Advance Publications . Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  34. ↑ Wildstein, David (June 15, 2020). "Murphy offers tenure to Supreme Court Justice Fernandez-Vina". New Jersey Globe. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  35. ↑ Parmley, Suzette (October 29, 2020). "Fernandez-Vina Tenured to NJ Supreme Court, 4 Approved for Superior Court". New Jersey Law Journal. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  36. ↑ Wildstein, David (March 8, 2021). "LaVecchia will retire, opening Supreme Court nomination for Murphy". New Jersey Globe. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
  37. ↑ "Governor Murphy Announces Intention to Nominate Rachel Wainer Apter to Serve on the New Jersey Supreme Court" (Press release). Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  38. ↑ Fox, Joey (October 6, 2021). "Murphy optimistic on Wainer Apter nomination despite long delay". New Jersey Globe. Retrieved November 14, 2021.
  39. ↑ Sobko, Katie (September 14, 2022). "Murphy to name Republican to Supreme Court in deal with Bergen County's Schepisi". North Jersey Media Group . Retrieved September 18, 2022.
  40. ↑ Biryukov, Nikita (October 17, 2022). "Lawmakers confirm two for New Jersey Supreme Court seats". New Jersey Monitor . Retrieved October 31, 2022.
  41. ↑ Biryukov, Nikita (January 5, 2023). "N.J. Supreme Court vacancy nears six-month mark". New Jersey Monitor. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  42. ↑ "America's Founding Documents". National Archives. October 30, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  43. 1 2 "Article VI, Section V of the New Jersey State Constitution of 1947". www.njleg.state.nj.us. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  44. ↑ "The State v. Post/The State v. Van Beuren (20 N.J.L. 368)". njlegallib.rutgers.edu. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  45. ↑ "Clover Hill Swimming Club, Inc. v. Goldsboro". Justia Law. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  46. ↑ New Jersey v. T. L. O. , 469 U.S. 325 (1985).
  47. ↑ "In Re Quinlan, 355 A.2d 647, 70 N.J. 10". CourtListener. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  48. ↑ "In re Baby M, 537 A.2d 1227, 109 N.J. 396 (1988)". biotech.law.lsu.edu. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  49. ↑ "Desilets v. Clearview Regional Bd. of Educ, 137 N.J. 585 | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  50. ↑ "ames Dale v. Boy Scouts of America, and Monmouth Council, Boy Scouts of America". November 16, 2003. Archived from the original on November 16, 2003. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  51. ↑ New Jersey Supreme Court strikes down a law signed by Whitman requiring parental notification when abortions were performed on minor children Archived September 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine , articles.orlandosentinel.com, August 16, 2000; accessed May 24, 2014.
  52. ↑ "Caballero v. Martinez". Justia Law. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  53. ↑ "Lewis v. Harris". Findlaw. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  54. ↑ "New Jersey v. Andrews". Justia Law. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  55. ↑ "State Court Docket Watch: State of New Jersey v. Robert Andrews | The Federalist Society". fedsoc.org. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  56. ↑ "State v. Driver". Justia Law. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  57. ↑ "Part One of Research and Advocacy Collaboration : A New Jersey Case Study - Publication by Harvard Family Research Project - HFRP". December 30, 2005. Archived from the original on December 30, 2005. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  58. ↑ "Abbott v. Burke Decisions". January 16, 2006. Archived from the original on January 16, 2006. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  59. ↑ Hanley, Robert (October 24, 1988). "Affordable Housing in Jersey Is Still an Elusive Goal". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  60. ↑ "State v. Kelly". www.courtswv.gov. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  61. ↑ "Online NewsHour Update: N.J. Supreme Court Rules to Allow Ballot Change -- Oct. 2, 2002". PBS . March 29, 2005. Archived from the original on March 29, 2005. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  62. ↑ "BBC NEWS | World | Americas | US court allows late candidate switch". June 13, 2004. Archived from the original on June 13, 2004. Retrieved March 20, 2021.

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 At the end of their initial seven-year term, the justice was renominated for tenure and was confirmed by the New Jersey Senate to serve until the mandatory retirement age of 70.
  2. ↑ Fasciale served in a temporary appointment from September 1–October 21, 2022

Works cited

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