Truncated octahedron | |
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(Click here for rotating model) | |
Type | Archimedean solid Uniform polyhedron |
Elements | F = 14, E = 36, V = 24 (χ = 2) |
Faces by sides | 6{4}+8{6} |
Conway notation | tO bT |
Schläfli symbols | t{3,4} tr{3,3} or |
t0,1{3,4} or t0,1,2{3,3} | |
Wythoff symbol | 2 4 | 3 3 3 2 | |
Coxeter diagram | |
Symmetry group | Oh, B3, [4,3], (*432), order 48 Th, [3,3] and (*332), order 24 |
Rotation group | O, [4,3]+, (432), order 24 |
Dihedral angle | 4-6: arccos(−1/√3) = 125°15′51″ 6-6: arccos(−1/3) = 109°28′16″ |
References | U 08, C 20, W 7 |
Properties | Semiregular convex parallelohedron permutohedron zonohedron |
Colored faces | 4.6.6 (Vertex figure) |
Tetrakis hexahedron (dual polyhedron) | Net |
In geometry, the truncated octahedron is the Archimedean solid that arises from a regular octahedron by removing six pyramids, one at each of the octahedron's vertices. The truncated octahedron has 14 faces (8 regular hexagons and 6 squares), 36 edges, and 24 vertices. Since each of its faces has point symmetry the truncated octahedron is a 6-zonohedron. It is also the Goldberg polyhedron GIV(1,1), containing square and hexagonal faces. Like the cube, it can tessellate (or "pack") 3-dimensional space, as a permutohedron.
The truncated octahedron was called the "mecon" by Buckminster Fuller. [1]
Its dual polyhedron is the tetrakis hexahedron. If the original truncated octahedron has unit edge length, its dual tetrakis hexahedron has edge lengths 9/8√2 and 3/2√2.
A truncated octahedron is constructed from a regular octahedron with side length 3a by the removal of six right square pyramids, one from each point. These pyramids have both base side length (a) and lateral side length (e) of a, to form equilateral triangles. The base area is then a2. Note that this shape is exactly similar to half an octahedron or Johnson solid J1.
From the properties of square pyramids, we can now find the slant height, s, and the height, h, of the pyramid:
The volume, V, of the pyramid is given by:
Because six pyramids are removed by truncation, there is a total lost volume of √2a3.
The truncated octahedron has five special orthogonal projections, centered, on a vertex, on two types of edges, and two types of faces: Hexagon, and square. The last two correspond to the B2 and A2 Coxeter planes.
Centered by | Vertex | Edge 4-6 | Edge 6-6 | Face Square | Face Hexagon |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solid | |||||
Wireframe | |||||
Dual | |||||
Projective symmetry | [2] | [2] | [2] | [4] | [6] |
The truncated octahedron can also be represented as a spherical tiling, and projected onto the plane via a stereographic projection. This projection is conformal, preserving angles but not areas or lengths. Straight lines on the sphere are projected as circular arcs on the plane.
square-centered | hexagon-centered | |
Orthographic projection | Stereographic projections |
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Orthogonal projection in bounding box (±2,±2,±2) | Truncated octahedron with hexagons replaced by 6 coplanar triangles. There are 8 new vertices at: (±1,±1,±1). | Truncated octahedron subdivided into as a topological rhombic triacontahedron |
All permutations of (0, ±1, ±2) are Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of a truncated octahedron of edge length a = √2 centered at the origin. The vertices are thus also the corners of 12 rectangles whose long edges are parallel to the coordinate axes.
The edge vectors have Cartesian coordinates (0, ±1, ±1) and permutations of these. The face normals (normalized cross products of edges that share a common vertex) of the 6 square faces are (0, 0, ±1), (0, ±1, 0) and (±1, 0, 0). The face normals of the 8 hexagonal faces are (±1/√3, ±1/√3, ±1/√3). The dot product between pairs of two face normals is the cosine of the dihedral angle between adjacent faces, either −1/3 or −1/√3. The dihedral angle is approximately 1.910633 radians (109.471° OEIS: A156546 ) at edges shared by two hexagons or 2.186276 radians (125.263° OEIS: A195698 ) at edges shared by a hexagon and a square.
The truncated octahedron can be dissected into a central octahedron, surrounded by 8 triangular cupolae on each face, and 6 square pyramids above the vertices. [2]
Removing the central octahedron and 2 or 4 triangular cupolae creates two Stewart toroids, with dihedral and tetrahedral symmetry:
Genus 2 | Genus 3 |
---|---|
D3d, [2+,6], (2*3), order 12 | Td, [3,3], (*332), order 24 |
The truncated octahedron can also be represented by even more symmetric coordinates in four dimensions: all permutations of (1, 2, 3, 4) form the vertices of a truncated octahedron in the three-dimensional subspace x + y + z + w = 10. Therefore, the truncated octahedron is the permutohedron of order 4: each vertex corresponds to a permutation of (1, 2, 3, 4) and each edge represents a single pairwise swap of two elements.
The surface area S and the volume V of a truncated octahedron of edge length a are:
There are two uniform colorings, with tetrahedral symmetry and octahedral symmetry, and two 2-uniform coloring with dihedral symmetry as a truncated triangular antiprism. The constructional names are given for each. Their Conway polyhedron notation is given in parentheses.
1-uniform | 2-uniform | ||
---|---|---|---|
Oh, [4,3], (*432) Order 48 | Td, [3,3], (*332) Order 24 | D4h, [4,2], (*422) Order 16 | D3d, [2+,6], (2*3) Order 12 |
122 coloring | 123 coloring | 122 & 322 colorings | 122 & 123 colorings |
Truncated octahedron (tO) | Bevelled tetrahedron (bT) | Truncated square bipyramid (tdP4) | Truncated triangular antiprism (tA3) |
The truncated octahedron exists in the structure of the faujasite crystals.
The truncated octahedron (in fact, the generalized truncated octahedron) appears in the error analysis of quantization index modulation (QIM) in conjunction with repetition coding. [3]
The truncated octahedron is one of a family of uniform polyhedra related to the cube and regular octahedron.
Uniform octahedral polyhedra | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Symmetry: [4,3], (*432) | [4,3]+ (432) | [1+,4,3] = [3,3] (*332) | [3+,4] (3*2) | |||||||
{4,3} | t{4,3} | r{4,3} r{31,1} | t{3,4} t{31,1} | {3,4} {31,1} | rr{4,3} s2{3,4} | tr{4,3} | sr{4,3} | h{4,3} {3,3} | h2{4,3} t{3,3} | s{3,4} s{31,1} |
= | = | = | = or | = or | = | |||||
| | | | | ||||||
Duals to uniform polyhedra | ||||||||||
V43 | V3.82 | V(3.4)2 | V4.62 | V34 | V3.43 | V4.6.8 | V34.4 | V33 | V3.62 | V35 |
It also exists as the omnitruncate of the tetrahedron family:
Family of uniform tetrahedral polyhedra | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Symmetry: [3,3], (*332) | [3,3]+, (332) | ||||||
{3,3} | t{3,3} | r{3,3} | t{3,3} | {3,3} | rr{3,3} | tr{3,3} | sr{3,3} |
Duals to uniform polyhedra | |||||||
V3.3.3 | V3.6.6 | V3.3.3.3 | V3.6.6 | V3.3.3 | V3.4.3.4 | V4.6.6 | V3.3.3.3.3 |
*n32 symmetry mutations of omnitruncated tilings: 4.6.2n | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sym. *n32 [n,3] | Spherical | Euclid. | Compact hyperb. | Paraco. | Noncompact hyperbolic | |||||||
*232 [2,3] | *332 [3,3] | *432 [4,3] | *532 [5,3] | *632 [6,3] | *732 [7,3] | *832 [8,3] | *∞32 [∞,3] | [12i,3] | [9i,3] | [6i,3] | [3i,3] | |
Figures | ||||||||||||
Config. | 4.6.4 | 4.6.6 | 4.6.8 | 4.6.10 | 4.6.12 | 4.6.14 | 4.6.16 | 4.6.∞ | 4.6.24i | 4.6.18i | 4.6.12i | 4.6.6i |
Duals | ||||||||||||
Config. | V4.6.4 | V4.6.6 | V4.6.8 | V4.6.10 | V4.6.12 | V4.6.14 | V4.6.16 | V4.6.∞ | V4.6.24i | V4.6.18i | V4.6.12i | V4.6.6i |
*nn2 symmetry mutations of omnitruncated tilings: 4.2n.2n | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Symmetry *nn2 [n,n] | Spherical | Euclidean | Compact hyperbolic | Paracomp. | ||||||||||
*222 [2,2] | *332 [3,3] | *442 [4,4] | *552 [5,5] | *662 [6,6] | *772 [7,7] | *882 [8,8]... | *∞∞2 [∞,∞] | |||||||
Figure | ||||||||||||||
Config. | 4.4.4 | 4.6.6 | 4.8.8 | 4.10.10 | 4.12.12 | 4.14.14 | 4.16.16 | 4.∞.∞ | ||||||
Dual | ||||||||||||||
Config. | V4.4.4 | V4.6.6 | V4.8.8 | V4.10.10 | V4.12.12 | V4.14.14 | V4.16.16 | V4.∞.∞ |
This polyhedron is a member of a sequence of uniform patterns with vertex figure (4.6.2p) and Coxeter–Dynkin diagram . For p < 6, the members of the sequence are omnitruncated polyhedra (zonohedra), shown below as spherical tilings. For p > 6, they are tilings of the hyperbolic plane, starting with the truncated triheptagonal tiling.
The truncated octahedron is topologically related as a part of sequence of uniform polyhedra and tilings with vertex figures n.6.6, extending into the hyperbolic plane:
*n32 symmetry mutation of truncated tilings: n.6.6 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sym. *n42 [n,3] | Spherical | Euclid. | Compact | Parac. | Noncompact hyperbolic | |||||||
*232 [2,3] | *332 [3,3] | *432 [4,3] | *532 [5,3] | *632 [6,3] | *732 [7,3] | *832 [8,3]... | *∞32 [∞,3] | [12i,3] | [9i,3] | [6i,3] | ||
Truncated figures | ||||||||||||
Config. | 2.6.6 | 3.6.6 | 4.6.6 | 5.6.6 | 6.6.6 | 7.6.6 | 8.6.6 | ∞.6.6 | 12i.6.6 | 9i.6.6 | 6i.6.6 | |
n-kis figures | ||||||||||||
Config. | V2.6.6 | V3.6.6 | V4.6.6 | V5.6.6 | V6.6.6 | V7.6.6 | V8.6.6 | V∞.6.6 | V12i.6.6 | V9i.6.6 | V6i.6.6 |
The truncated octahedron is topologically related as a part of sequence of uniform polyhedra and tilings with vertex figures 4.2n.2n, extending into the hyperbolic plane:
*n42 symmetry mutation of truncated tilings: 4.2n.2n | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Symmetry *n42 [n,4] | Spherical | Euclidean | Compact hyperbolic | Paracomp. | |||||||
*242 [2,4] | *342 [3,4] | *442 [4,4] | *542 [5,4] | *642 [6,4] | *742 [7,4] | *842 [8,4]... | *∞42 [∞,4] | ||||
Truncated figures | |||||||||||
Config. | 4.4.4 | 4.6.6 | 4.8.8 | 4.10.10 | 4.12.12 | 4.14.14 | 4.16.16 | 4.∞.∞ | |||
n-kis figures | |||||||||||
Config. | V4.4.4 | V4.6.6 | V4.8.8 | V4.10.10 | V4.12.12 | V4.14.14 | V4.16.16 | V4.∞.∞ |
The truncated octahedron (bitruncated cube), is first in a sequence of bitruncated hypercubes:
Image | ... | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Bitruncated cube | Bitruncated tesseract | Bitruncated 5-cube | Bitruncated 6-cube | Bitruncated 7-cube | Bitruncated 8-cube | |
Coxeter | |||||||
Vertex figure | ( )v{ } | { }v{ } | { }v{3} | { }v{3,3} | { }v{3,3,3} | { }v{3,3,3,3} |
It is possible to slice a tesseract by a hyperplane so that its sliced cross-section is a truncated octahedron. [4]
The truncated octahedron exists in three different convex uniform honeycombs (space-filling tessellations):
Bitruncated cubic | Cantitruncated cubic | Truncated alternated cubic |
---|---|---|
The cell-transitive bitruncated cubic honeycomb can also be seen as the Voronoi tessellation of the body-centered cubic lattice. The truncated octahedron is one of five three-dimensional primary parallelohedra.
Truncated octahedral graph | |
---|---|
Vertices | 24 |
Edges | 36 |
Automorphisms | 48 |
Chromatic number | 2 |
Book thickness | 3 |
Queue number | 2 |
Properties | Cubic, Hamiltonian, regular, zero-symmetric |
Table of graphs and parameters |
In the mathematical field of graph theory, a truncated octahedral graph is the graph of vertices and edges of the truncated octahedron. It has 24 vertices and 36 edges, and is a cubic Archimedean graph. [5] It has book thickness 3 and queue number 2. [6]
As a Hamiltonian cubic graph, it can be represented by LCF notation in multiple ways: [3, −7, 7, −3]6, [5, −11, 11, 7, 5, −5, −7, −11, 11, −5, −7, 7]2, and [−11, 5, −3, −7, −9, 3, −5, 5, −3, 9, 7, 3, −5, 11, −3, 7, 5, −7, −9, 9, 7, −5, −7, 3]. [7]
In geometry, an Archimedean solid is one of the 13 solids first enumerated by Archimedes. They are the convex uniform polyhedra composed of regular polygons meeting in identical vertices, excluding the five Platonic solids, excluding the prisms and antiprisms, and excluding the pseudorhombicuboctahedron. They are a subset of the Johnson solids, whose regular polygonal faces do not need to meet in identical vertices.
A cuboctahedron is a polyhedron with 8 triangular faces and 6 square faces. A cuboctahedron has 12 identical vertices, with 2 triangles and 2 squares meeting at each, and 24 identical edges, each separating a triangle from a square. As such, it is a quasiregular polyhedron, i.e. an Archimedean solid that is not only vertex-transitive but also edge-transitive. It is radially equilateral.
In geometry, a cube is a three-dimensional solid object bounded by six square faces, facets or sides, with three meeting at each vertex.
In geometry, a regular icosahedron is a convex polyhedron with 20 faces, 30 edges and 12 vertices. It is one of the five Platonic solids, and the one with the most faces.
In geometry, an icosidodecahedron is a polyhedron with twenty (icosi) triangular faces and twelve (dodeca) pentagonal faces. An icosidodecahedron has 30 identical vertices, with two triangles and two pentagons meeting at each, and 60 identical edges, each separating a triangle from a pentagon. As such it is one of the Archimedean solids and more particularly, a quasiregular polyhedron.
In geometry, an octahedron is a polyhedron with eight faces, twelve edges, and six vertices. The term is most commonly used to refer to the regular octahedron, a Platonic solid composed of eight equilateral triangles, four of which meet at each vertex.
In geometry, the rhombicuboctahedron, or small rhombicuboctahedron, is an Archimedean solid with eight triangular, six square, and twelve rectangular faces. There are 24 identical vertices, with one triangle, one square, and two rectangles meeting at each one. The polyhedron has octahedral symmetry, like the cube and octahedron. Its dual is called the deltoidal icositetrahedron or trapezoidal icositetrahedron, although its faces are not really true trapezoids.
In geometry, the truncated icosahedron is an Archimedean solid, one of 13 convex isogonal nonprismatic solids whose 32 faces are two or more types of regular polygons. It is the only one of these shapes that does not contain triangles or squares. In general usage, the degree of truncation is assumed to be uniform unless specified.
In geometry, the snub cube, or snub cuboctahedron, is an Archimedean solid with 38 faces: 6 squares and 32 equilateral triangles. It has 60 edges and 24 vertices.
In geometry, the truncated tetrahedron is an Archimedean solid. It has 4 regular hexagonal faces, 4 equilateral triangle faces, 12 vertices and 18 edges. It can be constructed by truncating all 4 vertices of a regular tetrahedron at one third of the original edge length.
In geometry, the truncated cube, or truncated hexahedron, is an Archimedean solid. It has 14 regular faces, 36 edges, and 24 vertices.
In geometry, the rhombicosidodecahedron is an Archimedean solid, one of thirteen convex isogonal nonprismatic solids constructed of two or more types of regular polygon faces.
In geometry, the truncated cuboctahedron is an Archimedean solid, named by Kepler as a truncation of a cuboctahedron. It has 12 square faces, 8 regular hexagonal faces, 6 regular octagonal faces, 48 vertices, and 72 edges. Since each of its faces has point symmetry, the truncated cuboctahedron is a 9-zonohedron. The truncated cuboctahedron can tessellate with the octagonal prism.
In geometry, the truncated icosidodecahedron is an Archimedean solid, one of thirteen convex isogonal nonprismatic solids constructed by two or more types of regular polygon faces.
In geometry, the truncated dodecahedron is an Archimedean solid. It has 12 regular decagonal faces, 20 regular triangular faces, 60 vertices and 90 edges.
In geometry, the rhombic dodecahedron is a convex polyhedron with 12 congruent rhombic faces. It has 24 edges, and 14 vertices of 2 types. It is a Catalan solid, and the dual polyhedron of the cuboctahedron.
In geometry, a disdyakis dodecahedron,, is a Catalan solid with 48 faces and the dual to the Archimedean truncated cuboctahedron. As such it is face-transitive but with irregular face polygons. It resembles an augmented rhombic dodecahedron. Replacing each face of the rhombic dodecahedron with a flat pyramid creates a polyhedron that looks almost like the disdyakis dodecahedron, and is topologically equivalent to it. More formally, the disdyakis dodecahedron is the Kleetope of the rhombic dodecahedron. The net of the rhombic dodecahedral pyramid also shares the same topology.
A uniform polyhedron has regular polygons as faces and is vertex-transitive. It follows that all vertices are congruent.
The bitruncated cubic honeycomb is a space-filling tessellation in Euclidean 3-space made up of truncated octahedra. It has 4 truncated octahedra around each vertex. Being composed entirely of truncated octahedra, it is cell-transitive. It is also edge-transitive, with 2 hexagons and one square on each edge, and vertex-transitive. It is one of 28 uniform honeycombs.
In geometry, Conway polyhedron notation, invented by John Horton Conway and promoted by George W. Hart, is used to describe polyhedra based on a seed polyhedron modified by various prefix operations.
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