Weapons of the Cambodian Civil War

Soviet T-54 or Chinese Type 59 tank used in the Cambodian civil war now on display at the war museum in Siem Reap, Cambodia, 2005.

The Cambodian Civil War was a military conflict that pitted the guerrilla forces of the Maoist-oriented Communist Party of Kampuchea (nicknamed the Khmer Rouge) and the armed and security forces of the Nonaligned Kingdom of Cambodia from 1967 to 1970, then between the joint Monarchist, Maoist and Marxist-Leninist National United Front of Kampuchea alliance and the pro-western Khmer Republic from 1970 to 1975. Main combatants comprised:

• The Khmer National Armed Forces (French: Forces Armées Nationales Khmères), best known by its French acronym FANK, were the official armed defense forces of the Khmer Republic from 1970 to 1975. Subordinated to the Ministry of Defense of the Cambodian Republican Government at the national capital Phnom Penh, the FANK branches were organized as follows:
  • Khmer National Army (French: Armée Nationale Khmère – ANK)
  • Khmer Air Force (French: Armèe de l'Air Khmère – AAK)
  • Khmer National Navy (French: Marine Nationale Khmère – MNK)
• Paramilitary security forces:
  • Khmer National Police (French: Police Nationale Khmère – PNK)
  • Khmer National Gendarmerie (French: Gendarmerie Nationale Khmère – GNK)

• The Cambodian People's National Liberation Armed Forces (CPNLAF) were the official armed wing of the National United Front of Kampuchea (French: Front uni national du Kampuchéa or Front uni national khmer – FUNK), an umbrella organization dedicated to the armed overthrow of the pro-western Khmer Republic. Technically subordinated to the exiled Royal Government of the National Union of Kampuchea (French: Gouvernement royal d'union nationale du Kampuchéa – GRUNK) based in Beijing, the CPNLAF comprised the following three guerrilla movements:
  • The Khmer Rumdo, also spelt Khmer Rumdos or Khmer Rumdoh ("Liberation Khmer" in the Khmer language), a pro-Sihanoukist (monarchist) faction founded in 1970;
  • The Khmer Issarak ("Free Khmer" or "Independent Khmer" in the Khmer language), a pro-Soviet Marxist-Leninist faction closely aligned with both the monarchist Khmer Romdo and North Vietnam;
  • The Khmer Rouge, a collective designation coined to the Maoist-oriented Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK) and its military wing, the Revolutionary Army of Kampuchea (RAK), active in Cambodia since 1967, which were aligned with the People's Republic of China.

• The Khmer Serei ("Free Khmer" in the Khmer language), a far-right, anti-communist and anti-monarchist guerrilla group active in Cambodia between 1955 and 1969, which was secretly backed by the United States and South Vietnam, and subsequently absorbed into the FANK in 1970.

• The Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), which received support from the United States, Australia, Canada, France, West Germany, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Philippines, South Korea, Francoist Spain, Taiwan, Thailand and the United Kingdom.

• The People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), also designated the "North Vietnamese Army" (NVA), which received support from the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary and Bulgaria.

Khmer National Armed Forces equipment

Revolvers

• M1917 revolver
• Smith & Wesson Model 10

Pistols

M1911A1 pistol

• MAS-35-S pistol (7.65mm Longue): Received from France during the First Indochina War.
• FN P35
• Colt.45 M1911A1
• Smith & Wesson Model 39

Submachine guns

M3 submachine gun

• MAT-49: Received from France during the First Indochina War.
• M1A1 Thompson
• M3/M3A1 Grease Gun ^[1]

Bolt-action rifles

M1903 Springfield rifle

• MAS-36: Received from France during the First Indochina War. ^[2]
• M1903 Springfield: Received from France during the First Indochina War and the United States. ^[3]
• Lee–Enfield: Received from France during the First Indochina War. Used in small numbers.

Shotguns

Ithaca 37 pump-action shotgun

• Ithaca 37 Pump-action

Carbines

M1 Carbine

• M1 Carbine: M1 & M2 models were FANK standard issue concurrent with the M1 Garand rifle before receiving the M16. ^{[4] [5] [6]}
• M1A1 Carbine ^[4]
• M2 Carbine: Full automatic variant. ^[4]
• CAR-15 Assault carbine: Used by FANK special forces.

Semi-automatic rifles

M1 Garand

• M1 Garand ^[7]
• SKS semi-automatic rifle: Used extensively in swamp and jungle environments.
• Type 56 semi-automatic rifle: Captured.

Assault rifles

M16A1 was the standard Khmer National Armed Forces (FANK) issue assault rifle

AK-47 and AKM assault rifles were used extensively in swamp and jungle environments by FANK troops

• M16A1 Assault rifle ^{[4] [8]}
• FN FAL: Limited quantities received from Belgium. Used in small numbers.
• Heckler & Koch G3: Limited quantities received from West Germany. Used in small numbers.
• vz. 58 Assault rifle: Used in small numbers.
• AK-47 and AKS-47 assault rifles: Used extensively in swamp and jungle environments. ^{[9] [10]}
• AKM and AKMS assault rifles: Used extensively in swamp and jungle environments. ^[10]
• Type 56 and Type 56-I assault rifles: Captured. ^[10]

Light machine guns

M1918A2 Browning Automatic Rifle

• FM 24/29: Received from France during the First Indochina War.
• Bren: Received from France during the First Indochina War. Used in small numbers.
• DP/DPM
• M1918A2 BAR ^[11]

General-purpose machine guns

• M60: FANK standard issue machine gun. ^{[4] [12]}
• M60B/M60D machine gun: mounted on UH-1D/H Utility helicopters and UH-1G gunships. ^{[4] [13]}
• RPD: Captured.
• M1919A6 Browning light machine gun ^[4]

Medium and Heavy machine guns

M2HB heavy machine gun

• M1917 Browning machine gun: Limited service; used in small numbers.
• Browning M1919A4 .30 Cal ^{[4] [11]}
• Browning M2HB .50 Cal: Fitted to M113 APCs. ^[11]
• SG-43/SGM Goryunov: Captured; mounted on wheeled APCs. ^[14]
• DShKM: Captured; mounted on wheeled APCs. ^[14]

Grenade systems

M67 hand grenade

• Alsetex OF37 grenade: Received from France during the First Indochina War.
• F-1 hand grenade: Received from France during the First Indochina War.
• Mark 2 fragmentation hand/rifle grenade
• M26 grenade
• M59 "Baseball" hand grenade
• M61 fragmentation hand grenade
• M67 grenade: FANK standard issue fragmentation grenade.
• M18 colored smoke hand grenade
• M34 white phosphorus/smoke grenade

Aircraft bombs

• CBU-55 cluster bomblet: loaded aboard T-28D Trojan fighter-bombers. ^[15]
• CBU-24 cluster bomblet: loaded aboard AU-24A Stallion mini-gunships. ^[15]
• Mark 81 (250 lb) general-purpose bomb: loaded aboard T-28D Trojans and AU-24A Stallion mini-gunships. ^[15]
• Mark 82 (500 lb) general-purpose bomb: loaded aboard C-123K transports. ^[15]
• 25 lb fragmentation bomb: loaded aboard C-123K transports. ^[15]

Land mine systems

• M16 bounding anti-personnel fragmentation mine
• M18A1 Claymore anti-personnel mine

Rocket systems

• BM-13 132mm towed multiple rocket launcher (MBRL): Used early in the War. ^[16]
• BM-14 140mm towed multiple rocket launcher (MBRL): Used early in the War. ^[16]

Anti-tank rocket launchers

M72 LAW

• M72 LAW: FANK standard issue anti-tank rocket launcher. ^[11]
• M202 FLASH: Used in small numbers.
• RPG-2
• RPG-7
• Type 56 RPG: Captured.
• Type 69 RPG: Captured.

Grenade launchers

M79 grenade launcher

M203 grenade launcher

• M79 ^{[4] [13] [17]}
• M203 ^[18]

Recoilless rifles

• M18A1 57mm
• M20 75mm
• M67 90mm (shoulder-fired)
• M40A1 106mm ^{[4] [13]}
• B-10 82mm
• B-11 107mm

Mortars

Brandt Mle 27/31 81mm mortar

M29 81mm mortar

M30 4.2-inch (106.7mm) mortar

• M19 60mm mortar ^[4]
• Brandt mle 27/31 81mm mortar: Received from France during the First Indochina War.
• M29 81mm mortar ^[4]
• M2 4.2-inch (107mm) mortar: Mounted on M106A1 mortar carriers. ^{[4] [13]}
• M30 4.2-inch (106.7mm) mortar

Howitzers

M101 105mm howitzer

M114 155 mm howitzer

M116 75mm howitzer

• M101A1 105mm towed field howitzer ^{[4] [16]}
• M114A1 155mm towed field howitzer ^{[4] [16]}
• M116 75mm pack field howitzer ^{[4] [16]}
• M-30 122mm towed howitzer ^[16]
• Type 59-1 130mm towed field gun
• M109 155mm self-propelled gun: Used in small numbers. ^[16]

Autocannons

• M197 three-barrel 20×102mm rotary cannon: mounted in the left cargo door of the AU-24A Stallion mini-gunships. ^[19]

Air defense guns

• Type 55/65 37mm anti-aircraft gun ^[20]
• Bofors 40mm L/60 anti-aircraft gun ^[20]
• AZP S-60 57mm anti-aircraft gun ^[20]

Vehicles

M8 Greyhound armoured car

M113 Armoured Personnel Carrier

• M24 Chaffee Light tank ^{[13] [21] [22] [14]}
• AMX-13 Light tank ^{[23] [24] [25] [26]}
• M8 HMC 75mm self-propelled howitzer ^{[27] [28]}
• M8 Greyhound armoured car ^{[13] [29] [30]}
• M20 Armoured Utility Car ^{[31] [32]}
• Panhard AML-60 armoured car ^{[33] [34]}
• M2 half-track car ^{[13] [14]}
• M3 Half-track ^{[35] [14]}
• M3A1 Scout Car ^{[36] [37]}
• BTR-40 armoured personnel carrier (APC) ^{[38] [14]}
• BTR-152 armoured personnel carrier (APC) ^{[39] [14]}
• M113 armored personnel carrier ^{[40] [13] [41] [42] [43]}
• M106A1 mortar carrier ^{[4] [13]}
• Willys MB ¼-ton (4×4) jeep: Fitted with pintle-mounted M60 machine guns or Browning M1919A4 medium machine guns.
• Land Rover (4×4) Series II
• GAZ-69A (4×4) light truck
• M151A1 ¼-ton (4×4) utility truck: Some converted into makeshift armoured cars for security and road convoy escort duties. ^{[4] [44] [45]}
• Dodge WC-51/52 ¾-ton (4×4) utility truck ^[4]
• Dodge M37 ¾-ton (4×4) 1953 utility truck ^[4]
• Yuejin NJ-130 2.5 ton (4×2) truck
• GAZ-63 (4×4) 2-ton truck ^[46]
• GMC/Chevrolet C-50 medium-duty truck ^[47]
• Chevrolet G506 1½-ton (4×4) cargo truck
• Jiefang CA-30 general purpose 2.5 ton (6×6) truck ^[48]
• GMC CCKW 2½-ton (6×6) cargo truck
• GMC C7500 heavy-duty truck ^[47]
• M35A2 2½-ton (6×6) cargo truck ^[45]
• M809 5-ton (6×6) cargo truck ^[45]

Helicopters

• Sud Aviation SA 313B Alouette II light helicopter ^{[49] [50]}
• Sud Aviation SA-316B Alouette III light helicopter ^{[49] [51]}
• Mil Mi-4 Hound light helicopter: Used early in the War. ^[52]
• Sikorsky H-34 Choctaw transport ^{[49] [16]}
• Bell UH-1G helicopter gunship ^{[49] [53] [13] [54]}
• Bell UH-1D/H Utility helicopter/transport ^{[49] [53] [16]}

Aircraft

Helio AU-24A Stallion in storage at Davis-Monthan AFB, July 1972, prior to its delivery to the Khmer Air Force.

• MiG-17F fighter jet: Used early in the War. ^{[55] [16]}
• Shenyang J-5 fighter jet: Used early in the War. ^[16]
• Shenyang FT-5 jet trainer: Used early in the War. ^[16]
• MiG-15UTI jet trainer: Used early in the War. ^[16]
• Potez CM.170R Fouga Magister jet trainer/fighter-bomber: Used early in the War.
• Cessna T-37B Tweet jet trainer/fighter-bomber ^{[56] [49] [57] [58]}
• Gardan GY-80 Horizon light trainer ^[49]
• Cessna T-41D Mescalero trainer ^[49]
• North American T-28B Trojan trainer ^[49]
• North American T-28D Trojan trainer/fighter-bomber ^{[56] [59] [60] [49] [61] [62] [63]}
• Douglas AD-4N Skyraider night attack aircraft: Used early in the War.
• AU-24A Stallion mini-gunship ^{[49] [64] [65] [66]}
• AC-47D Spooky gunship ^{[49] [67] [68] [69]}
• De Havilland Canada DHC U-6 (L-20) Beaver STOL utility transport ^{[49] [70]}
• Dassault MD 315R Flamant light transport: Used early in the War.
• Antonov An-2 Colt utility aircraft: Used early in the War.
• Douglas C-47D Skytrain transport ^{[49] [71] [69] [72]}
• Curtiss C-46F Commando transport: Used early in the War. ^{[73] [74] [75] [16]}
• Fairchild C-123K Provider transport ^{[49] [76]}
• U-17A/B light utility aircraft ^[49]
• Cessna L-19A/O-1D Bird Dog reconnaissance/observation light aircraft ^{[77] [49] [78]}
• EC-47D SIGINT aircraft ^[16]

Naval craft

• PC-461 class Patrol Craft ^{[79] [80] [81]}
• Landing Craft Support (LSSL) ^{[79] [80]}
• PCF/Inshore Mark Mk 1 and 2 coastal patrol craft (also known as "Swift boat") ^{[79] [80] [82]}
• PBR Mk 1 and 2 river patrol boat (a.k.a. "Bibber") ^{[79] [80]}
• Monitor (MON, heavily gunned riverine craft, a.k.a. "River Battleship" or "Mike boat") ^{[79] [80]}
• Monitor (H) Howitzer version armed with 40mm cannons and M49 105mm Howitzers. ^{[79] [80]}
• Monitor (F) version equipped with M10-8 Flamethrowers (a.k.a. "Zippo") ^{[79] [80]}
• Assault Support Patrol Boat Mk 1 (ASPB, a.k.a. "Alpha boat") ^{[79] [80]}
• Patrol Craft/Tug (YTL) ^{[79] [80]}
• EDIC III-class Landing craft tank (LCT) ^{[79] [83]}
• Landing Ship Infantry Large (LSIL/LCI) ^{[79] [80] [84]}
• Landing Craft Utility (LCU/YFU) ^{[79] [80]}
• Armored Troop Carrier (ATC, a.k.a. "Tango boat") ^{[79] [80]}
• ATC refueler ^[79]
• ATC recharger ^[79]
• Landing Craft Mechanized Mk 6 Mod 1-LCM (6) Landing Craft Utility (LCU) ^[79]
• LCM (8) LCU ^{[79] [80]}
• Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel (LCVP) ^{[79] [80]}
• Command and Communications Boat (CCB, a.k.a. "Charlie boat") ^[79]
• Minesweeper River boat (MSR/MSM) ^{[79] [85] [80]}
• 63-foot Combat Salvage Boat (CSB) ^[79]
• Yard Tug Light (YTL) ^[79]
• Mobile Support Base (MSB) ^[79]
• Floating Crane (YD) ^[79]
• Drydock ^[79]

Khmer Rouge forces equipment

Pistols

• Tokarev TT-33
• Type 54 pistol: Chinese copy of the TT-33.
• Type 59 pistol: Chinese copy of the Makarov PM. ^[86]
• Colt.45 M1911A1: Captured from government forces.

Submachine guns

PPSh-41 submachine gun

• MAT-49: Captured from government forces.
• vz. 24/26 ^[87]
• PPSh-41
• PPS-43
• K-50M

Carbines

• M1 Carbine: Captured from government forces.
• M2 Carbine: Captured from government forces.

Bolt-action rifles

• Mosin–Nagant
• Type 53 Carbine: Chinese copy of the Mosin–Nagant M1944 carbine. ^[88]
• MAS-36: Captured from government forces. ^{[89] [2]}
• Arisaka: Used in small numbers.

Sniper rifles

Hungarian M/52 sniper rifle with PU 3.5× optics.

• M/52 ^[90]
• Dragunov SVD-63: limited use by the PAVN. ^[91]

Semi-automatic rifles

• SKS semi-automatic rifle
• Type 56 Carbine: Chinese copy of the SKS.
• M1 Garand semi-automatic rifle: Captured from government forces.

Assault rifles

• AK-47 and AKS-47 assault rifles ^{[11] [10]}
• AKM and AKMS assault rifles ^[10]
• Type 56 and Type 56-I assault rifles ^[10]
• Type 63 assault rifle: Used in small numbers.
• vz. 58 Assault rifle: Used in small numbers.
• M16A1 Assault rifle: Captured from government forces.

Light machine guns

Degtyaryov DP/DPM light machine gun (Chinese Type 53)

• Degtyaryov DP/DPM
• Type 53: Chinese copy of the Degtyaryov DP/DPM.
• RPK
• M1918A2 BAR: Captured from government forces.

General-purpose machine guns

• Degtyaryov RP-46
• RPD
• Type 56 machine gun: Chinese copy of the RPD. Used extensively.
• PK/PKM: Used in small numbers.
• M60 machine gun: Captured from government forces.

Medium and heavy machine guns

SG-43/SGM Goryunov machine gun (Chinese Type 53/57)

• SG-43/SGM Goryunov
• Type 53/57: Chinese variant of the SG-43/SGM. ^[92]
• DShKM
• Type 54: Chinese variant of the DShKM.
• KPV
• Browning M1919A4: Captured from government forces.

Grenade systems

• F1/M33 hand grenade
• RGD-33 hand grenade
• RG-42 hand grenade
• RGD-5 hand grenade
• RPG-43 anti-tank grenade
• Type 1/M33 hand grenade
• Type 42 hand grenade
• Type 59 hand grenade
• Type 67 stick granade ^{[13] [93]}

Land mine systems and booby traps

• POMZ-2 anti-personnel mine
• Type 2M anti-personnel mine
• PMD-6/7 anti-personnel mine
• PP-Mi-Sr anti-personnel mine
• TMD-B anti-personnel mine
• TM-41 anti-tank mine
• TMB-2 anti-tank mine
• TM-46/TMN-46 anti-tank mine
• Punji stakes ^[89]

Naval mine systems

• Chinese-made submerged floating river mines: employed by the PAVN and the Khmer Rouge against both military and civilian commercial shipping along the Mekong River. ^{[94] [95]}

Rocket systems

• Type 63 107mm rocket: fired from makeshift rocket launchers made out of cut bamboo branches or from a more sophisticated two-shot launcher on a simple metal tripod. ^{[13] [96]}

Anti-tank rocket launchers

Type 69 RPG

• RPG-2: Used extensively.
• RPG-7
• Type 56 RPG: Used extensively.
• Type 69 RPG: Used extensively.
• M72 LAW: Captured from Government forces.

Grenade launchers

• M79: Captured from Government forces. ^{[13] [97]}

Recoilless rifles

B-10 82mm recoilless rifle

• Type 56 75mm
• Type 65 75mm
• B-10 82mm
• B-11 107mm

Mortars

• Brandt mle 27/31 81mm mortar: Captured from government forces.
• Type 53 82mm mortar
• PM-41 82mm mortar
• Type 55 120mm mortar

Howitzers and anti-tank guns

Type 59-1 130mm field gun

The Khmer Rouge used a small number of field guns or captured howitzers from government forces.

• 76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZiS-3)
• 85 mm divisional gun D-44
• T-12 100mm towed anti-tank gun ^[16]
• Type 60 122mm towed field gun
• Type 59-1 130mm towed field gun: Used in small numbers. ^[16]
• M101A1 105mm towed field howitzer: Captured from government forces. ^{[98] [99] [100]}

Air defense guns

37mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K)

Type 59 57mm anti-aircraft gun

57mm AZP S-60 air defense gun

• ZPU-1 14.5mm Single-barrelled AA autocannon
• ZPU-2 14.5mm Double-barrelled AA autocannon
• ZPU-4 14.5mm Quadruple-barrelled AA autocannon
• ZU-23-2 23mm twin automatic anti-aircraft gun: Used by the PAVN. ^[101]
• M1939 (61-K) 37mm air defense gun: Used in small numbers.
• AZP S-60 57mm air defense gun: Used in small numbers.
• Type 55/65 37mm anti-aircraft gun: Chinese variant of the M1939 (61-K). Used in small numbers.
• Type 59 57mm anti-aircraft gun: Chinese variant of the AZP S-60. Used in small numbers. ^[102]

Vehicles

• T-54/55 main battle tank ^{[103] [104] [105]}
• Type 59 main battle tank
• Type 62 light tank ^[16]
• Type 63 amphibious light tank
• PT-76 amphibious light tank
• M113 armored personnel carrier: Captured from government forces. ^{[106] [107]}
• GAZ-69A (4×4) light truck
• Land Rover (4×4) Series II: Captured from government forces.
• Willys MB ¼-ton (4×4) jeep: Captured from government forces.
• M151A1 ¼-ton (4×4) utility truck: Captured from government forces.
• M35A2 2½-ton (6×6) cargo truck: Captured from government forces.
• Jiefang CA-30 general purpose 2.5 ton (6×6) truck: Captured from government forces. ^[108]
• GMC/Chevrolet C-50 medium-duty truck: Captured from government forces.
• GMC C7500 heavy-duty truck: Captured from government forces.

River craft

• Dugout canoe ^[109]

See also

• Cambodian Civil War
• First Indochina War
• Laotian Civil War
• Vietnam War
• Weapons of the Vietnam War
• Weapons of the First Indochina War
• Weapons of the Laotian Civil War

Notes

1. Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 5.
2. "Post-WWII use of the MAS-36 rifle: Part II (export users)". wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com. 2015-08-23. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
3. Thompson, The M1903 Springfield Rifle (2013), p. 63.
4. Sutsakhan, The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse (1980), p. 182, Appendix C (Army Item).
5. Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), pp. 5; 33.
6. Thompson, The M1 Carbine (2011), p. 67.
7. Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 18.
8. Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), pp. 18; 42.
9. Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), pp. 18; 38; 42.
10. Rottman, The AK-47 Kalashnikov-series assault rifles (2011), p. 78.
11. Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 42.
12. "Small Arms Survey – Working Papers" (PDF). November 8, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2006. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
13. Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 43.
14. Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 193–195.
15. Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 22.
16. SIPRI Arms Transfers Database
17. Rottman, US Grenade Launchers – M79, M203, and M320 (2017), pp. 72–73.
18. Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 46.
19. Davis and Greer, Gunships, A Pictorial History of Spooky (1982), pp. 63–64.
20. Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 263; 268–269.
21. Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 26–27; 29–31; 33.
22. Zaloga and Laurier, M24 Chaffee Light Tank 1943–85 (2003), p. 22.
23. Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 13.
24. Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 25; 34; 65.
25. Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 193–195; 199.
26. Robinson, Lau and Gibeau, Images of War: The AMX 13 Light Tank, A Complete History – rare photographs from wartime archives (2018), pp. 241–243.
27. Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 15.
28. Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 193–196.
29. Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 14; 26; 30; 34.
30. Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 193–197.
31. Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 15.
32. Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 193–195; 197; 199.
33. Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12.
34. Dunstan, Panhard Armoured Car: 1961 Onwards (AML 60, AML 90, Eland), Enthusiasts' Manual (2019), p. 154.
35. Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 15.
36. Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 15; 26; 29–30.
37. Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 193–195; 198.
38. Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), p. 25.
39. Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12.
40. Dunstam, Hadler and Smith, The M113 series (1983), p. 33.
41. Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 38; 64–66.
42. Foss, Jane's Tank & Combat Vehicle recognition guide (2002), p. 215.
43. Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 193–195; 198; 200.
44. Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 130.
45. "Annex C Appendix II". US Army Technical Manual of Foreign Military Sales: Battlefield Damage Assessment and Repair (PDF). Washington, D.C. 18 December 1987. p. 262. TM 9-2320-356-BD. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
46. Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), p. 25.
47. Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 130; 264.
48. "Unpunished Purge". 8 October 2016.
49. Sutsakhan, The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse (1980), p. 183, Appendix C (Air Force Item).
50. "World Air Forces 1971 pg. 924-925" . Retrieved 2013-03-14.
51. Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), pp. 218; 223.
52. "Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 576" . Retrieved 2013-04-03.
53. Gunston, An Illustrated Guide to Military Helicopters (1981), p. 18.
54. Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 220.
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